NELUMBO NUCIFERA LEAVES EXTRACT PARTIALLY REDUCES HIGH-FAT DIET INDUCED OBESITY IN EXPERIMENTAL RATS
Main Article Content
Keywords
Nelumbo Nucifera, Anti-obesity, Herbal, Leaf extract, High-fat diet
Abstract
Introduction: The global pursuit of reducing body fat among obese individuals has driven extensive research into identifying functional foods that can aid in combating excess body fat. One such focus has been on investigating the potential of Nelumbo nucifera (NN) leaf extract to address obesity-related concerns.
Objective: This study aims to assess the anti-obesity properties of Nelumbo nucifera leaf extract in rats subjected to a high-fat diet (HFD) that induces obesity.
Materials and Methods: Female albino rats were fed either a standard chow diet (CD) for 40 days to induce obesity. Different doses of NN leaf extract (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg, administered orally) were given daily to distinct treatment groups. Parameters including body weight (measured every 5 days), organ and body fat pad weights, body temperature, locomotor activities, as well as levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, and glucose were evaluated on the 39th and 40th day of the study.
Results: Rats treated with the high dose (400 mg/kg) of NN leaf extract exhibited significant reductions in body weight, total cholesterol, triglyceride levels, and glucose levels. Additionally, these rats demonstrated increased locomotor activities and elevated body temperatures.
Conclusion: The supplementation of NN leaf extract, particularly at the high dose, effectively mitigated weight gain and positively impacted metabolic parameters in rats. These findings suggest the potential of NN leaf extract as a natural remedy for countering obesity, offering a promising herbal solution for individuals seeking to revert from obesity to a healthier state.
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2. Perusse, L., Bouchard, C., 2000. Gene-diet interactions in obesity. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/72.5.1285s.
3. Alpert, Martin A., 2001. Obesity cardiomyopathy: pathophysiology and evolution of the clinical syndrome. Am. J. Med. Sci. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000441-200104000- 00003.
4. Wofford, Marion, Hall, John, 2005. Pathophysiology and treatment of obesity hypertension. Curr. Pharmaceut. Des. https://doi.org/10.2174/1381612043382855
5. Piper, Amanda J., 2011. Obesity hypoventilation syndrome - the big and the breathless. Sleep Med. Rev. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2010.04.002.
6. Xu, Qunyan, Anderson, Debra, Lurie-Beck, Janine, 2011. The relationship between abdominal obesity and depression in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes. Res. Clin. Pract. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orcp.2011.04.007.
7. Gerald, M., Reaven, M.D., Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Falk CVRD, Stanford Medical Center, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA, 2011. The metabolic syndrome: time to get off the merry‐go‐round? J. Intern. Med. 269 (2), 127–136. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365- 2796.2010.02325.x
8. Stumvoll, Michael, Goldstein, Barry J., Van Haeften, Timon W., 2005. Type 2 diabetes: principles of pathogenesis and therapy. Lancet. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140- 6736(05)61032-X
9. Anderson, A.S., Caswell, S., 2009. Obesity management - an opportunity for cancer prevention. The Surgeon. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1479-666X(09)80005-X
10. Ryan, Aoife M., Duong, Michelle, Healy, Laura, Ryan, Stephen A., Parekh, Niyati, Reynolds, John V., Power, Derek G., 2011. Obesity, metabolic syndrome and esophageal adenocarcinoma: epidemiology, etiology and new targets. Cancer Epidemiol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canep.2011.03.001.
11. Bao, Bin, Wang, Zhiwei, Li, Yiwei, Kong, Dejuan, Ali, Shadan, Banerjee, Sanjeev, Ahmad, Aamir, Fazlul, H., Sarkar, 2011. The complexities of obesity and diabetes with the development and progression of pancreatic cancer. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Rev. Canc. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbcan.2010.11.003
12. Cottam, Daniel, Fisher, Barry, Ziemba, Amy, Atkinson, James, Grace, Brian, Ward, David C., Pizzorno, Giuseppe, 2010. Tumor growth factor expression in obesity and changes in expression with weight loss: another cause of increased virulence and incidence of cancer in obesity. Surg. Obes. Relat. Dis. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soard.2010.04. 011
13. Kopelman, P., Bryson, A., Hickling, R., Rissanen, A., Rossner, S., Toubro, S., Valensi, P., 2007. Cetilistat (ATL-962), a novel lipase inhibitor: a 12-week randomized, placebocontrolled study of weight reduction in obese patients. Int. J. Obes. https://doi.org/ 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803446
14. Baynes, John W., Thorpe, Suzanne R., 1999. Role of oxidative stress in diabetic complications: a new perspective on an old paradigm. Diabetes. https://doi.org/10.2337/ diabetes.48.1.1
15. Hasler, Clare, M., 2000. The changing face of functional foods. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. https:// doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2000.10718972.
