OVERVIEW OF METABOLIC SYNDROME DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT
Main Article Content
Keywords
MetS, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, obesity, CV mortality, pro-inflammatory state
Abstract
Background: MetS patients has an increased risk of atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, and mortality rate overall due to a combination of aberrant laboratory and physical findings, including dyslipidemia, hypertension, glucose intolerance, proinflammatory state, and diabetes that effect body system. Worldwide, there are a few minor variations in how different organizations define metabolic syndrome. Appropriate identification of patients exhibiting symptoms of metabolic syndrome is crucial to ensure appropriate care and treatment, as well as reduce the likelihood of comorbidities.
Objective: In this review, we aim to investigate the biology of metabolic syndrome development as well as management strategies.
Methods: this review conducted using a comprehensive search of PubMed and google scholar from 1990 to 2023.
Conclusion: MetS is a complex disorder with various definitions and underlying mechanisms. Early detection and management are essential to prevent further complications. Lifestyle modifications, pharmacotherapy, and surgical interventions play critical roles in managing MetS and reducing associated health risks.
References
1. Compés CC: Nutrition in Metabolic Syndrome. 2006.
2. Einhorn D, Reaven GM, Cobin RH, et al.: American College of Endocrinology position statement on the insulin resistance syndrome. Endocr Pract. 2003, 9:237-252.
3. Dobrowolski P, Prejbisz A, Kuryłowicz A, et al.: Metabolic syndrome - a new definition and management guidelines: A joint position paper by the Polish Society of Hypertension, Polish Society for the Treatment of Obesity, Polish Lipid Association, Polish Association for Study of Liver, Polish Society of Family Medicine, Polish Society of Lifestyle Medicine, Division of Prevention and Epidemiology Polish Cardiac Society, "Club 30" Polish Cardiac Society, and Division of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Society of Polish Surgeons. Arch Med Sci. 2022, 18:1133-1156. 10.5114/aoms/152921
4. Executive Summary of The Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, And Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Jama. 2001, 285:2486-2497. 10.1001/jama.285.19.2486
5. Alberti KG, Zimmet P, Shaw J: Metabolic syndrome--a new world-wide definition. A Consensus Statement from the International Diabetes Federation. Diabet Med. 2006, 23:469-480. 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2006.01858.x
6. Balkau B, Charles MA: Comment on the provisional report from the WHO consultation. European Group for the Study of Insulin Resistance (EGIR). Diabet Med. 1999, 16:442-443. 10.1046/j.1464-5491.1999.00059.x
7. Jha BK, Sherpa ML, Imran M, et al.: Progress in Understanding Metabolic Syndrome and Knowledge of Its Complex Pathophysiology. Diabetology. 2023, 4:134-159. 10.3390/diabetology4020015
8. Kumar B, Kumari S, Khandelwal N, Kumar D, Dhaked S, Bhatt R: Obesity: An important predictor of metabolic syndrome. Scripta Medica. 2023, 54:81-85. 10.5937/scriptamed54-40389
9. Gopalan C, Kirk E: Chapter 4 - Obesity and metabolic syndrome. Biology of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases. Gopalan C, Kirk E (eds): Academic Press; 2022. 67-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-823421-1.00001-9
10. Haam J-H, Kim BT, Kim EM, et al.: Diagnosis of obesity: 2022 update of clinical practice guidelines for obesity by the Korean Society for the Study of Obesity. Journal of obesity & metabolic syndrome. 2023, 32:121.
11. Salman H, Koca TG, Dereci S, Akçam M: Comparison of Body Composition and Body Mass Index in the Determination of Obesity in Schoolchildren. Turkish Archives of Pediatrics. 2022, 57:506.
12. Gupta A: Chapter 8 - Etiopathogenesis of insulin resistance. Understanding Insulin and Insulin Resistance. Gupta A (ed): Elsevier; 2022. 231-273. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-820234-0.00010-X
13. Davidson MB: The Role of Prediabetes in the Metabolic Syndrome: Guilt by Association. Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders. 2023, 21:197-204.
