IDENTIFICATION OF DRUG ANALOGS AS COLORECTAL CANCER INHIBITORS
Main Article Content
Keywords
IARC- International Agency of Research on Cancer, ICD-International Classification of Diseases, CL- Colorectal Incidence, ICRCSN- International Colorectal Cancer Screening network, FOBT- Fecaloccult Blood Test, G-FOBT- Guaiac Based test, IMB- Immunological Based Test, CRC- Colorectal Cancer
Abstract
As a species, humans have a keen awareness of their own well-being and material comforts. Everyone on Earth values their health and wishes they had access to timely medical care for any illness that could threaten it. Today, the illnesses we've been talking about are some of the most widespread in the world. If not caught and treated in time, cancer may spread rapidly, sometimes in a matter of minutes every day.
Cancer is an incurable illness characterized by the unchecked division and development of abnormal cells. Following is an outline of the key points in this article, all of which relate to colon cancer. Where cancer comes from, how it develops, how far it may spread, and what forms it can take are all important questions. Second, the molecular basis of colorectal cancer, including the screening of this disease, along with various treatments, and the role of genomic and chromosomal instability.
References
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2. Armstrong, B. and Joske, R.A. (1979) ‘Incidence and etiology of primary liver cancer in the Pacific Basin’, Natl Cancer Inst Monogr, 53, pp. 127–132.
3. Baillie, K. (2008) ‘Health implications of transition from a planned to a free‐market economy–an overview’, Obesity Reviews, 9, pp. 146–150.
4. Ball, N.J., Yohn, J.J., Morelli, J.G., Norris, D.A., Golitz, L.E. and Hoeffler, J.P., 1994. (no date) ‘Ras mutations in human melanoma: a marker of malignant progression. Journal of Investigative’. Dermatology, 102(3), pp.285-290.
5. Baxter, N.N. et al. (2009) ‘Association of colonoscopy and death from colorectal cancer’, Annals of internal medicine, 150(1), pp. 1–8.
6. Benson, V.S. et al. (2008a) ‘Colorectal cancer screening: a comparison of 35 initiatives in 17 countries’, international journal of cancer, 122(6), pp. 1357–1367.
7. Benson, V.S. et al. (2008b) ‘Colorectal cancer screening: a comparison of 35 initiatives in 17 countries’, international journal of cancer, 122(6), pp. 1357–1367.
8. Center, M.M., Jemal, A. and Ward, E. (2009a) ‘International trends in colorectal cancer incidence rates’, Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention, 18(6), pp. 1688–1694.
9. Center, M.M., Jemal, A. and Ward, E. (2009b) ‘International trends in colorectal cancer incidence rates’, Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention, 18(6), pp. 1688–1694.
10. Center, M.M., Jemal, A. and Ward, E. (2009c) ‘International trends in colorectal cancer incidence rates’, Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention, 18(6), pp. 1688–1694.
11. Crowley, N.J. and Seigler, H.F. (1990) ‘The role of elective lymph node dissection in the management of patients with thick cutaneous melanoma’, Cancer, 66(12), pp. 2522–2527.
12. Curado, M.-P. et al. (2007) Cancer incidence in five continents, Volume IX. IARC Press, International Agency for Research on Cancer.
13. Elwood, J. Mark et al. (1985) ‘Cutaneous melanoma in relation to intermittent and constant sun exposure—the Western Canada Melanoma Study’, International journal of cancer, 35(4), pp. 427–433.
14. Elwood, J. M. et al. (1985) ‘Sunburn, suntan and the risk of cutaneous malignant melanoma–The Western Canada Melanoma Study’, British journal of cancer, 51(4), pp. 543–549.
15. Giovannucci, E. (2002) ‘Modifiable risk factors for colon cancer’, Gastroenterology Clinics, 31(4), pp. 925–943.
16. Giovannucci E, Wu K.. In: Schoenfeld D, Fraumeni J, eds. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention.3rd ed (no date) ‘Cancers of the colon and rectum’. New York: Oxford University Press; 2006:809–829. (last).
17. Glass, A.G. (1989) ‘The Emerging Epidemic of Melanoma and Squamous Cell Skin Cancer’, JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 262(15), p. 2097. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1989.03430150065027.
18. Heenan, P.J. et al. (1992) ‘The effects of surgical treatment on survival and local recurrence of cutaneous malignant melanoma’, Cancer, 69(2), pp. 421–426.
