RAPID DIAGNOSTIC METHODS AND TECHNOLOGIES IN THE MANAGEMENT OF CARDIAC DISEASE
Main Article Content
Keywords
Computed tomography scans, Magnetic resonance imaging, Electrocardiography, Coronary artery disease, Point-of-care testing
Abstract
To assure ideal outcomes for patients with heart disease care relies primarily on precise and fast diagnosis. Rapid diagnostic technology and methodologies have become known as critical aids for this endeavour. This summary presents an overview of quick cardiac diagnostic methods and technology that have changed the state of coronary artery disease care. Diagnostic techniques are frequently lengthy, resulting in difficulties in implementing relevant therapies. However, recent advancements have resulted in the implementation of novel procedures that speed up the identification of heart disorders. These technologies include imaging techniques, biomarker analysis, and point-of-care testing. Echocardiography, cardiac Magnetic resonance images, and computed tomography scans have been developed to provide quick and comprehensive visualization of heart structures and functions. These non-surgical procedures allow doctors to quickly examine cardiac problems, allowing for faster decision-making. Biomarker examination has transformed coronary artery disease detection by allowing the recognition of particular molecules indicative of cardiac damage or malfunction. High-sensitivity cardiac troponin tests along with additional biomarkers have significantly decreased the time necessary to diagnose illnesses like acute myocardial infarction and heart failure. Point-of-care testing equipment has developed as a critical instrument for quick cardiac diagnosis, which permits immediate time examination at the patient's bedside. These gadgets provide immediate data for cardiac biomarkers, coagulation factors, and electrolyte levels, allowing for faster assessment and a diagnosis start.
References
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28. Saxena SK, editor. Proof and Concepts in Rapid Diagnostic Tests and Technologies. BoD–Books on Demand; 2016 Sep;104-120.
29. Regan B, O’Kennedy R, Collins D. Advances in point-of-care testing for cardiovascular diseases. Advances in Clinical Chemistry. 2021 Jan;104:1-70.
30. Hegazy RA, Lotfy WN. The value of Holter monitoring in the assessment of pediatric patients. Indian Pacing and Electrophysiology Journal. 2007 Oct;7(4):204-225.
31. Martín-Peñato A, Zamorano JL, Almería C, Rodrigo JL, Corros C, Luaces M, Conde A, Vilacosta I, Macaya C. Hand-held echocardiographic devices: what do they add to the initial cardiovascular evaluation?. Revista Espanola de Cardiologia. 2003 Nov ;56(11):1069-76.
32. Haji-Hassan M, Duțu B, Bolboacă SD. Handheld Echocardiography Measurements Concordance and Findings Agreement: An Exploratory Study. Diagnostics. 2023 Feb;13(5):853-876.
33. Jenkins S, Shiha MG, Yones E, Wardley J, Ryding A, Sawh C, Flather M, Morris P, Swift AJ, Vassiliou VS, Garg P. Cardiovascular examination using hand-held cardiac ultrasound. Journal of Echocardiography. 2022 Mar;20(1):1-9.
34. Hudson MP, Christenson RH, Newby LK, Kaplan AL, Ohman EM. Cardiac markers: point of care testing. Clinica chimica acta. 1999 Jun;284(2):223-37.
35. Halushka PV, Goodwin AJ, Halushka MK. Opportunities for microRNAs in the crowded field of cardiovascular biomarkers. Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease. 2019 Jan;14:211-38.
36. Chou R. High Value Care Task Force of the American College of Physicians. Cardiac screening with electrocardiography, stress echocardiography, or myocardial perfusion imaging: advice for high-value care from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2015 Mar;162(6):438-47.
37. Rao SP, Miller S, Rosenbaum R, Lakier JB. Cardiac troponin I and cardiac enzymes after electrophysiologic studies, ablations, and defibrillator implantations. American Journal of Cardiology. 1999 Aug;84(4):470-530.
38. Duncker D, Ding WY, Etheridge S, Noseworthy PA, Veltmann C, Yao X, Bunch TJ, Gupta D. Smart wearables for cardiac monitoring—real-world use beyond atrial fibrillation. Sensors. 2021 Apr;21(7):2539.
