MODERATING ROLE OF BULLYING IN RELATIONSHIP TO PARENTING STYLES AND SELF-ESTEEM AMONG ADOLESCENTS
Main Article Content
Keywords
Abstract
A current study was executed to examine the relationship between parenting styles and self-esteem among adolescents besides the moderating role of Bullying. A sample of 200 adolescents, including boys (n = 83) and girls (n = 121), with an age range of 13 to 17 (M = 14.37, SD = 1.29) was collected through a purposive sampling technique. The self-esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965), the Illinois Bullying Scale (Urdu Version) (Shuja & Atta, 2011), and the Parenting Style Scale (Robinson et al., 1995) were used to operationalize and measure the constructs of the study. Findings revealed that in Table 1, authoritative parenting approaches are positively associated with self-esteem, and Bullying is negatively associated with it. Authoritarian parenting approaches are negatively correlated with Bullying. Tables 2, 3, and 4 show how authoritarian, authoritative, and permissive parenting styles are moderated by Bullying, respectively. Regardless of the parenting style, the results show that Bullying harms self-esteem. Limitations and suggestions of the present study and practical implications were also discussed thoroughly.
References
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26. Hoff, D. L., & Mitchell, S. N. (2009). Cyberbullying: Causes, effects, and remedies. Journal of Educational Administration, 47(5), 652-665. https://doi.org/10.1108/09578230910981107
27. Shujja, S. & Atta, M. (2011). Translation and validation of Illinois Bullying Scale for Pakistani children and adolescents. Pakistan Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 9(1-2), 79-82.
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31. Lent, R. W., Brown, S. D., & Larkin, K. C. (1986). Self-efficacy in the prediction of academic performance and perceived career options. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 33(3), 265-269. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.33.3.265
32. Mark, L., & Ratliffe, K. T. (2011). Cyber worlds: New playgrounds for Bullying. Computers in the Schools, 28(2), 92-116. https://doi.org/10.1080/07380569.2011.575753
33. Maxwell, A., & Bachkirova, T. (2010). Applying psychological theories of self-esteem in coaching practice. International Coaching Psychology Review, 5(1), 16-26.
34. McMahon, E. M., Reulbach, U., Keeley, H., Perry, I. J., & Arensman, E. (2012). Reprint of: Bullying victimization, self harm and associated factors in Irish adolescent boys. Social Science & Medicine, 74(4), 490-497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.12.001
35. Meltzer, H., Vostanis, P., Ford, T., Bebbington, P., & Dennis, M. (2011). Victims of Bullying in childhood and suicide attempts in adulthood. European Psychiatry, 26(8), 498-503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2010.11.006
36. Nansel, T. R., Overpeck, M., Pilla, R. S., Ruan, W. J., Simons-Morton, B., & Scheidt, P. (2001). Bullying behaviors among US youth. JAMA, 285(16), 2094. https://doi.org/10.1001/ jama.285.16.2094
37. Nocentini, A., Calmaestra, J., Schultze-Krumbholz, A., Scheithauer, H., Ortega, R., & Menesini, E. (2010). Cyberbullying: Labels, behaviours and definition in three European countries. Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 20(2), 129-142. https://doi.org/10.1375/ajgc.20.2.129
38. Oyserman, D., Radin, N., & Saltz, E. (1994). Predictors of nurturant parenting in teen mothers living in three generational families. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 24(4), 215-230. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02353198
39. Patchin, J. W., & Hinduja, S. (2010). Cyberbullying and self-esteem*. Journal of School Health, 80(12), 614-621. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2010.00548.x
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41. Review of child development Research. Edited by Martin L. Hoffman and Lois Wladis Hoffman. New York: Russell sage Foundation. Volume 1, 1964, 547 pp., $8.00. Volume 2, 1966, 598 pp., $8.00. (1968). Social Work. https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/13.1.137