19. Hewitson, P. et al. (2008) ‘Cochrane systematic review of colorectal cancer screening using the fecal occult blood test (hemoccult): an update’, Official journal of the American College of Gastroenterology| ACG, 103(6), pp. 1541–1549.
20. Holman, C.D.J., Armstrong, B.K. and Heenan, P.J. (1986) ‘Relationship of cutaneous malignant melanoma to individual sunlight-exposure habits’, Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 76(3), pp. 403–414.
21. Holman, C.D.J., Mulroney, C.D. and Armstrong, B.K. (1980) ‘Epidemiology of pre‐invasive and invasive malignant melanoma in Western Australia’, International Journal of Cancer, 25(3), pp. 317–323.
22. Houghton, A., Munster, E. and Viola, M. (1978) ‘Increased incidence of malignant melanoma after peaks of sunspot activity’, The Lancet, 311(8067), pp. 759–760.
23. Jemal, A. et al. (2017) ‘Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1975–2014, featuring survival’, JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 109(9), p. djx030.
24. Knai, C., Suhrcke, M. and Lobstein, T. (2007) ‘Obesity in Eastern Europe: an overview of its health and economic implications’, Economics & Human Biology, 5(3), pp. 392–408.
25. Koh, H.K., KLIGLER, B.E. and LEW, R.A. (1990) ‘Sunlight and cutaneous malignant melanoma: evidence for and against causation’, Photochemistry and photobiology, 51(6), pp. 765–779.
26. Kono, S. (2004) ‘Secular trend of colon cancer incidence and mortality in relation to fat and meat intake in Japan’, European journal of cancer prevention, pp. 127–132.
27. Kopf, A.W., Rigel, D.S. and Friedman, R.J. (1982) ‘The Rising Incidence and Mortality Rate of Malignant Melanoma’, The Journal of Dermatologic Surgery and Oncology, 8(9), pp. 760–761. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4725.1982.tb02676.x.
28. Kripke, M.L. (1990) ‘Effects of UV radiation on tumor immunity’, J Natl Cancer Inst, 82(17), pp. 1392–1396.
29. Lew, R.A. et al. (1983) ‘Sun exposure habits in patients with cutaneous melanoma: a case control study’, The Journal of dermatologic surgery and oncology, 9(12), pp. 981–986.
30. Mackay, J. and Amos, A. (2003) ‘Women and tobacco’, Respirology, 8(2), pp. 123–130.
31. Maisonneuve, P., Botteri, E. and Lowenfels, A.B. (2008) ‘Screening and surveillance for the early detection of colorectal cancer and adenomatous polyps’, Gastroenterology, 135(2), p. 710.
32. Mandel, J.S. et al. (1993a) ‘Reducing mortality from colorectal cancer by screening for fecal occult blood’, New England Journal of Medicine, 328(19), pp. 1365–1371.
33. Mandel, J.S. et al. (1993b) ‘Reducing mortality from colorectal cancer by screening for fecal occult blood’, New England Journal of Medicine, 328(19), pp. 1365–1371.
34. Mandel, J.S. et al. (2000a) ‘The effect of fecal occult-blood screening on the incidence of colorectal cancer’, New England Journal of Medicine, 343(22), pp. 1603–1607.
35. Mandel, J.S. et al. (2000b) ‘The effect of fecal occult-blood screening on the incidence of colorectal cancer’, New England Journal of Medicine, 343(22), pp. 1603–1607.
36. Minami, Y. et al. (2006) ‘Increase of colon and rectal cancer incidence rates in Japan: trends in incidence rates in Miyagi Prefecture, 1959-1997’, Journal of epidemiology, 16(6), pp. 240–248.
37. ‘National Cancer Institute. 1990. Cancer Statistics Review, 1973-1987. Bethesda, MD. Dept. Health and Human Services (NIH Pub!. 90-2789).’ (no date).
38. Parkin D, Whelan S, Ferlay J, Storm H. Lyon, France: (no date) ‘Cancer Incidence in Five Continents. Vols. Ito VIII. IARC Cancer Base No. 7.’ International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2005.
39. Parkin, D.M. (2004) ‘International variation’, Oncogene, 23(38), pp. 6329–6340.
40. Parkin, D.M. et al. (2005) ‘Global cancer statistics, 2002’, CA: a cancer journal for clinicians, 55(2), pp. 74–108.
41. Peak, M.J. and Peak, J.G. (1989) ‘Solar-ultraviolet-induced damage to DNA.’, Photo-dermatology, 6(1), pp. 1–15.
42. Popkin, B.M. (1994) ‘The nutrition transition in low-income countries: an emerging crisis’, Nutrition reviews, 52(9), pp. 285–298.
