Review on the oxidative stress in methamphetamine addicts

Main Article Content

Mazin Fadhil Altufailia
Hussein Kadhem Al-Hakeima
Basim Abd Al-Raheem Twaij

Keywords

Review, Papers, Generation, Research

Abstract

A lot of research has found that there are toxic effects on the body and mental state at both the near- and long-term levels of addiction to methamphetamine. Therefore, the study of the chemical molecules that cause tissue damage in addicts is an important necessity to understand the mechanism of poisoning and open prospects for treatment. In this research, changes in oxidative stress molecules were reviewed in methamphetamine addicts.
The published papers that dealt with changes in oxidative stress final products, its enzymes, and antioxidants in addicts were reviewed, and the explanations reached by previous research were collected. It is concluded from this review that methamphetamine abuse causes an increase in the end-products of the generation of free radicals from the metabolic processes accompanying the biotransformation of methamphetamine and a decrease in antioxidants, which requires therapeutic intervention to reduce the harmful effects of methamphetamine abuse.

Abstract 319 | PDF Downloads 274

References

1. Ahmad FB, Cisewski JA, Rossen LM, Sutton P. 2022. 'Provisional drug overdose death counts. ', National Center for Health Statistics, Designed by LM Rossen, A Lipphardt, FB Ahmad, JM Keralis, and Y Chong: National Center for Health Statistics.
2. Ahmadi, Iraj, and Hossein Foruozandeh. 2020. 'Evaluation the multi-organs toxicity of methamphetamine (METH) in rats', Toxicologie Analytique et Clinique, 32: 4-11.
3. Al-Hakeim, Hussein, Mazin Altufaili, Amer Alhaideri, Abbas F Almulla, Shatha Moustafa, and Michael %J medRxiv Maes. 2023. 'Increased AGE-RAGE axis stress in methamphetamine (MA) abuse and MA-induced psychosis: associations with oxidative stress and increased atherogenicity': 2023.01. 21.23284873. 4. Al-Hakeim, Hussein Kadhem, Mazin Fadhil Altufaili, Abbas F Almulla, Shatha Rouf Moustafa, and Michael %J Cells Maes. 2022a. 'Increased lipid peroxidation and lowered antioxidant defenses predict methamphetamine induced psychosis', 11: 3694.
5. Al-Hakeim, Hussein Kadhem, Mazin Fadhil Altufaili, Abbas F. Almulla, Shatha Rouf Moustafa, and Michael Maes. 2022b. 'Increased Lipid Peroxidation and Lowered Antioxidant Defenses Predict Methamphetamine Induced Psychosis', 11: 3694.
6. Alam, ZI, A Jenner, SE Daniel, AJ Lees, N_ Cairns, CD Marsden, P Jenner, and B %J Journal of neurochemistry Halliwell. 1997. 'Oxidative DNA damage in the parkinsonian brain: an apparent selective increase in 8‐hydroxyguanine levels in substantia nigra', 69: 1196-203.
7. Amir Aslani, B., and S. Ghobadi. 2016. 'Studies on oxidants and antioxidants with a brief glance at their relevance to the immune system', Life Sci, 146: 163-73.
8. Anavi, S., and O. Tirosh. 2020. 'iNOS as a metabolic enzyme under stress conditions', Free Radic Biol Med, 146: 16-35.
9. Anraku, Makoto, Janusz M Gebicki, Daisuke Iohara, Hisao Tomida, Kaneto Uekama, Toru Maruyama, Fumitoshi Hirayama, and Masaki Otagiri. 2018. 'Antioxidant activities of chitosans and its derivatives in in vitro and in vivo studies', Carbohydrate Polymers, 199: 141-49.
10. Arunogiri, Shalini, Rebecca McKetin, Antonio Verdejo-Garcia, Dan I %J International Journal of Mental Health Lubman, and Addiction. 2020. 'The methamphetamine-associated psychosis spectrum: a clinically focused review', 18: 54-65.
11. Barr, A. M., W. J. Panenka, G. W. MacEwan, A. E. Thornton, D. J. Lang, W. G. Honer, and T. Lecomte. 2006. 'The need for speed: an update on methamphetamine addiction', J Psychiatry Neurosci, 31: 301-13.