42. Robinson, C. C., Mandleco, B., Olsen, S. F., & Hart, C. H. (1995). Authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive parenting practices: Development of a new measure. Psychological Reports, 77(3), 819-830. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1995.77.3.819
43. Steinberg, L. (2004). Risk taking in adolescence: What changes, and why? Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1021(1), 51-58. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1308.005
44. Steinberg, L. (2007). Risk taking in adolescence. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16(2), 55-59. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00475.x
45. Sullivan, K. (2011). The anti-bullying handbook. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446289006
46. Tarrant, M., MacKenzie, L., & Hewitt, L. A. (2006). Friendship group identification, multidimensional self-concept, and experience of developmental tasks in adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 29(4), 627-640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2005.08.012
47. The principles of psychology. By William JAMES 2 vols. (American science series, advance course.) New York, Holt. 8Dagger. (1890). Science, ns-16(401), 207-208. https://doi.org /10.1126/science.ns-16.401.207-a
48. Tsaousis, I. (2016). The relationship of self-esteem to bullying perpetration and peer victimization among schoolchildren and adolescents: A meta-analytic review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 31, 186-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2016.09.005
49. Winch, R. F. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. By Morris Rosenberg. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University press, 1965. 326 pp. Tables. $6.50. Social Forces, 44(2), 255-256. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/44.2.255
50. Winch, R. F. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. By Morris Rosenberg. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University press, 1965. 326 pp. Tables. $6.50. Social Forces, 44(2), 255-256. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/44.2.255
51. Ybarra, M. L., Mitchell, K. J., Finkelhor, D., & Wolak, J. (2007). Internet prevention messages: Targeting the right online behaviors. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 161(2), 138-145. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.161.2.138
52. Zakeri, H., & Karimpour, M. (2011). Parenting styles and self-esteem. Procedia-social and behavioral sciences, 29, 758-761.
2. Bauman, S., Toomey, R. B., & Walker, J. L. (2013). Associations among Bullying, cyberbullying, and suicide in high school students. Journal of Adolescence, 36(2), 341-350.
3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.12.001
4. Baumeister, R. F. (2013). Self-esteem: The puzzle of low self-regard. Springer Science & Business Media.
5. Baumrind, D. (1971). Current patterns of parental authority. Developmental Psychology, 4(1, Pt.2), 1-103. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0030372
6. Baumrind, D. (1991). The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 11(1), 56-95. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431691111004
7. Beran, T., & Li, Q. (2008). The relationship between cyberbullying and school bullying. The Journal of Student Well-being, 1(2), 16. https://doi.org/10.21913/jsw.v1i2.172
8. Berger, K. S. (2011). Life-span development. Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1093/obo/ 9780199828340-0079
9. Brixval, C. S., Rayce, S. L., Rasmussen, M., Holstein, B. E., & Due, P. (2011). Overweight, body image and Bullying--an epidemiological study of 11- to 15-years Olds. The European Journal of Public Health, 22(1), 126-130. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckr010
10. Brown, J. D., & Dutton, K. A. (1995). The thrill of victory, the complexity of defeat: Self-esteem and people's emotional reactions to success and failure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(4), 712-722. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.68.4.712