43. Popkin, B.M. (2004a) ‘The nutrition transition: an overview of world patterns of change’, Nutrition reviews, 62(suppl_2), pp. S140–S143.
44. Popkin, B.M. (2004b) ‘The nutrition transition: an overview of world patterns of change’, Nutrition reviews, 62(suppl_2), pp. S140–S143.
45. Rifkin, R.M. et al. (1988) ‘Malignant melanoma—profile of an epidemic’, Western Journal of Medicine, 149(1), p. 43.
46. Rigel, D.S., Kopf, A.W. and Friedman, R.J. (1987) ‘The rate of malignant melanoma in the United States: Are we making an impact?’, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 17(6), pp. 1050–1053. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0190-9622(87)80487-5.
47. Saito, H. (2000) ‘Screening for colorectal cancer: current status in Japan’, Diseases of the colon & rectum, 43(Suppl 10), pp. S78–S84.
48. Sarfaty, M. and Myers, R.E. (2008) ‘The effect of HEDIS measurement of colorectal cancer screening on insurance plans in Pennsylvania.’, The American journal of managed care, 14(5), pp. 277–282.
49. Sober, A.J. (1987) ‘Solar exposure in the etiology of cutaneous melanoma.’, Photo-dermatology, 4(1), pp. 23–31.
50. Sung, J.J.Y. et al. (2008) ‘Asia Pacific consensus recommendations for colorectal cancer screening’, Gut, 57(8), pp. 1166–1176.
51. Swerdlow, A.J. et al. (1988) ‘Fluorescent lights, ultraviolet lamps, and risk of cutaneous melanoma.’, British Medical Journal, 297(6649), pp. 647–650.
52. Veronesi, U. and Cascinelli, N. (1991) ‘Narrow excision (1-cm margin): a safe procedure for thin cutaneous melanoma’, Archives of surgery, 126(4), pp. 438–441.
53. West, N.J. et al. (2009) ‘Colorectal cancer screening in Europe: differences in approach; similar barriers to overcome’, International journal of colorectal disease, 24, pp. 731–740.
54. Winawer SJ. (No date) ‘The multidisciplinary manage-ment of gastrointestinal cancer. Colorectal cancer screening.’ Best Pract Res Clin Gastro-enterol.2007;21:1031–1048.
55. Wulandari, F. et al. (2020) ‘Bioinformatic analysis of CCA-1.1, a novel curcumin analog, uncovers furthermost noticeable target genes in colon cancer’, Gene Reports, 21, p. 100917. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genrep.2020.100917.
2. Armstrong, B. and Joske, R.A. (1979) ‘Incidence and etiology of primary liver cancer in the Pacific Basin’, Natl Cancer Inst Monogr, 53, pp. 127–132.
3. Baillie, K. (2008) ‘Health implications of transition from a planned to a free‐market economy–an overview’, Obesity Reviews, 9, pp. 146–150.
4. Ball, N.J., Yohn, J.J., Morelli, J.G., Norris, D.A., Golitz, L.E. and Hoeffler, J.P., 1994. (no date) ‘Ras mutations in human melanoma: a marker of malignant progression. Journal of Investigative’. Dermatology, 102(3), pp.285-290.
5. Baxter, N.N. et al. (2009) ‘Association of colonoscopy and death from colorectal cancer’, Annals of internal medicine, 150(1), pp. 1–8.
6. Benson, V.S. et al. (2008a) ‘Colorectal cancer screening: a comparison of 35 initiatives in 17 countries’, international journal of cancer, 122(6), pp. 1357–1367.
7. Benson, V.S. et al. (2008b) ‘Colorectal cancer screening: a comparison of 35 initiatives in 17 countries’, international journal of cancer, 122(6), pp. 1357–1367.
8. Center, M.M., Jemal, A. and Ward, E. (2009a) ‘International trends in colorectal cancer incidence rates’, Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention, 18(6), pp. 1688–1694.
9. Center, M.M., Jemal, A. and Ward, E. (2009b) ‘International trends in colorectal cancer incidence rates’, Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention, 18(6), pp. 1688–1694.
10. Center, M.M., Jemal, A. and Ward, E. (2009c) ‘International trends in colorectal cancer incidence rates’, Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention, 18(6), pp. 1688–1694.
11. Crowley, N.J. and Seigler, H.F. (1990) ‘The role of elective lymph node dissection in the management of patients with thick cutaneous melanoma’, Cancer, 66(12), pp. 2522–2527.