14. Tangjittipokin W, Srisawat L, Teerawattanapong N, Narkdontri T, Homsanit M, Plengvidhya N: Prevalence and Characteristics of Prediabetes and Metabolic Syndrome in Seemingly Healthy Persons at a Health Check-Up Clinic. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare. 2022, Volume 15:1585-1594. 10.2147/jmdh.s374164
15. Essafi MA, Bouabdellaoui L, Aynaou H, Salhi H, El Ouahabi H: Metabolic Syndrome in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus. Cureus. 2022. 10.7759/cureus.24469
16. Kim G: Association between Metabolic Syndrome and Microvascular Complications in Chinese Adults with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (Diabetes Metab J 2022;46:93-103). Diabetes & Metabolism Journal. 2022, 46:512-514. 10.4093/dmj.2022.0134
17. Katsimardou A, Imprialos K, Stavropoulos K, Sachinidis A, Doumas M, Athyros V: Hypertension in metabolic syndrome: novel insights. Current Hypertension Reviews. 2020, 16:12-18.
18. Stanciu S, Rusu E, Miricescu D, et al.: Links between Metabolic Syndrome and Hypertension: The Relationship with the Current Antidiabetic Drugs. Metabolites. 2023, 13:87. 10.3390/metabo13010087
19. Su X, Cheng Y, Zhang G, Wang B: Novel insights into the pathological mechanisms of metabolic related dyslipidemia. Molecular Biology Reports. 2021, 48:5675-5687. 10.1007/s11033-021-06529-0
20. Hurza V, Vatashchuk M, Bayliak M: Pathogenesis and Biomarkers of Metabolic Syndrome. Journal of Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University. 2022, 8:7-19. 10.15330/jpnu.8.4.7-19
21. Rana S, Ali S, Wani HA, Mushtaq QD, Sharma S, Rehman MU: Metabolic syndrome and underlying genetic determinants-A systematic review. Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders. 2022, 21:1095-1104. 10.1007/s40200-022-01009-z
22. Zafar U, Khaliq S, Ahmad HU, Manzoor S, Lone KP: Metabolic syndrome: an update on diagnostic criteria, pathogenesis, and genetic links. Hormones. 2018, 17:299-313. 10.1007/s42000-018-0051-3
23. Wang Q, Chair SY, Wong EML, Qiu X: Actively incorporating lifestyle modifications into daily life: The key to adherence in a lifestyle intervention programme for metabolic syndrome. Frontiers in Public Health. 2022, 10. 10.3389/fpubh.2022.929043
24. Wharton S, Lau DC, Vallis M, et al.: Obesity in adults: a clinical practice guideline. Cmaj. 2020, 192:E875-E891.
25. Almughais ES, Alshehri MH, Alsatti M, et al.: Awareness and Perception of Anti-obesity Medications Among Al-Ahsaa, Riyadh, and Hail in Saudi Arabia Populations. Cureus. 2023. 10.7759/cureus.40425
26. Jeon JY, Kim HJ: Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists. Stroke Revisited: Diabetes in Stroke. Lee S-H, Kang D-W (eds): Springer Singapore, Singapore; 2021. 167-177. 10.1007/978-981-16-5123-6_14
27. Grilo CM, Lydecker JA, Gueorguieva R: Naltrexone plus bupropion combination medication maintenance treatment for binge-eating disorder following successful acute treatments: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Psychological Medicine. 2023, 53:7775-7784. 10.1017/s0033291723001800
28. Alqahtani SJ, Alfawaz HA, Moubayed NMS, et al.: Bariatric Surgery as Treatment Strategy of Obesity in Saudi People: Effects of Gut Microbiota. Nutrients. 2023, 15:361. 10.3390/nu15020361
29. Mahfouz MEM, Alsuwat MAM, Almnjwami RFM, Sarriyah AFA: Patient preferences for bariatric surgery in Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries. 2021, 5:1469-1469.
30. Almayouf M, Alqahtani A: Should adjustable gastric band be abandoned as a bariatric surgery option? Private center’s experience with adjustable gastric band conversion. Research Square Platform LLC; 2023.
31. Guideline for the pharmacological treatment of hypertension in adults . World Health Organization; 2021.
32. Diabetes Pharmacotherapy Clinic Guidelines. Edited by Departments CP. Menistry of Health, Saudi Arabia; 2021.
33. AlRahimi J, AlSaif S, Alasnag M, et al.: 022 Saudi Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidemia. Heart Views. 2023, 24:67-92. 10.4103/heartviews.heartviews_102_22
2. Einhorn D, Reaven GM, Cobin RH, et al.: American College of Endocrinology position statement on the insulin resistance syndrome. Endocr Pract. 2003, 9:237-252.
