To Evaluate the Antimicrobial Efficacy of Amla, Neem Silver Nanoparticles Mediated Dental Varnish – An In Vitro Study
Main Article Content
Keywords
Dental varnish , children , plants , nanoparticles, Biofilm, Fluoride
Abstract
Aim: The aim of the study was to compare the antimicrobial activity of Amla, Neem incorporated with silver nanoparticles dental varnish with that of commercially available dental varnish
Objectives: The two main objectives of the study are to prepare silver nanoparticle based dental varnish and to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy
Materials And Methods: Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans were grown in Mueller–Hinton agar media separately; three different concentrations of silver nanoparticle varnish ((25μl, 50μl and 100μl) were prepared and applied on the Mueller–Hinton plates. Conventional dental varnish was included as the control sample. The plates were further incubated anaerobically for 24 h at 37°C in the incubator. The antimicrobial effect of different varnishes was assessed by measuring the diameter of inhibition zones in millimetres by a ruler. Statistical analysis was performed using the descriptive data to find the mean and standard deviation for the data.
Results: The silver nanoparticle varnish showed antimicrobial effect against all test microbes, where the mean value of inhibition zone size (mm) was increased by increasing the concentration.
Conclusion: The herbal based varnish added with silver nanoparticles seems to be more effective against S. Mutans, C. Albicans, E. Faecalis, S. Aureus. Silver nanoparticle dental varnish had better antibacterial efficacy as compared to conventional dental varnish against all four microorganisms.
References
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32. Gan, Hongyun, Yaqing Zhang, Qingyun Zhou, Lierui Zheng, Xiaofeng Xie, Vishnu Priya Veeraraghavan, and Surapaneni Krishna Mohan. 2019. “Zingerone Induced Caspase-Dependent Apoptosis in MCF-7 Cells and Prevents 7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-Induced Mammary
Carcinogenesis in Experimental Rats.” Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology 33 (10): e22387.
33. Jayaraj, Gifrina, Pratibha Ramani, Herald J. Sherlin, Priya Premkumar, and N. Anuja. 2015. “Inter-Observer Agreement in Grading Oral Epithelial Dysplasia – A Systematic Review.” Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Medicine, and Pathology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajoms.2014.01.006.
34. Li, Zhenjiang, Vishnu Priya Veeraraghavan, Surapaneni Krishna Mohan, Srinivasa Rao Bolla, Hariprasath Lakshmanan, Subramanian Kumaran, Wilson Aruni, et al. 2020. “Apoptotic Induction and Anti-Metastatic Activity of Eugenol Encapsulated Chitosan Nanopolymer on Rat Glioma C6 Cells via Alleviating the MMP Signaling Pathway.” Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111773.
35. Markov, Alexander, Lakshmi Thangavelu, Surendar Aravindhan, Angelina Olegovna Zekiy, Mostafa Jarahian, Max Stanley Chartrand, Yashwant Pathak, Faroogh Marofi, Somayeh Shamlou, and Ali Hassanzadeh. 2021. “Mesenchymal Stem/stromal Cells as a Valuable Source for the Treatment of Immune-Mediated Disorders.” Stem Cell Research & Therapy 12 (1): 192.
36. Mohan, Meenakshi, and Nithya Jagannathan. 2014. “Oral Field Cancerization: An Update on Current Concepts.” Oncology Reviews 8 (1): 244.
37. Neelakantan, Prasanna, Deeksha Grotra, and Subash Sharma. 2013. “Retreatability of 2 Mineral Trioxide Aggregate-Based Root Canal Sealers: A Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Analysis.” Journal of Endodontia 39 (7): 893–96.
38. Paramasivam, Arumugam, Jayaseelan Vijayashree Priyadharsini, Subramanian Raghunandhakumar, and Perumal Elumalai. 2020. “A Novel COVID-19 and Its Effects on Cardiovascular Disease.” Hypertension Research: Official Journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension.