12. Curado, M.-P. et al. (2007) Cancer incidence in five continents, Volume IX. IARC Press, International Agency for Research on Cancer.
13. Elwood, J. Mark et al. (1985) ‘Cutaneous melanoma in relation to intermittent and constant sun exposure—the Western Canada Melanoma Study’, International journal of cancer, 35(4), pp. 427–433.
14. Elwood, J. M. et al. (1985) ‘Sunburn, suntan and the risk of cutaneous malignant melanoma–The Western Canada Melanoma Study’, British journal of cancer, 51(4), pp. 543–549.
15. Giovannucci, E. (2002) ‘Modifiable risk factors for colon cancer’, Gastroenterology Clinics, 31(4), pp. 925–943.
16. Giovannucci E, Wu K.. In: Schoenfeld D, Fraumeni J, eds. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention.3rd ed (no date) ‘Cancers of the colon and rectum’. New York: Oxford University Press; 2006:809–829. (last).
17. Glass, A.G. (1989) ‘The Emerging Epidemic of Melanoma and Squamous Cell Skin Cancer’, JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 262(15), p. 2097. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1989.03430150065027.
18. Heenan, P.J. et al. (1992) ‘The effects of surgical treatment on survival and local recurrence of cutaneous malignant melanoma’, Cancer, 69(2), pp. 421–426.
19. Hewitson, P. et al. (2008) ‘Cochrane systematic review of colorectal cancer screening using the fecal occult blood test (hemoccult): an update’, Official journal of the American College of Gastroenterology| ACG, 103(6), pp. 1541–1549.
20. Holman, C.D.J., Armstrong, B.K. and Heenan, P.J. (1986) ‘Relationship of cutaneous malignant melanoma to individual sunlight-exposure habits’, Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 76(3), pp. 403–414.
21. Holman, C.D.J., Mulroney, C.D. and Armstrong, B.K. (1980) ‘Epidemiology of pre‐invasive and invasive malignant melanoma in Western Australia’, International Journal of Cancer, 25(3), pp. 317–323.
22. Houghton, A., Munster, E. and Viola, M. (1978) ‘Increased incidence of malignant melanoma after peaks of sunspot activity’, The Lancet, 311(8067), pp. 759–760.
23. Jemal, A. et al. (2017) ‘Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1975–2014, featuring survival’, JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 109(9), p. djx030.
24. Knai, C., Suhrcke, M. and Lobstein, T. (2007) ‘Obesity in Eastern Europe: an overview of its health and economic implications’, Economics & Human Biology, 5(3), pp. 392–408.
25. Koh, H.K., KLIGLER, B.E. and LEW, R.A. (1990) ‘Sunlight and cutaneous malignant melanoma: evidence for and against causation’, Photochemistry and photobiology, 51(6), pp. 765–779.
26. Kono, S. (2004) ‘Secular trend of colon cancer incidence and mortality in relation to fat and meat intake in Japan’, European journal of cancer prevention, pp. 127–132.
27. Kopf, A.W., Rigel, D.S. and Friedman, R.J. (1982) ‘The Rising Incidence and Mortality Rate of Malignant Melanoma’, The Journal of Dermatologic Surgery and Oncology, 8(9), pp. 760–761. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4725.1982.tb02676.x.
28. Kripke, M.L. (1990) ‘Effects of UV radiation on tumor immunity’, J Natl Cancer Inst, 82(17), pp. 1392–1396.
29. Lew, R.A. et al. (1983) ‘Sun exposure habits in patients with cutaneous melanoma: a case control study’, The Journal of dermatologic surgery and oncology, 9(12), pp. 981–986.
30. Mackay, J. and Amos, A. (2003) ‘Women and tobacco’, Respirology, 8(2), pp. 123–130.
31. Maisonneuve, P., Botteri, E. and Lowenfels, A.B. (2008) ‘Screening and surveillance for the early detection of colorectal cancer and adenomatous polyps’, Gastroenterology, 135(2), p. 710.
32. Mandel, J.S. et al. (1993a) ‘Reducing mortality from colorectal cancer by screening for fecal occult blood’, New England Journal of Medicine, 328(19), pp. 1365–1371.
33. Mandel, J.S. et al. (1993b) ‘Reducing mortality from colorectal cancer by screening for fecal occult blood’, New England Journal of Medicine, 328(19), pp. 1365–1371.
34. Mandel, J.S. et al. (2000a) ‘The effect of fecal occult-blood screening on the incidence of colorectal cancer’, New England Journal of Medicine, 343(22), pp. 1603–1607.