12. Bartosz, G. 2010. 'Non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity assays: Limitations of use in biomedicine', Free Radic Res, 44: 711-20.
13. Bradford, Marion M. 1976. 'A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding', Analytical biochemistry, 72: 248-54.
14. Bratovcic, Amra %J Acta Scientifci Nutritional Health. 2020. 'Antioxidant enzymes and their role in preventing cell damage', 4: 01-07.
15. Buck, Silas A, Mary M Torregrossa, Ryan W Logan, and Zachary %J The FEBS Journal Freyberg. 2021. 'Roles of dopamine and glutamate co‐release in the nucleus accumbens in
mediating the actions of drugs of abuse', 288: 1462-74.
16. Butterfield, D Allan, and Mark P %J Neurobiology of disease Mattson. 2020. 'Apolipoprotein E and oxidative stress in brain with relevance to Alzheimer's disease', 138: 104795.
17. Cakmak, Kader Cetin, and İlhami Gülçin. 2019. 'Anticholinergic and antioxidant activities of usnic acid-An activity-structure insight', Toxicology reports, 6: 1273-80.
18. Cardoso, Bárbara R, Dominic J Hare, Ashley I Bush, and Blaine R Roberts. 2017. 'Glutathione peroxidase 4: a new player in neurodegeneration?', Molecular psychiatry, 22: 328-35.
19. Celi, Pietro, and Gianfranco %J Frontiers in Veterinary Science Gabai. 2015. 'Oxidant/antioxidant balance in animal nutrition and health: the role of protein oxidation', 2: 48.
20. Chiou, Chiuan-Chian, Pi-Yueh Chang, Err-Cheng Chan, Tsu-Lan Wu, Kuo-Chien Tsao, and James T %J Clinica chimica acta Wu. 2003. 'Urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine and its analogs as DNA marker of oxidative stress: development of an ELISA and measurement in both bladder and prostate cancers', 334: 87-94.
21. Chomchai, Chulathida, and Boonying Manaboriboon. 2012. 'Stimulant Methamphetamine and Dextromethorphan Use Among Thai Adolescents: Implications for Health of Women and Children', Journal of Medical Toxicology, 8: 291-94.
22. Cinelli, Maris A, Ha T Do, Galen P Miley, and Richard B %J Medicinal research reviews Silverman. 2020. 'Inducible nitric oxide synthase: Regulation, structure, and inhibition', 40: 158-89.
23. Corica, Domenico, Tommaso Aversa, Rosaria Maddalena Ruggeri, Mariateresa Cristani, Angela Alibrandi, Giorgia Pepe, Filippo De Luca, and Malgorzata Wasniewska. 2019. 'Could AGE/RAGE-Related Oxidative Homeostasis Dysregulation Enhance Susceptibility to Pathogenesis of Cardio-Metabolic Complications in Childhood Obesity?', Frontiers in Endocrinology, 10.
24. Dexter, DT, CJ Carter, FR Wells, Fe Javoy‐Agid, Ym Agid, A Lees, P Jenner, and C D_ %J Journal of neurochemistry Marsden. 1989. 'Basal lipid peroxidation in substantia nigra is increased in Parkinson's disease', 52: 381-89.
25. Di Meo, Sergio, Paola %J Oxidative medicine Venditti, and cellular longevity. 2020. 'Evolution of the knowledge of free radicals and other oxidants', 2020. 26. Draper, HH, SN Dhanakoti, M Hadley, and LA Piche. 2019. 'Malondialdehyde in biological systems.' in, Cellular antioxidant defense mechanisms (CRC press).
27. Espinosa-Diez, C., V. Miguel, D. Mennerich, T. Kietzmann, P. Sánchez-Pérez, S. Cadenas, and S. Lamas. 2015. 'Antioxidant responses and cellular adjustments to oxidative stress', Redox Biol, 6: 183-97.
28. Ewen, Joshua B, William Z Potter, and John A %J Biomarkers in Neuropsychiatry Sweeney. 2021. 'Biomarkers and Neurobehavioral Diagnosis': 100029.
29. Fang, W., J. Jiang, L. Su, T. Shu, H. Liu, S. Lai, R. A. Ghiladi, and J. Wang. 2021. 'The role of NO in COVID-19 and potential therapeutic strategies', Free Radic Biol Med, 163: 153-62.