39. Sheriff, K. Ahmed Hilal, K. Ahmed Hilal Sheriff, and Archana Santhanam. 2018. “Knowledge and Awareness towards Oral Biopsy among Students of Saveetha Dental College.” Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. https://doi.org/10.5958/0974-360x.2018.00101.4.
40. Effect of chlorhexidine varnish and fluoride varnish on white spot lesions in orthodontic patients-a systematic reviewDOI:10.2174/1874210602115010151
41. Evaluation of the re-mineralization capacity of a gold nanoparticle-based dental varnish: An in vitro studyDOI: 10.4103/JCD.JCD_315_20
42. Development of anti inflammatory and antimicrobial silver nanoparticles coated suture materials
43. Inhibition of Streptococcus mutans, antioxidant property and cytotoxicity of novel nano-zinc oxide varnishDOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2021.105132
44. Evaluation of remineralization potential and cytotoxicity of a novel strontium-doped nano hydroxyapatite paste: An in vitro study DOI: 10.4103/JCD.JCD_162_20
45. Development of strontium-doped nano hydroxyapatite dentifrice and compare its remineralising potential with a topical cream containing casein phosphopeptide- amorphous calcium phosphate - An in Vitro studyDOI: 10.4103/ijdr.IJDR_238_19
46. Effect of chlorhexidine varnish and fluoride varnish on white spot lesions in orthodontic patients-a systematic review DOI:10.2174/1874210602115010151
2. Schmidt HF. The fluoride varnish procedure and possibilities of its utilization for the prevention of caries. Zahnarztl Mitt 1969; 59: 633–636.
3. Rølla G, Saxegaard E. Critical evaluation of the composition and use of topical fluorides, with emphasis on the role of calcium fluoride in caries inhibition. J Dent Res 1990; 69 Spec No: 780–5; discussion 820–3.
4. Ogard B, Seppä L, Rølla G. Professional topical fluoride applications--clinical efficacy and mechanism of action. Adv Dent Res 1994; 8: 190–201.
5. Bayless JM, Tinanoff N. Diagnosis and treatment of acute fluoride toxicity. J Am Dent Assoc 1985; 110: 209–211.
6. Beltrán-Aguilar ED, Goldstein JW, Lockwood SA. Fluoride varnishes. A review of their clinical use, cariostatic mechanism, efficacy and safety. J Am Dent Assoc 2000; 131: 589–596.
7. Whitford GM. The Metabolism and Toxicity of Fluoride. Karger, 1996.
8. Mohanta YK, Panda SK, Bastia AK, et al. Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles from Protium serratum and Investigation of their Potential Impacts on Food Safety and Control. Front Microbiol 2017; 8: 626.
9. Mohanta YK, Singdevsachan SK, Parida UK, et al. Green synthesis and antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles using wild medicinal mushroomGanoderma applanatum(Pers.) Pat. from Similipal Biosphere Reserve, Odisha, India. IET Nanobiotechnology 2016; 10: 184–189.
10. Kim JS, Kuk E, Yu KN, et al. Antimicrobial effects of silver nanoparticles. Nanomedicine 2007; 3: 95–101.
11. Nayak D, Pradhan S, Ashe S, et al. Biologically synthesised silver nanoparticles from three diverse family of plant extracts and their anticancer activity against epidermoid A431 carcinoma. J Colloid Interface Sci 2015; 457: 329–338.
12. Sharma VK, Yngard RA, Lin Y. Silver nanoparticles: green synthesis and their antimicrobial activities. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2009; 145: 83–96.
13. Zhang S, Tang Y, Vlahovic B. A Review on Preparation and Applications of Silver-Containing Nanofibers. Nanoscale Res Lett 2016; 11: 80.
14. Porenczuk A, Grzeczkowicz A, Maciejewska I, et al. An initial evaluation of cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and antibacterial effectiveness of a disinfection liquid containing silver nanoparticles alone and combined with a glass-ionomer cement and dentin bonding systems. Adv Clin Exp Med 2019; 28: 75–83.
15. Rai M, Yadav A, Gade A. Silver nanoparticles as a new generation of antimicrobials. Biotechnology Advances 2009; 27: 76–83.