11. Carson, R. V. (2014). Adolescent cyberbullying in New Zealand and the implications of parenting styles.
12. Chisholm, J. F. (2006). Cyberspace violence against girls and adolescent females. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1087(1), 74-89. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1385.022
13. Clone being: Exploring the psychological and social dimensions. (2004). Choice Reviews Online, 42(03), 42-1546-42-1546. https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.42-1546
14. Cohen, D. A., & Rice, J. (1997). Parenting styles, adolescent substance use, and academic achievement. Journal of Drug Education, 27(2), 199-211. https://doi.org/10.2190/qpqq-6q1g-uf7d-5utj
15. Commentary: Family interaction and child development: W. Andrew Collins. (2013). Parent-Child Interaction and Parent-Child Relations, 173-181. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203728208-11
16. Darjan, I., Negru, M., & Dan, I. (2020). Self-esteem – the decisive difference between Bullying and asertiveness in adolescence? Journal of Educational Sciences, 41(1), 19-34. https ://doi.org/10.35923/jes.2020.1.02
17. Eastin, M. S., Greenberg, B. S., & Hofschire, L. (2006). Parenting the internet. Journal of Communication, 56(3), 486-504. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00297.x
18. Espelage, D. L., & Holt, M. (2001). Bullying and victimization during early adolescence: Peer influences on psychological correlates. Journal of Emotional Abuse, 2, 123-142
19. Gámez-Guadix, M., Orue, I., Smith, P. K., & Calvete, E. (2013). Longitudinal and reciprocal relations of cyberbullying with depression, substance use, and problematic internet use among adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 53(4), 446-452. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.j ado health.2013.03.030
20. Goodman, N., & Coopersmith, S. (1969). The antecedents of self-esteem. American Sociological Review, 34(1), 116. https://doi.org/10.2307/2092806
21. Gunders, L. (2012). Book review: Risks and safety for Australian children on the internet: Full findings from the AU kids online survey of 9–16-Year-Olds and their parents. Media International Australia, 142(1), 182-183. https://doi.org/10.1177/1329878x1214200125
22. Harder, D. W. (1994). Self-esteem: The puzzle of low self-regard. Clinical Psychology Review, 14(7), 698-700. https://doi.org/10.1016/0272-7358(94)90005-1
23. Hay, C., & Meldrum, R. (2010). Bullying victimization and adolescent self-harm: Testing hypotheses from general strain theory. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39(5), 446-459. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-009-9502-0
24. Hay, C., Meldrum, R., & Mann, K. (2010). Traditional Bullying, cyber Bullying, and deviance: A general strain theory approach. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 26(2), 130-147. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043986209359557
25. Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J. W. (2008). Personal information of adolescents on the internet: A quantitative content analysis of MySpace. Journal of Adolescence, 31(1), 125-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2007.05.004
26. Hoff, D. L., & Mitchell, S. N. (2009). Cyberbullying: Causes, effects, and remedies. Journal of Educational Administration, 47(5), 652-665. https://doi.org/10.1108/09578230910981107
27. Shujja, S. & Atta, M. (2011). Translation and validation of Illinois Bullying Scale for Pakistani children and adolescents. Pakistan Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 9(1-2), 79-82.
28. Keashly, L. (2021). Workplace bullying, mobbing and harassment in academe: Faculty experience. Special Topics and Particular Occupations, Professions and Sectors, 221-297. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5308-5_13
29. Krahé, B. (2013). The social psychology of aggression (2nd ed.). Psychology Press.
30. Lamborn, S. D., Mounts, N. S., Steinberg, L., & Dornbusch, S. M. (1991). Patterns of competence and adjustment among adolescents from authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, and neglectful families. Child Development, 62(5), 1049. https://doi.org/10.2307/1131151
31. Lent, R. W., Brown, S. D., & Larkin, K. C. (1986). Self-efficacy in the prediction of academic performance and perceived career options. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 33(3), 265-269. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.33.3.265
32. Mark, L., & Ratliffe, K. T. (2011). Cyber worlds: New playgrounds for Bullying. Computers in the Schools, 28(2), 92-116. https://doi.org/10.1080/07380569.2011.575753
33. Maxwell, A., & Bachkirova, T. (2010). Applying psychological theories of self-esteem in coaching practice. International Coaching Psychology Review, 5(1), 16-26.