35. Mandel, J.S. et al. (2000b) ‘The effect of fecal occult-blood screening on the incidence of colorectal cancer’, New England Journal of Medicine, 343(22), pp. 1603–1607.
36. Minami, Y. et al. (2006) ‘Increase of colon and rectal cancer incidence rates in Japan: trends in incidence rates in Miyagi Prefecture, 1959-1997’, Journal of epidemiology, 16(6), pp. 240–248.
37. ‘National Cancer Institute. 1990. Cancer Statistics Review, 1973-1987. Bethesda, MD. Dept. Health and Human Services (NIH Pub!. 90-2789).’ (no date).
38. Parkin D, Whelan S, Ferlay J, Storm H. Lyon, France: (no date) ‘Cancer Incidence in Five Continents. Vols. Ito VIII. IARC Cancer Base No. 7.’ International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2005.
39. Parkin, D.M. (2004) ‘International variation’, Oncogene, 23(38), pp. 6329–6340.
40. Parkin, D.M. et al. (2005) ‘Global cancer statistics, 2002’, CA: a cancer journal for clinicians, 55(2), pp. 74–108.
41. Peak, M.J. and Peak, J.G. (1989) ‘Solar-ultraviolet-induced damage to DNA.’, Photo-dermatology, 6(1), pp. 1–15.
42. Popkin, B.M. (1994) ‘The nutrition transition in low-income countries: an emerging crisis’, Nutrition reviews, 52(9), pp. 285–298.
43. Popkin, B.M. (2004a) ‘The nutrition transition: an overview of world patterns of change’, Nutrition reviews, 62(suppl_2), pp. S140–S143.
44. Popkin, B.M. (2004b) ‘The nutrition transition: an overview of world patterns of change’, Nutrition reviews, 62(suppl_2), pp. S140–S143.
45. Rifkin, R.M. et al. (1988) ‘Malignant melanoma—profile of an epidemic’, Western Journal of Medicine, 149(1), p. 43.
46. Rigel, D.S., Kopf, A.W. and Friedman, R.J. (1987) ‘The rate of malignant melanoma in the United States: Are we making an impact?’, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 17(6), pp. 1050–1053. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0190-9622(87)80487-5.
47. Saito, H. (2000) ‘Screening for colorectal cancer: current status in Japan’, Diseases of the colon & rectum, 43(Suppl 10), pp. S78–S84.
48. Sarfaty, M. and Myers, R.E. (2008) ‘The effect of HEDIS measurement of colorectal cancer screening on insurance plans in Pennsylvania.’, The American journal of managed care, 14(5), pp. 277–282.
49. Sober, A.J. (1987) ‘Solar exposure in the etiology of cutaneous melanoma.’, Photo-dermatology, 4(1), pp. 23–31.
50. Sung, J.J.Y. et al. (2008) ‘Asia Pacific consensus recommendations for colorectal cancer screening’, Gut, 57(8), pp. 1166–1176.
51. Swerdlow, A.J. et al. (1988) ‘Fluorescent lights, ultraviolet lamps, and risk of cutaneous melanoma.’, British Medical Journal, 297(6649), pp. 647–650.
52. Veronesi, U. and Cascinelli, N. (1991) ‘Narrow excision (1-cm margin): a safe procedure for thin cutaneous melanoma’, Archives of surgery, 126(4), pp. 438–441.
53. West, N.J. et al. (2009) ‘Colorectal cancer screening in Europe: differences in approach; similar barriers to overcome’, International journal of colorectal disease, 24, pp. 731–740.
54. Winawer SJ. (No date) ‘The multidisciplinary manage-ment of gastrointestinal cancer. Colorectal cancer screening.’ Best Pract Res Clin Gastro-enterol.2007;21:1031–1048.
55. Wulandari, F. et al. (2020) ‘Bioinformatic analysis of CCA-1.1, a novel curcumin analog, uncovers furthermost noticeable target genes in colon cancer’, Gene Reports, 21, p. 100917. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genrep.2020.100917.
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Jul 20, 2023
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How to Cite
Vaishnavi Sahni, & Ashwani Kumar. (2023). IDENTIFICATION OF DRUG ANALOGS AS COLORECTAL CANCER INHIBITORS. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 30(12), 459–475. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v30i12.2402
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Author Biographies
Vaishnavi Sahni
University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, 140413, Punjab, India
Ashwani Kumar
University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, 140413, Punjab, India