16. Quinteros MA, Viviana CA, Onnainty R, et al. Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles: Decoding their mechanism of action in Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 104: 87–93.
17. Banerjee P, Satapathy M, Mukhopahayay A, et al. Leaf extract mediated green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from widely available Indian plants: synthesis, characterization, antimicrobial property and toxicity analysis. Bioresources and Bioprocessing; 1. Epub ahead of print 2014. DOI: 10.1186/s40643-014-0003-y.
18. Roy P, Das B, Mohanty A, et al. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Azadirachta indica leaf extract and its antimicrobial study. Applied Nanoscience 2017; 7: 843–850.
19. Ankamwar B, Damle C, Ahmad A, et al. Biosynthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles using Emblica Officinalis fruit extract, their phase transfer and transmetallation in an organic solution. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2005; 5: 1665–1671.
20. Kubyshkin A, Chegodar D, Katsev A, et al. Antimicrobial Effects of Silver Nanoparticles Stabilized in Solution by Sodium Alginate. Biochem Mol Biol J; 2. Epub ahead of print 20 July 2016. DOI: 10.21767/2471-8084.100022.
21. Li F, Li Z, Liu G, et al. Long-term antibacterial properties and bond strength of experimental nano silver-containing orthodontic cements. Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Mater. Sci. Ed. 2013; 28: 849–855.
22. Kim M-H, Yamayoshi I, Mathew S, et al. Magnetic nanoparticle targeted hyperthermia of cutaneous Staphylococcus aureus infection. Ann Biomed Eng 2013; 41: 598–609.
23. Rajan R, Chandran K, Harper SL, et al. Plant extract synthesized silver nanoparticles: An ongoing source of novel biocompatible materials. Ind Crops Prod 2015; 70: 356–373.
24. Prabhu S, Poulose EK. Silver nanoparticles: mechanism of antimicrobial action, synthesis, medical applications, and toxicity effects. International Nano Letters 2012; 2: 32.
25. Dilnesa A, Alemayehu M, Atakilt A. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their antibacterial activities of the crude extracts of Brucea antidysenterica leaves. Int J Math Phys Sci Res.
26. Haghgoo R, Saderi H, Eskandari M, et al. Evaluation of the antimicrobial effect of conventional and nanosilver-containing varnishes on oral streptococci. J Dent 2014; 15: 57–62.
27. Tirupathi S, Svsg N, Rajasekhar S, et al. Comparative cariostatic efficacy of a novel Nano-silver fluoride varnish with 38% silver diamine fluoride varnish a double-blind randomized clinical trial. J Clin Exp Dent 2019; 11: e105–e112.
28. Radhakrishnan VS, Reddy Mudiam MK, Kumar M, et al. Silver nanoparticles induced alterations in multiple cellular targets, which are critical for drug susceptibilities and pathogenicity in fungal pathogen (Candida albicans). Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13: 2647–2663.
29. Kim K-J, Sung WS, Suh BK, et al. Antifungal activity and mode of action of silver nano-particles on Candida albicans. Biometals 2009; 22: 235–242.
30. Aldhuwayhi, Sami, Sreekanth Kumar Mallineni, Srinivasulu Sakhamuri, Amar Ashok Thakare, Sahana Mallineni, Rishitha Sajja, Mallika Sethi, Venkatesh Nettam, and Azher Mohiuddin Mohammad. 2021. “Covid-19 Knowledge and Perceptions Among Dental Specialists: A Cross-Sectional Online Questionnaire Survey.” Risk Management and Healthcare Policy 14 (July): 2851–61.
31. Dua, Kamal, Ridhima Wadhwa, Gautam Singhvi, Vamshikrishna Rapalli, Shakti Dhar Shukla, Madhur D. Shastri, Gaurav Gupta, et al. 2019. “The Potential of siRNA Based Drug Delivery in Respiratory Disorders: Recent Advances and Progress.” Drug Development Research 80 (6): 714–30.