16. Francis, George, Zohar, Kerem, Makkar, Harinder P.S., Becker, Klaus, 2002. The biological action of saponins in animal systems: a review. Br. J. Nutr. https://doi.org/10. 1079/bjn2002725.
17. Mehta NR, Patel EP, Patani PV, Shah B. Nelumbo nucifera (Lotus): A Review on Ethanobotany, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology. Indian J Pharm Biol Res 2013; 1(4):152-167
18. OECD, 2001a. Acute oral toxicity – fixed dose procedure (Chptr). Oecd Guideline for Testing of Chemicalshttps://doi.org/10.1787/9789264070943-en. December: 1–14.
19. OECD, 2001b. Test guideline 425: acute oral toxicity - up-and-down procedure. Guideline for Testing of Chemicalshttps://doi.org/10.1787/9789264071049-en. December: 26.
20. Kaur, G., Kulkarni, S.K., 2000. Antiobesity effect of a polyherbal formulation, OB-200G in female rats fed on cafeteria and atherogenic diets. Indian J. Pharmacol.
21. Paglialunga, Sabina, Schrauwen, Patrick, Roy, Christian, Moonen-Kornips, Esther, Lu, Huiling, Matthijs, K., Hesselink, C., Deshaies, Yves, Richard, Denis, Cianflone, Katherine, 2007. Reduced adipose tissue triglyceride synthesis and increased muscle fatty acid oxidation in C5L2 knockout mice. J. Endocrinol. https://doi.org/10.1677/ JOE-07-0205
22. Gregoire, Francine M., Zhang, Qin, Smith, Steven J., Tong, Carmen, Ross, David, Henry, Lopez, West, David B., 2002. Diet-induced obesity and hepatic gene expression alterations in C57BL/6J and ICAM-1-deficient mice. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metabol. 282 (3), E703–E713. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00072.2001.
23. Golandaz G, Pal A, Vaibhav Uplanchiwar, Rupesh Gautam. A Butea Monosperma flower partially reduces high fat diet induced obesity in experimental rats. Obesity Medicine, 17(2020) 100179. doi:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obmed.2019.100179.
24. Rothwell, N.J., Stock, M.J., Warwick, B.P., 1983. The effect of high fat and high carbohydrate cafeteria diets on diet-induced thermogenesis in the rat. Int. J. Obes.
25 Naim, M., Brand, J.G., Kare, M.R., Carpenter, R.G., 1985. “Energy intake, weight gain and fat deposition in rats fed flavored, nutritionally controlled diets in a multichoice ('cafeteria’) design. J. Nutr. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/115.11.1447.
26. Moro, C.O., Basile, G., 2000. Obesity and medicinal plants. Fitoterapia. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/S0367-326X(00)00177-5.
27. Choy, Christine K., Rodgers, Jo E., Nappi, Jean M., Haines, Stuart T., 2008. Type 2 diabetes mellitus and heart failure. Pharmacotherapy 28 (2), 170–192. https://doi.org/ 10.1592/phco.28.2.170
28. Ramesh, E., Jayakumar, T., Elanchezhian, R., Sakthivel, M., Geraldine, P., Thomas, P.A., 2009. Green tea catechins, alleviate hepatic lipidemic-oxidative injury in Wistar rats fed an atherogenic diet. Chem. Biol. Interact.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2009.02. 013.
29. Francis, George, Zohar, Kerem, Makkar, Harinder P.S., Becker, Klaus, 2002. The biological action of saponins in animal systems: a review. Br. J. Nutr. https://doi.org/10. 1079/bjn2002725
30. Tenpe, C.R., Thakare, A.B., Upaganlawar, A.B., Yeole, P.G., 2007. Hypolipidemic and weight-controlling activity of Terminalia Catappa Linn. Rats on Sucrose-High Fat Diet Indian Drugs.