30. Faraone, Stephen V, Jonathan Hess, and Timothy Wilens. 2019. 'Prevalence and consequences of the nonmedical use of amphetamine among persons calling poison control centers', Journal of attention disorders, 23: 1219-28.
31. Fitzmaurice, Paul S, Junchao Tong, Mehrdad Yazdanpanah, Peter P Liu, Kathryn S Kalasinsky, and Stephen J Kish. 2006. 'Levels of 4-hydroxynonenal and malondialdehyde are increased in brain of human chronic users of methamphetamine', Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 319: 703-09.
32. Flores-Mateo, G., P. Carrillo-Santisteve, R. Elosua, E. Guallar, J. Marrugat, J. Bleys, and M. I. Covas. 2009. 'Antioxidant enzyme activity and coronary heart disease: meta-analyses of observational studies', Am J Epidemiol, 170: 135-47.
33. Galijasevic, S. 2019. 'The development of myeloperoxidase inhibitors', Bioorg Med Chem Lett, 29: 1-7.
34. Ghiselli, A., M. Serafini, F. Natella, and C. Scaccini. 2000. 'Total antioxidant capacity as a tool to assess redox status: critical view and experimental data', Free Radic Biol Med, 29: 1106-14.
35. Gluck, M. R., L. Y. Moy, E. Jayatilleke, K. A. Hogan, L. Manzino, and P. K. Sonsalla. 2001. 'Parallel increases in lipid and protein oxidative markers in several mouse brain regions after methamphetamine treatment', J Neurochem, 79: 152-60.
36. Goldberg, Anna E %J Neuroethics. 2020. 'The (in) significance of the addiction debate', 13: 311-24.
37. Goud, Pravin T, David Bai, and Husam M %J International Journal of Biological Sciences Abu-Soud. 2021. 'A multiple-hit hypothesis involving reactive oxygen species and myeloperoxidase explains clinical deterioration and fatality in COVID-19', 17: 62.
38. Govitrapong, Piyarat, Parichart Boontem, Patcharee Kooncumchoo, Sirinthorn Pinweha, Jatuporn Namyen, Yupin Sanvarinda, and Smith Vatanatunyakum. 2010. 'BRIEF REPORT: Increased blood oxidative stress in amphetamine users', Addiction biology, 15: 100-02.
39. Guerin, Alexandre A, Katherine D Drummond, Yvonne Bonomo, Andrew J Lawrence, Susan L Rossell, and Jee Hyun %J Addictive behaviors Kim. 2021. 'Assessing methamphetamine-related cue reactivity in people with methamphetamine use disorder relative to controls', 123: 107075.
40. Gulcin, İlhami. 2020. 'Antioxidants and antioxidant methods: an updated overview', Archives of Toxicology, 94: 651-715.
41. Hacimusalar, Yunus, Ozgul Karaaslan, Ceylan Bal, Derya Kocer, Gamze Gok, and Bayram Yildiz. 2019. 'Methamphetamine’s effects on oxidative stress markers may continue after detoxification: a case–control study', Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 29: 361-67.
42. Haegens, Astrid, Peter Heeringa, Robert Jan van Suylen, Chad Steele, Yasuaki Aratani, Robert JJ O'Donoghue, Steven E Mutsaers, Brooke T Mossman, Emiel FM Wouters, and Juanita HJ %J The Journal of Immunology Vernooy. 2009. 'Myeloperoxidase deficiency attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung inflammation and subsequent cytokine and chemokine production', 182: 7990-96.
43. Halkitis, Perry N. 2009. Methamphetamine addiction: Biological foundations, psychological factors, and social consequences (American Psychological Association: Washington, DC, US).
44. Halliwell, Barry, and John MC Gutteridge. 2015. Free radicals in biology and medicine (Oxford university press, USA).
45. Halpin, L. E., S. A. Collins, and B. K. Yamamoto. 2014. 'Neurotoxicity of methamphetamine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine', Life Sci, 97: 37-44.
46. Hamad, Hewa Omar, Mehmet Hakki Alma, İlhami Gulcin, Mustafa Abdullah Yılmaz, and Eyyüp Karaoğul. 2017. 'Evaluation of phenolic contents and bioactivity of root and nutgall extracts from Iraqian Quercus infectoria Olivier', Rec. Nat. Prod, 11: 205-10.