39. Kuehn BM. Telemedicine helps cardiologists extend their reach. Circulation. 2016 Oct;134(16):1189-91.
40. Aman YA. Bifurcation analysis and Lyapunov exponent spectrum for a modified Van der Pol heart model. Tezpur University; 2022 May;22(5):213-234.
41. Lilly LS. Pathophysiology of heart disease: a collaborative project of medical students and faculty. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2012 Aug;20(6):112-130.
42. Lyakhov P, Kiladze M, Lyakhova U. System for neural network determination of atrial fibrillation on ECG signals with wavelet-based preprocessing. Applied Sciences. 2021 Aug;11(16):7213-43.
43. Hoyland P, Hammache N, Battaglia A, Oster J, Felblinger J, de Chillou C, Odille F. A Paced-ECG Detector and Delineator for Automatic Multi-Parametric Catheter Mapping of Ventricular Tachycardia. IEEE Access. 2020 Dec;8:223952-60.
44. Rosero SZ, Kutyifa V, Olshansky B, Zareba W. Ambulatory ECG monitoring in atrial fibrillation management. Progress in cardiovascular diseases. 2013 Sep;56(2):143-52.
45. Vilcant V, Kousa O, Hai O. Implantable Loop Recorder. [Updated 2023 Jul 24]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470398/
46. Santini M, Santini L, Di Fusco SA. Update on cardiac implantable electronic devices: from the injectable loop recorder to the leadless pacemaker, to the subcutaneous defibrillator. Minerva Cardioangiol. 2018 Dec;66(6):762-769.
47. Kanjwal K, Qadir R, Ruzieh M, Grubb BP. Role of implantable loop recorders in patients with postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2018 Sep;41(9):1201-1203.
48. Ramjattan NA, Lala V, Kousa O, et al. Coronary CT Angiography. [Updated 2023 Jan 19]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470279/ Assessed on 12/08/2023
49. Neurauter E, Leschka S, Wildermuth S, Ehl NF, Joerg L, Rickli H, Maeder MT. Use of coronary computed tomography angiography in clinical practice - single centre experience in Switzerland in light of current recommendations based on pretest probability considerations. Swiss Med Wkly. 2019 Jan;149:226-251.
50. Bettencourt N. Management of patients after computed tomography coronary angiography: Evidence and room for improvement. Rev Port Cardiol (Engl Ed). 2019 Jan;38(1):51-52.
51. Bellinge JW, Majeed K, Carr SS, Jones J, Hong I, Francis RJ, Schultz CJ. Coronary artery 18F-NaF PET analysis with the use of an elastic motion correction software. J Nucl Cardiol. 2020 Jun;27(3):952-961.
52. Gottlieb I, Bittencourt MS, Rochitte CE, Cavalcante JL. Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography Takes the Center Stage and Here is Why. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2019 Jan;112(1):104-106.
53. Lee DC, Markl M, Dall’Armellina E, Han Y, Kozerke S, Kuehne T, Nielles-Vallespin S, Messroghli D, Patel A, Schaeffter T, Simonetti O. The growth and evolution of cardiovascular magnetic resonance: a 20-year history of the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (SCMR) annual scientific sessions. Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. 2018 Dec;113(4):206-87.
54. Tseng WY, Su MY, Tseng YH. Introduction to Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance: Technical Principles and Clinical Applications. Acta Cardiol Sin. 2016 Mar;32(2):129-44.
55. McRobbie DW, Moore EA, Graves MJ, Prince MR. MRI from Picture to Proton. Cambridge university press; 2017 Apr;35(4):65-72.
2. Muhammad Y, Tahir M, Hayat M, Chong KT. Early and accurate detection and diagnosis of heart disease using intelligent computational model. Scientific reports. 2020 Nov;10(1):197-47.
3. Deng Y, Zhang X, Shen H, He Q, Wu Z, Liao W, Yuan M. Application of the nano-drug delivery system in treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology. 2020 Jan;7:489-495
4. Ayon SI, Islam MM, Hossain MR. Coronary artery heart disease prediction: a comparative study of computational intelligence techniques. IETE Journal of Research. 2022 Jul;68(4):2488-507.