31. Parashar S, Uplanchiwar V, Gautam R.K., Goyal S. In-Vitro antioxidant and in-vivo hepatoprotective activity of ethanolic extracts of Ziziphus rugosa L leaves. Indian drugs, 2019, 56(7):69-75.
32. Vaibhav Uplanchiwar, M.K. Gupta, Rupesh K. Gautam. Bioactivity guided isolation of memory enhancing compound from chloroform extract of roots of Plumbago Zeylenica Linn. Asian Journal of Clinical Research, Volume 11 (7), 2018: 497-500.
33. Vaibhav Uplanchiwar, M.K. Gupta, Rupesh K. Gautam. Memory enhancing effect of various polar and non polar extracts of Plumbago Zeylanica Linn. Roots. International Journal of Green Pharmacy, Jan-June 2018 (Suppl).12 (1).
34. Raut Sushil, Bhadoriya Santosh Singh, Uplanchiwar Vaibhav, Mishra Vijay, Gahane Avinash, Jain Sunil Kumar. Lecithin organogel: A unique micellar system for the delivery of bioactive agents in the treatment of skin aging. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B. 2012;2(1):8–15. doi:10.1016/j.apsb.2011.12.005
35. Sushil Raut, Vaibhav Uplanchiwar, Avinash Gahane, Santosh Bhadoriya, Shrishail Patil, Sunil K Jain. Development, characterization and investigation of anti-inflammatory potential of valdecoxib topical gels. Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research Vol. 71, April 2012, pp. 273-278
36. Sushil Raut, Vaibhav Uplanchiwar, Avinash Gahane, Santosh Bhadoriya. Comparative evaluation of Zidovudine loaded hydrogels and emulgels. Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2012, 5 (1).
37. Santosh S. Bhadoriya, Vaibhav Uplanchiwar, Vijay Mishra, Aditya Ganeshpurkar, Sushil Raut, Sunil Kumar Jain. In-vitro anthelmintic and antimicrobial potential of flavonoid rich fraction from tamarindus indica seed coat. Pharmacologyonline, 2011, 3: 412-420:
38. Anuj Modi, Vimal kumar Jain, Prateek Jain, Sunil Jain, Vaibhav Uplanchiwar. Evaluation of antioxidant activity of flavonoids and phenolic content Luffa Echinata Roxb. Fruits and Nyctanthus Arbor-Tristis leaves. International Journal of Phytopharmacy, 1, 2011.
39. B. Venkatesh, Vaibhav Uplanchiwar, Avinash Gahane, Umesh Telrandhe, Anuj Modi. Protective effect of L-35- A Herbal Formulation, against Isoniazid induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats. Journal of Pharmacy Research 2010, 3(6).
40. Devhare, L. D., Ghugare, A. P., & Hatwar, B. P. (2015). Method development for determination of water content from various materials by spectrophotometry and it’s validation. International journal of drug delivery, 7(4), 233-240.
41. Devhare, L. D., & Kore, P. K. (2016). A recent review on bioavailability and solubility enhancement of poorly soluble drugs by physical and chemical modifications. Research chronicle in health sciences, 2(5), 299-308.
42. Tonde, T. U., Kasliwal, R. H., & Devhare, L. D. (2016). Quantitative Estimation of Bacoside A in Polyherbal Memory Enhancer Syrup for Memory Boosting Activity Using HPTLC Method. Research Chronicle in Health Sciences, 2(6), 315-320.
43. Ghugare, A. P., Devhare, L. D., & Hatwar, B. P. (2016) Development and validation of analytical methods for the simultaneous estimation of Nimorazole and Ofloxacin in tablet dosage form. 8(3), 96-98.
44. Salpe, H. G., Devhare, L. D., Ghugare, A. P., & Singh, N. (2016). Formulation and evaluation of hpmc coated diltiazem hcl tablet and its comparison with other marketed preparation. Research chronicle in health sciences. 3(1), 11-17
45. Makhani, A. A., & Devhare, L. D. (2017). Development and validation of vierordt's spectrophotometric method for simultaneous estimation of Drotaverine and Nimesulide combination. Research chronicle in health sciences, 3(2), 22-28.
46. Makhani, A. A., & Devhare, L. D. (2017). Development and Validation of Analytical Methods for Drotaverine and Nimesulide Combination. Research Chronicle in Health Sciences, 3(3), 40-44.