34. McMahon, E. M., Reulbach, U., Keeley, H., Perry, I. J., & Arensman, E. (2012). Reprint of: Bullying victimization, self harm and associated factors in Irish adolescent boys. Social Science & Medicine, 74(4), 490-497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.12.001
35. Meltzer, H., Vostanis, P., Ford, T., Bebbington, P., & Dennis, M. (2011). Victims of Bullying in childhood and suicide attempts in adulthood. European Psychiatry, 26(8), 498-503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2010.11.006
36. Nansel, T. R., Overpeck, M., Pilla, R. S., Ruan, W. J., Simons-Morton, B., & Scheidt, P. (2001). Bullying behaviors among US youth. JAMA, 285(16), 2094. https://doi.org/10.1001/ jama.285.16.2094
37. Nocentini, A., Calmaestra, J., Schultze-Krumbholz, A., Scheithauer, H., Ortega, R., & Menesini, E. (2010). Cyberbullying: Labels, behaviours and definition in three European countries. Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 20(2), 129-142. https://doi.org/10.1375/ajgc.20.2.129
38. Oyserman, D., Radin, N., & Saltz, E. (1994). Predictors of nurturant parenting in teen mothers living in three generational families. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 24(4), 215-230. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02353198
39. Patchin, J. W., & Hinduja, S. (2010). Cyberbullying and self-esteem*. Journal of School Health, 80(12), 614-621. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2010.00548.x
40. Preventing and countering bullying behaviour and cyber-bullying in schools. (n.d.). Using Psychology in the Classroom, 98-115. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446251171.n7
41. Review of child development Research. Edited by Martin L. Hoffman and Lois Wladis Hoffman. New York: Russell sage Foundation. Volume 1, 1964, 547 pp., $8.00. Volume 2, 1966, 598 pp., $8.00. (1968). Social Work. https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/13.1.137
42. Robinson, C. C., Mandleco, B., Olsen, S. F., & Hart, C. H. (1995). Authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive parenting practices: Development of a new measure. Psychological Reports, 77(3), 819-830. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1995.77.3.819
43. Steinberg, L. (2004). Risk taking in adolescence: What changes, and why? Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1021(1), 51-58. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1308.005
44. Steinberg, L. (2007). Risk taking in adolescence. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16(2), 55-59. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00475.x
45. Sullivan, K. (2011). The anti-bullying handbook. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446289006
46. Tarrant, M., MacKenzie, L., & Hewitt, L. A. (2006). Friendship group identification, multidimensional self-concept, and experience of developmental tasks in adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 29(4), 627-640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2005.08.012
47. The principles of psychology. By William JAMES 2 vols. (American science series, advance course.) New York, Holt. 8Dagger. (1890). Science, ns-16(401), 207-208. https://doi.org /10.1126/science.ns-16.401.207-a
48. Tsaousis, I. (2016). The relationship of self-esteem to bullying perpetration and peer victimization among schoolchildren and adolescents: A meta-analytic review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 31, 186-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2016.09.005
49. Winch, R. F. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. By Morris Rosenberg. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University press, 1965. 326 pp. Tables. $6.50. Social Forces, 44(2), 255-256. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/44.2.255
50. Winch, R. F. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. By Morris Rosenberg. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University press, 1965. 326 pp. Tables. $6.50. Social Forces, 44(2), 255-256. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/44.2.255
51. Ybarra, M. L., Mitchell, K. J., Finkelhor, D., & Wolak, J. (2007). Internet prevention messages: Targeting the right online behaviors. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 161(2), 138-145. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.161.2.138
52. Zakeri, H., & Karimpour, M. (2011). Parenting styles and self-esteem. Procedia-social and behavioral sciences, 29, 758-761.
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Jan 29, 2024
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Areej Nasir, Mohsin Atta, Najma Iqbal Malik, & Irsa Fatima Makhdoom. (2024). MODERATING ROLE OF BULLYING IN RELATIONSHIP TO PARENTING STYLES AND SELF-ESTEEM AMONG ADOLESCENTS. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(1), 2812–2825. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v31i1.5239
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Author Biographies
Areej Nasir
Department of Psychology, University of Sargodha, Pakistan,
Mohsin Atta
Department of Psychology, University of Sargodha, Pakistan,
Najma Iqbal Malik
Department of Psychology, University of Sargodha, Pakistan,
Irsa Fatima Makhdoom
Department of Psychology, University of Sargodha, Pakistan,