5. Zhang S, Wang W, Wu X, Zhou X. Regulatory roles of circular RNAs in coronary artery disease. Molecular Therapy-Nucleic Acids. 2020 Sep;21:172-9.
6. Altesha MA, Ni T, Khan A, Liu K, Zheng X. Circular RNA in cardiovascular disease. Journal of cellular physiology. 2019 May;234(5):5588-600.
7. Abdelrahman KM, Chen MY, Dey AK, Virmani R, Finn AV, Khamis RY, Choi AD, Min JK, Williams MC, Buckler AJ, Taylor CA. Coronary computed tomography angiography from clinical uses to emerging technologies: JACC state-of-the-art review. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2020 Sep;76(10):1226-43.
8. Desai MY, Windecker S, Lancellotti P, Bax JJ, Griffin BP, Cahlon O, Johnston DR. Prevention, diagnosis, and management of radiation-associated cardiac disease: JACC scientific expert panel. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2019 Aug;74(7):905-27.
9. Yucel C. Cardiac biomarkers: definition, detection, diagnostic use, and efficiency. InThe Detection of Biomarkers 2022 Jan;113-130).
10. Mondésert B, Nair K, McLeod CJ, Khairy P. Technological advances in arrhythmia management applied to adults with congenital heart disease. Canadian Journal of Cardiology. 2019 Dec;35(12):1708-22.
11. Siontis KC, Noseworthy PA, Attia ZI, Friedman PA. Artificial intelligence-enhanced electrocardiography in cardiovascular disease management. Nature Reviews Cardiology. 2021 Jul;18(7):465-78.
12. Beller GA, Bonow RO, Fuster V. ACCF 2008 recommendations for training in adult cardiovascular medicine core cardiology training (COCATS 3)(revision of the 2002 COCATS training statement). Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2008 Jan;51(3):335-8.
13. Bulagang AF, Weng NG, Mountstephens J, Teo J. A review of recent approaches for emotion classification using electrocardiography and electrodermography signals. Informatics in Medicine Unlocked. 2020 Jan;20:100363.
14. Villanueva A, Jang S, Stuerzlinger W, Ambike S, Ramani K. Advanced modeling method for quantifying cumulative subjective fatigue in mid-air interaction. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies. 2023 Jan;169:102931.
15. Bansal N, Zelnick L, Go A, Anderson A, Christenson R, Deo R, Defilippi C, Lash J, He J, Ky B, Seliger S. Cardiac biomarkers and risk of incident heart failure in chronic kidney disease: the CRIC (Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort) Study. Journal of the American Heart Association. 2019 Nov;8(21):012336.
16. Oh JK. Echocardiography in heart failure: beyond diagnosis. European Journal of Echocardiography. 2007 Jan;8(1):4-14.
17. Singh S, Goyal A. The origin of echocardiography: a tribute to Inge Edler. Texas Heart Institute Journal. 2007;34(4):431-440
18. Halushka PV, Goodwin AJ, Halushka MK. Opportunities for microRNAs in the crowded field of cardiovascular biomarkers. Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease. 2019 Jan;14:211-38.
19. Rao SP, Miller S, Rosenbaum R, Lakier JB. Cardiac troponin I and cardiac enzymes after electrophysiologic studies, ablations, and defibrillator implantations. American Journal of Cardiology. 1999 Aug;84(4):470.
20. Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, Casey Jr DE, Ganiats TG, Holmes Jr DR, Jaffe AS, Jneid H, Kelly RF, Kontos MC, Levine GN. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non–ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2014 Dec;130(25):2354-94.
21. Blumenthal R, Foody J, Wong ND. Preventive Cardiology: A Companion to Braunwald's Heart Disease E-Book: Expert Consult–Online and Print. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2011 Feb;117-28.
22. Tavakol M, Ashraf S, Brener SJ. Risks and complications of coronary angiography: a comprehensive review. Global journal of health science. 2012 Jan;4(1):65.