3. Dobrowolski P, Prejbisz A, Kuryłowicz A, et al.: Metabolic syndrome - a new definition and management guidelines: A joint position paper by the Polish Society of Hypertension, Polish Society for the Treatment of Obesity, Polish Lipid Association, Polish Association for Study of Liver, Polish Society of Family Medicine, Polish Society of Lifestyle Medicine, Division of Prevention and Epidemiology Polish Cardiac Society, "Club 30" Polish Cardiac Society, and Division of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Society of Polish Surgeons. Arch Med Sci. 2022, 18:1133-1156. 10.5114/aoms/152921
4. Executive Summary of The Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, And Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Jama. 2001, 285:2486-2497. 10.1001/jama.285.19.2486
5. Alberti KG, Zimmet P, Shaw J: Metabolic syndrome--a new world-wide definition. A Consensus Statement from the International Diabetes Federation. Diabet Med. 2006, 23:469-480. 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2006.01858.x
6. Balkau B, Charles MA: Comment on the provisional report from the WHO consultation. European Group for the Study of Insulin Resistance (EGIR). Diabet Med. 1999, 16:442-443. 10.1046/j.1464-5491.1999.00059.x
7. Jha BK, Sherpa ML, Imran M, et al.: Progress in Understanding Metabolic Syndrome and Knowledge of Its Complex Pathophysiology. Diabetology. 2023, 4:134-159. 10.3390/diabetology4020015
8. Kumar B, Kumari S, Khandelwal N, Kumar D, Dhaked S, Bhatt R: Obesity: An important predictor of metabolic syndrome. Scripta Medica. 2023, 54:81-85. 10.5937/scriptamed54-40389
9. Gopalan C, Kirk E: Chapter 4 - Obesity and metabolic syndrome. Biology of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases. Gopalan C, Kirk E (eds): Academic Press; 2022. 67-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-823421-1.00001-9
10. Haam J-H, Kim BT, Kim EM, et al.: Diagnosis of obesity: 2022 update of clinical practice guidelines for obesity by the Korean Society for the Study of Obesity. Journal of obesity & metabolic syndrome. 2023, 32:121.
11. Salman H, Koca TG, Dereci S, Akçam M: Comparison of Body Composition and Body Mass Index in the Determination of Obesity in Schoolchildren. Turkish Archives of Pediatrics. 2022, 57:506.
12. Gupta A: Chapter 8 - Etiopathogenesis of insulin resistance. Understanding Insulin and Insulin Resistance. Gupta A (ed): Elsevier; 2022. 231-273. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-820234-0.00010-X
13. Davidson MB: The Role of Prediabetes in the Metabolic Syndrome: Guilt by Association. Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders. 2023, 21:197-204.
14. Tangjittipokin W, Srisawat L, Teerawattanapong N, Narkdontri T, Homsanit M, Plengvidhya N: Prevalence and Characteristics of Prediabetes and Metabolic Syndrome in Seemingly Healthy Persons at a Health Check-Up Clinic. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare. 2022, Volume 15:1585-1594. 10.2147/jmdh.s374164
15. Essafi MA, Bouabdellaoui L, Aynaou H, Salhi H, El Ouahabi H: Metabolic Syndrome in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus. Cureus. 2022. 10.7759/cureus.24469
16. Kim G: Association between Metabolic Syndrome and Microvascular Complications in Chinese Adults with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (Diabetes Metab J 2022;46:93-103). Diabetes & Metabolism Journal. 2022, 46:512-514. 10.4093/dmj.2022.0134
17. Katsimardou A, Imprialos K, Stavropoulos K, Sachinidis A, Doumas M, Athyros V: Hypertension in metabolic syndrome: novel insights. Current Hypertension Reviews. 2020, 16:12-18.
18. Stanciu S, Rusu E, Miricescu D, et al.: Links between Metabolic Syndrome and Hypertension: The Relationship with the Current Antidiabetic Drugs. Metabolites. 2023, 13:87. 10.3390/metabo13010087
19. Su X, Cheng Y, Zhang G, Wang B: Novel insights into the pathological mechanisms of metabolic related dyslipidemia. Molecular Biology Reports. 2021, 48:5675-5687. 10.1007/s11033-021-06529-0
20. Hurza V, Vatashchuk M, Bayliak M: Pathogenesis and Biomarkers of Metabolic Syndrome. Journal of Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University. 2022, 8:7-19. 10.15330/jpnu.8.4.7-19
21. Rana S, Ali S, Wani HA, Mushtaq QD, Sharma S, Rehman MU: Metabolic syndrome and underlying genetic determinants-A systematic review. Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders. 2022, 21:1095-1104. 10.1007/s40200-022-01009-z
22. Zafar U, Khaliq S, Ahmad HU, Manzoor S, Lone KP: Metabolic syndrome: an update on diagnostic criteria, pathogenesis, and genetic links. Hormones. 2018, 17:299-313. 10.1007/s42000-018-0051-3
23. Wang Q, Chair SY, Wong EML, Qiu X: Actively incorporating lifestyle modifications into daily life: The key to adherence in a lifestyle intervention programme for metabolic syndrome. Frontiers in Public Health. 2022, 10. 10.3389/fpubh.2022.929043