47. Katole, G., & Devhare, L. D. (2020). Recent insight into some emerging natural resources with remarkable hepato protective potentials. International journal of pharmaceutical science and research, 5(1), 41-47.
48. Uplanchiwar, V. P., Raut, S. Y., & Devhare, L. D. (2021). Pharmacological assessment of antiulcer activity of gloriosa superba linn tubers in experimentally induced gastric ulcers. Journal of medical pharmaceutical and allied science, 10(3), 2852-2856.
49. Devhare, L. D., & Gokhale, N. (2021). Acid neutralizing capacity and antimicrobial potential of selected solvent extract from various indigenous plants. Journal of Advanced Scientific Research, 12(04), 175-179.
50. Devhare, L. D., & Gokhale, N. (2022). Antioxidant and Antiulcer property of different solvent extracts of Cassia tora Linn. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, 15(3), 1109-1113.
51. Devhare, L. D., & Gokhale, N. (2023). In silico anti-ulcerative activity evaluation of some bioactive compound from Cassia tora and Butea monosperma through moleculer docking approach. International journal of pharmaceutical sciences and research, 14(2), 1000-1008.
52. Devhare, L. D., & Gokhale, N. (2023). A brief review on: phytochemical and antiulcer properties of plants (fabaceae family) used by tribal people of gadchiroli maharashtra. International journal of pharmaceutical sciences and research, 14(4), 1572-1593.
53. Nikam N, R., Vaishnavi, A., & Devhare, L. D. (2023). Parenteral drug delivery approach: an overview. Journal of xidian university, 17(1), 386-400.
54. Shende, S. M., Bhandare, P., & Devhare, L. D. (2023). In-vitro: micropropagation of mint and investigate the antibacterial activity of mint extract. Eur. Chem. Bull, 12(5), 780-784.
55. Bodhankar, S. S., Devhare, L. D., Meshram, A. S., Moharkar, D. W., & Badwaik, C. B. (2023). Formulation and in vitro evaluation of dental gel containing ethanglic extract of Mimosa pudica. European Chemical Bulletin, 12(5), 1293-1299.
56. Devhare, L. D., Bodhankar, S. S., Warambhe, P., Uppalwar, S. V., Uchibagle, S., & Shende, S. M. (2023). Important role of food and nutritional security during Covid-19: A survey. European Chemical Bulletin. 12(5), 1363-1374.
57. Pathak, N. R., Devhare, L. D., Sawarkar, K. R., Dubey, M., Trivedi, V., Thakre, A. R., & Thakare, V. M. (2023). Aclinial reveiew on pharmacological evaluation of Thiazolidine and Isatin in the new millenium as magic moieties. European Chemical Bulletin. 12(5), 3410-3417.
58. Singh, S., Minj, K. H., Devhare, L. D., Uppalwar, S. V., Anand, S., Suman, A., & Devhare, D. L. (2023). An update on morphology, mechanism, lethality, and management of dhatura poisoning. European Chemical Bulletin. 12(5), 3418-3426.
59. Suruse, P. B., Jadhav, B. A., Barde, L. G., Devhare, L. D., Singh, S., Minj, K. H., & Suman, A. (2023). Exploring the potential of Aerva Lanata extract in a herbal ointment for fungal infection treatment. Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences. 10(1), 1922-1932.
60. Shende, S. M., Meshram, B., Karemore, H., & Devhare, L. D. (2023). Development And Characterization of Glycerogelatin Suppositories For Enhanced Efficacy. European Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research. 10(6), 522-528.
61. Thakare, V. M., Umare, S. A., & Devhare, L. D. (2023). Separation and purification of carboxymethyl cellulose from Spinacia Oleracea for use in pharmaceutical dosage form. European Chemical Bulletin. 12(5), 4062-4080.
62. Suruse, P. B., Deshmukh, A. P., Barde, L. G., Devhare, L. D., Maurya, V. K., Deva, V., & Priya, N. S. (2023). Rimegepant embedded fast dissolving films: A novel approach for enhanced migraine relief. Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences, 10(1) 2071-2084.
63. Prasad, M., Suman, A., Srivastava, S., Khosla, G., Deshmukh, A., Devhare, L. D., & Meshram, S. S. Butea monosperma stem bark extract partially reverses high fat diet-induced obesity in rats. European Chemical Bulletin. 12(5), 4267 – 4273.