23. Wattigney WA, Mensah GA, Croft JB. Increasing trends in hospitalization for atrial fibrillation in the United States, 1985 through 1999: implications for primary prevention. Circulation. 2003 Aug;108(6):711-6.
24. Twerenbold R, Jaffe A, Reichlin T, Reiter M, Mueller C. High-sensitive troponin T measurements: what do we gain and what are the challenges?. European heart journal. 2012 Mar;33(5):579-86.
25. Raber I, McCarthy CP, Januzzi Jr JL. A test in context: interpretation of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin assays in different clinical settings. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2021 Mar;77(10):1357-67.
26. Rittoo D, Jones A, Lecky B, Neithercut D. Elevation of cardiac troponin T, but not cardiac troponin I, in patients with neuromuscular diseases: implications for the diagnosis of myocardial infarction. Journal of the American college of cardiology. 2014 Jun;63(22):2411-20.
27. Thygesen K, Alpert JS, Jaffe AS, Chaitman BR, Bax JJ, Morrow DA, White HD. Executive group on behalf of the joint European society of cardiology (ESC)/American college of cardiology (ACC)/American heart association (AHA)/World heart federation (WHF) task force for the universal definition of myocardial infarction. Fourth universal definition of myocardial infarction (2018). Circulation. 2018 Nov;138(20):e618-51.
28. Saxena SK, editor. Proof and Concepts in Rapid Diagnostic Tests and Technologies. BoD–Books on Demand; 2016 Sep;104-120.
29. Regan B, O’Kennedy R, Collins D. Advances in point-of-care testing for cardiovascular diseases. Advances in Clinical Chemistry. 2021 Jan;104:1-70.
30. Hegazy RA, Lotfy WN. The value of Holter monitoring in the assessment of pediatric patients. Indian Pacing and Electrophysiology Journal. 2007 Oct;7(4):204-225.
31. Martín-Peñato A, Zamorano JL, Almería C, Rodrigo JL, Corros C, Luaces M, Conde A, Vilacosta I, Macaya C. Hand-held echocardiographic devices: what do they add to the initial cardiovascular evaluation?. Revista Espanola de Cardiologia. 2003 Nov ;56(11):1069-76.
32. Haji-Hassan M, Duțu B, Bolboacă SD. Handheld Echocardiography Measurements Concordance and Findings Agreement: An Exploratory Study. Diagnostics. 2023 Feb;13(5):853-876.
33. Jenkins S, Shiha MG, Yones E, Wardley J, Ryding A, Sawh C, Flather M, Morris P, Swift AJ, Vassiliou VS, Garg P. Cardiovascular examination using hand-held cardiac ultrasound. Journal of Echocardiography. 2022 Mar;20(1):1-9.
34. Hudson MP, Christenson RH, Newby LK, Kaplan AL, Ohman EM. Cardiac markers: point of care testing. Clinica chimica acta. 1999 Jun;284(2):223-37.
35. Halushka PV, Goodwin AJ, Halushka MK. Opportunities for microRNAs in the crowded field of cardiovascular biomarkers. Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease. 2019 Jan;14:211-38.
36. Chou R. High Value Care Task Force of the American College of Physicians. Cardiac screening with electrocardiography, stress echocardiography, or myocardial perfusion imaging: advice for high-value care from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2015 Mar;162(6):438-47.
37. Rao SP, Miller S, Rosenbaum R, Lakier JB. Cardiac troponin I and cardiac enzymes after electrophysiologic studies, ablations, and defibrillator implantations. American Journal of Cardiology. 1999 Aug;84(4):470-530.
38. Duncker D, Ding WY, Etheridge S, Noseworthy PA, Veltmann C, Yao X, Bunch TJ, Gupta D. Smart wearables for cardiac monitoring—real-world use beyond atrial fibrillation. Sensors. 2021 Apr;21(7):2539.
39. Kuehn BM. Telemedicine helps cardiologists extend their reach. Circulation. 2016 Oct;134(16):1189-91.
40. Aman YA. Bifurcation analysis and Lyapunov exponent spectrum for a modified Van der Pol heart model. Tezpur University; 2022 May;22(5):213-234.