24. Wharton S, Lau DC, Vallis M, et al.: Obesity in adults: a clinical practice guideline. Cmaj. 2020, 192:E875-E891.
25. Almughais ES, Alshehri MH, Alsatti M, et al.: Awareness and Perception of Anti-obesity Medications Among Al-Ahsaa, Riyadh, and Hail in Saudi Arabia Populations. Cureus. 2023. 10.7759/cureus.40425
26. Jeon JY, Kim HJ: Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists. Stroke Revisited: Diabetes in Stroke. Lee S-H, Kang D-W (eds): Springer Singapore, Singapore; 2021. 167-177. 10.1007/978-981-16-5123-6_14
27. Grilo CM, Lydecker JA, Gueorguieva R: Naltrexone plus bupropion combination medication maintenance treatment for binge-eating disorder following successful acute treatments: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Psychological Medicine. 2023, 53:7775-7784. 10.1017/s0033291723001800
28. Alqahtani SJ, Alfawaz HA, Moubayed NMS, et al.: Bariatric Surgery as Treatment Strategy of Obesity in Saudi People: Effects of Gut Microbiota. Nutrients. 2023, 15:361. 10.3390/nu15020361
29. Mahfouz MEM, Alsuwat MAM, Almnjwami RFM, Sarriyah AFA: Patient preferences for bariatric surgery in Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries. 2021, 5:1469-1469.
30. Almayouf M, Alqahtani A: Should adjustable gastric band be abandoned as a bariatric surgery option? Private center’s experience with adjustable gastric band conversion. Research Square Platform LLC; 2023.
31. Guideline for the pharmacological treatment of hypertension in adults . World Health Organization; 2021.
32. Diabetes Pharmacotherapy Clinic Guidelines. Edited by Departments CP. Menistry of Health, Saudi Arabia; 2021.
33. AlRahimi J, AlSaif S, Alasnag M, et al.: 022 Saudi Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidemia. Heart Views. 2023, 24:67-92. 10.4103/heartviews.heartviews_102_22
Article Sidebar
Published
Dec 14, 2023
Article Details
How to Cite
Hussain Obaid Almutairi, Turki Falah Turki Almutairi, Abdullah Khalid Ataiwi, Mohammed Nassar Hasan Al Madani, Fahad Yousef Jaber Ammari, Ruqaya Saleh Ali Masoud, Rakan Nizar Wizza, & Moayad Mohammed Tayeb. (2023). OVERVIEW OF METABOLIC SYNDROME DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 30(19), 2128-2136. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v30i19.4851
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
All articles published in JPTCP are licensed under Copyright Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Author Biographies
Hussain Obaid Almutairi
Diabetic Center - Hafar Albatin – Saudi Arabia
Turki Falah Turki Almutairi
Diabetic Center - Hafar Albatin – Saudi Arabia
Abdullah Khalid Ataiwi
Al Awali Medical Center – Medina - Saudi Arabia
Mohammed Nassar Hasan Al Madani
King Abdullah Medical Complex - Jeddah - Saudi Arabia
Fahad Yousef Jaber Ammari
Abu arish general hospital – Jazan - Saudi Arabia
Ruqaya Saleh Ali Masoud
Al Awali primary healthcare – Madinah - Saudi Arabia
Rakan Nizar Wizza
Ajyad Emergency Hospital – Makkah- Saudi Arabia
Moayad Mohammed Tayeb
Ajyad Emergency Hospital – Makkah- Saudi Arabia
How to Cite
Hussain Obaid Almutairi, Turki Falah Turki Almutairi, Abdullah Khalid Ataiwi, Mohammed Nassar Hasan Al Madani, Fahad Yousef Jaber Ammari, Ruqaya Saleh Ali Masoud, Rakan Nizar Wizza, & Moayad Mohammed Tayeb. (2023). OVERVIEW OF METABOLIC SYNDROME DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 30(19), 2128-2136. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v30i19.4851