64. Shukla, M., Tiware, S. A., Desai, S. R., Kumbhar, S. T., Khan, M. S., Mavai, Y., & Devhare, L. D. (2023). Pharmacological Evaluation of Gloriosa Superba Linn Flower Extract For Antiulcer Activity. Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences. 10(2) 463-470.
65. Polireddy, P., Malviya, V., & Devhare, L. D. (2023). Assessment of Hepatoprotective Potential of Ecbolium Linneanum Extract on Experimental Animals. Journal of Coastal Life Medicine. 2(11) 884-890
66. Devhare, L. D., Hiradeve, S. M., & Bobade, T. (2017). Method Development & Validation For Determination of Water Content. LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing.
67. Shukla, M., Tiware, S. A., Desai, S. R., Kumbhar, S. T., Khan, M. S., Mavai, Y., & Devhare, L. D. (2023). Pharmacological Evaluation of Gloriosa Superba Linn Flower Extract For Antiulcer Activity. Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences, 10(2) 463-470.
68. Polireddy, P., Malviya, V., Arora, S., Singh, M., Pooja Tanaji, G., Devhare, L. D., & Dharmamoorthy, G. (2023). Assessment of Hepatoprotective Potential of Ecbolium Linneanum Extract on Experimental Animals. Journal of Coastal Life Medicine, 11(2) 884-890.
69. Singh, M., Malik, A., Devhare, D. L., Ruikar, D. B., Krishnan, K., Kumar, D. V., & Devnani, D. (2023). Comparative Case Study on Tuberculosis Patients Between Rural And Urban Areas. Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences, 10(2) 622-632.
70. Devhare, L. D., Kumbhar, S. T., Chitrapu, P., Kundral, S., & Borkar, A. A. (2023). In-Silico Molecular Docking Study of Substituted Imidazo 1, 3, 4 Thiadiazole Derivatives: Synthesis, Characterization, and Investigation of their Anti-Cancer Activity. Journal of Coastal Life Medicine, 11(2) 1237-1245.
71. Thakre, S. M., Kumar, D. V., Ahuja, A., Hamid, N., Thakre, A. R., Khan, M. S., & Devhare, D. L. (2023). Exploring the Influence of an Antifungal Medication on Patients Receiving Oral Hypoglycemic Therapy: Investigating the Interplay Between Medications. Journal of Coastal Life Medicine, 11(2) 1255-1262.
72. Devhare, L. D., Katole, G. (2018) Diluent and granulation study on Metformin Hydrochoride. LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing.
73. Krishna KVVS, Jain PK, Devhare LD, Sharma RK. A Study on Antidiabetic Potential of Dried Fruits Extract of Eucalyptus Globulus in Experimental Animals. Journal of Biomedical Engineering 2023, 40(3), 99-110
74. Tiwari R, Mishra J, Devhare LD, Tiwari G. PharmaAn Updated Review on Recent Developments and Appli-Cations of Fish Collagen. Pharma Times 2023, 55(6), 28-36
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Published
Jan 21, 2023
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Konda V V S Krishna, Rukhsana M. Pinjari, Geeta N Lodhi, Allenki Venkatesham, Bembalkar, Vamseekrishna Gorijavolu, Firos A, & Geeta Sahu. (2023). NELUMBO NUCIFERA LEAVES EXTRACT PARTIALLY REDUCES HIGH-FAT DIET INDUCED OBESITY IN EXPERIMENTAL RATS. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 30(1), 423–434. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v30i1.2594
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Author Biographies
Konda V V S Krishna
Government Polytechnic for Women, Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh
Rukhsana M. Pinjari
AAEMF’s Delight College of Pharmacy, Pimple Jagtap Road, Koregaon Bhima, Pune
Geeta N Lodhi
Taywade College of Pharmacy, Koradi, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
Allenki Venkatesham
SVS Group of Institutions, Department of Pharmacy, Bheemaram, Hanamkonda, Telangana, India
Bembalkar
Dr. D . Y. Patil School of Science and Technology, Tathawade, Pune
Vamseekrishna Gorijavolu
NRI College of Pharmacy, Pothavarappadu(v), Agiripalli(M), Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh.
Firos A
Rajiv Gandhi University (A Central University), Rono-Hills, Doimukh, Arunachal Pradesh, India
Geeta Sahu
St. Wilfred Institute of Pharmacy, Near Shedung, Toll Plaza, Panvel, Maharashtra, India