41. Lilly LS. Pathophysiology of heart disease: a collaborative project of medical students and faculty. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2012 Aug;20(6):112-130.
42. Lyakhov P, Kiladze M, Lyakhova U. System for neural network determination of atrial fibrillation on ECG signals with wavelet-based preprocessing. Applied Sciences. 2021 Aug;11(16):7213-43.
43. Hoyland P, Hammache N, Battaglia A, Oster J, Felblinger J, de Chillou C, Odille F. A Paced-ECG Detector and Delineator for Automatic Multi-Parametric Catheter Mapping of Ventricular Tachycardia. IEEE Access. 2020 Dec;8:223952-60.
44. Rosero SZ, Kutyifa V, Olshansky B, Zareba W. Ambulatory ECG monitoring in atrial fibrillation management. Progress in cardiovascular diseases. 2013 Sep;56(2):143-52.
45. Vilcant V, Kousa O, Hai O. Implantable Loop Recorder. [Updated 2023 Jul 24]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470398/
46. Santini M, Santini L, Di Fusco SA. Update on cardiac implantable electronic devices: from the injectable loop recorder to the leadless pacemaker, to the subcutaneous defibrillator. Minerva Cardioangiol. 2018 Dec;66(6):762-769.
47. Kanjwal K, Qadir R, Ruzieh M, Grubb BP. Role of implantable loop recorders in patients with postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2018 Sep;41(9):1201-1203.
48. Ramjattan NA, Lala V, Kousa O, et al. Coronary CT Angiography. [Updated 2023 Jan 19]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470279/ Assessed on 12/08/2023
49. Neurauter E, Leschka S, Wildermuth S, Ehl NF, Joerg L, Rickli H, Maeder MT. Use of coronary computed tomography angiography in clinical practice - single centre experience in Switzerland in light of current recommendations based on pretest probability considerations. Swiss Med Wkly. 2019 Jan;149:226-251.
50. Bettencourt N. Management of patients after computed tomography coronary angiography: Evidence and room for improvement. Rev Port Cardiol (Engl Ed). 2019 Jan;38(1):51-52.
51. Bellinge JW, Majeed K, Carr SS, Jones J, Hong I, Francis RJ, Schultz CJ. Coronary artery 18F-NaF PET analysis with the use of an elastic motion correction software. J Nucl Cardiol. 2020 Jun;27(3):952-961.
52. Gottlieb I, Bittencourt MS, Rochitte CE, Cavalcante JL. Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography Takes the Center Stage and Here is Why. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2019 Jan;112(1):104-106.
53. Lee DC, Markl M, Dall’Armellina E, Han Y, Kozerke S, Kuehne T, Nielles-Vallespin S, Messroghli D, Patel A, Schaeffter T, Simonetti O. The growth and evolution of cardiovascular magnetic resonance: a 20-year history of the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (SCMR) annual scientific sessions. Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. 2018 Dec;113(4):206-87.
54. Tseng WY, Su MY, Tseng YH. Introduction to Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance: Technical Principles and Clinical Applications. Acta Cardiol Sin. 2016 Mar;32(2):129-44.
55. McRobbie DW, Moore EA, Graves MJ, Prince MR. MRI from Picture to Proton. Cambridge university press; 2017 Apr;35(4):65-72.
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Nov 28, 2023
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Anjali Gupta, Akash Yadav, & Dinesh Kumar Jain. (2023). RAPID DIAGNOSTIC METHODS AND TECHNOLOGIES IN THE MANAGEMENT OF CARDIAC DISEASE. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 30(18), 2410–2423. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v30i18.3049
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Author Biographies
Anjali Gupta
IPS Academy College of Pharmacy, Knowledge Village, Rajendra Nagar, A.B. Road, Indore-452012
Akash Yadav
IPS Academy College of Pharmacy, Knowledge Village, Rajendra Nagar, A.B. Road, Indore-452012
Dinesh Kumar Jain
IPS Academy College of Pharmacy, Knowledge Village, Rajendra Nagar, A.B. Road, Indore-452012