32. Gan, Hongyun, Yaqing Zhang, Qingyun Zhou, Lierui Zheng, Xiaofeng Xie, Vishnu Priya Veeraraghavan, and Surapaneni Krishna Mohan. 2019. “Zingerone Induced Caspase-Dependent Apoptosis in MCF-7 Cells and Prevents 7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-Induced Mammary
Carcinogenesis in Experimental Rats.” Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology 33 (10): e22387.
33. Jayaraj, Gifrina, Pratibha Ramani, Herald J. Sherlin, Priya Premkumar, and N. Anuja. 2015. “Inter-Observer Agreement in Grading Oral Epithelial Dysplasia – A Systematic Review.” Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Medicine, and Pathology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajoms.2014.01.006.
34. Li, Zhenjiang, Vishnu Priya Veeraraghavan, Surapaneni Krishna Mohan, Srinivasa Rao Bolla, Hariprasath Lakshmanan, Subramanian Kumaran, Wilson Aruni, et al. 2020. “Apoptotic Induction and Anti-Metastatic Activity of Eugenol Encapsulated Chitosan Nanopolymer on Rat Glioma C6 Cells via Alleviating the MMP Signaling Pathway.” Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111773.
35. Markov, Alexander, Lakshmi Thangavelu, Surendar Aravindhan, Angelina Olegovna Zekiy, Mostafa Jarahian, Max Stanley Chartrand, Yashwant Pathak, Faroogh Marofi, Somayeh Shamlou, and Ali Hassanzadeh. 2021. “Mesenchymal Stem/stromal Cells as a Valuable Source for the Treatment of Immune-Mediated Disorders.” Stem Cell Research & Therapy 12 (1): 192.
36. Mohan, Meenakshi, and Nithya Jagannathan. 2014. “Oral Field Cancerization: An Update on Current Concepts.” Oncology Reviews 8 (1): 244.
37. Neelakantan, Prasanna, Deeksha Grotra, and Subash Sharma. 2013. “Retreatability of 2 Mineral Trioxide Aggregate-Based Root Canal Sealers: A Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Analysis.” Journal of Endodontia 39 (7): 893–96.
38. Paramasivam, Arumugam, Jayaseelan Vijayashree Priyadharsini, Subramanian Raghunandhakumar, and Perumal Elumalai. 2020. “A Novel COVID-19 and Its Effects on Cardiovascular Disease.” Hypertension Research: Official Journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension.
39. Sheriff, K. Ahmed Hilal, K. Ahmed Hilal Sheriff, and Archana Santhanam. 2018. “Knowledge and Awareness towards Oral Biopsy among Students of Saveetha Dental College.” Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. https://doi.org/10.5958/0974-360x.2018.00101.4.
40. Effect of chlorhexidine varnish and fluoride varnish on white spot lesions in orthodontic patients-a systematic reviewDOI:10.2174/1874210602115010151
41. Evaluation of the re-mineralization capacity of a gold nanoparticle-based dental varnish: An in vitro studyDOI: 10.4103/JCD.JCD_315_20
42. Development of anti inflammatory and antimicrobial silver nanoparticles coated suture materials
43. Inhibition of Streptococcus mutans, antioxidant property and cytotoxicity of novel nano-zinc oxide varnishDOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2021.105132
44. Evaluation of remineralization potential and cytotoxicity of a novel strontium-doped nano hydroxyapatite paste: An in vitro study DOI: 10.4103/JCD.JCD_162_20
45. Development of strontium-doped nano hydroxyapatite dentifrice and compare its remineralising potential with a topical cream containing casein phosphopeptide- amorphous calcium phosphate - An in Vitro studyDOI: 10.4103/ijdr.IJDR_238_19
46. Effect of chlorhexidine varnish and fluoride varnish on white spot lesions in orthodontic patients-a systematic review DOI:10.2174/1874210602115010151
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Jun 6, 2023
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P.Niharika, Sandhya Raghu, & S. RajeshKumar. (2023). To Evaluate the Antimicrobial Efficacy of Amla, Neem Silver Nanoparticles Mediated Dental Varnish – An In Vitro Study. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 30(14), 83–90. https://doi.org/10.47750/jptcp.2023.30.14.011
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