47. Hesselink, Matthijs KC, Vera Schrauwen-Hinderling, and Patrick %J Nature reviews endocrinology Schrauwen. 2016. 'Skeletal muscle mitochondria as a target to prevent or treat type 2 diabetes mellitus', 12: 633-45. 48. Hogarth, Samuel, Elizabeth Manning, and Maarten van den Buuse. 2021. 'Chronic Methamphetamine and Psychosis Pathways.' in Vinood B. Patel and Victor R. Preedy (eds.), Handbook of Substance Misuse and Addictions: From Biology to Public Health (Springer International Publishing: Cham).
49. Hou, Huilin, Xiangkang Zeng, and Xiwang %J Angewandte Chemie International Edition Zhang. 2020. 'Production of hydrogen peroxide by photocatalytic processes', 59: 17356-76.
50. Hu, Junfei, Lei Yang, Peng Yang, Shaohua Jiang, Xianhu Liu, and Yiwen %J Biomaterials Science Li. 2020. 'Polydopamine free radical scavengers', 8: 4940-50.
51. Huang, M. C., S. K. Lin, C. H. Chen, C. H. Pan, C. H. Lee, and H. C. Liu. 2013. 'Oxidative stress status in recently abstinent methamphetamine abusers', Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 67: 92-100.
52. Huang, Mei‐Zhou, and Jian‐Yong %J Acta Physiologica Li. 2020. 'Physiological regulation of reactive oxygen species in organisms based on their physicochemical properties', 228: e13351.
53. Ischiropoulos, H. 2009. 'Protein tyrosine nitration--an update', Arch Biochem Biophys, 484: 117-21.
54. Isola, Gaetano, Alessandro Polizzi, Simona Santonocito, Angela Alibrandi, and Sebastiano %J International Journal of Molecular Sciences Ferlito. 2019. 'Expression of salivary and serum malondialdehyde and lipid profile of patients with periodontitis and coronary heart disease', 20: 6061.
55. Jaberie, Hajar, Safieh Momeni, and Iraj %J Microchemical Journal Nabipour. 2020. 'Total antioxidant capacity assessment by a development of an antioxidant assay based on green synthesized MnO2nanosheets', 157: 104908.
56. Jayanthi, S., B. Ladenheim, and J. L. Cadet. 1998a. 'Methamphetamine-induced changes in antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation in copper/zinc-superoxide dismutase transgenic mice', Ann N Y Acad Sci, 844: 92-102.
57. Jayanthi, Subramaniam, Bruce Ladenheim, and Jean Lud Cadet. 1998b. 'Methamphetamine‐induced changes in antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation in copper/zinc‐superoxide dismutase transgenic mice', Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 844: 92-102.
58. Jones, Christopher M., Debra Houry, Beth Han, Grant Baldwin, Alana Vivolo-Kantor, and Wilson M. Compton. 2022. 'Methamphetamine use in the United States: epidemiological update and implications for prevention, treatment, and
harm reduction', Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1508: 3-22.
59. Karahocagil, Mustafa Kasım, Mehmet Aslan, Mehmet Resat Ceylan, Aytekin Cıkman, Mahmut Sunnetcioglu, Mehmet Emin Kucukoglu, and Abdullah Taskın. 2012. 'Serum myeloperoxidase activity and oxidative stress in patients with acute brucellosis', Clinical Biochemistry, 45: 733-36.
60. Koriem, Khaled M. M., Adley Y. Selim, and Ramzy A. Mazen. 2021. 'N-acetylcysteine-amide improves tissue oxidative stress, DNA damage, and proteins disappearance in methamphetamine toxicity more efficiently than N-acetyl-L-cysteine', Toxicologie Analytique et Clinique, 33: 123-35.
61. Krasnova, I. N., and J. L. Cadet. 2009. 'Methamphetamine toxicity and messengers of death', Brain Res Rev, 60: 379-407.
62. Kroese, Lona J, and Peter G %J Current atherosclerosis reports Scheffer. 2014. '8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine and cardiovascular disease: a systematic review', 16: 1-8.
63. Kuitunen-Paul, Sören, Veit Roessner, Lukas A Basedow, and Yulia %J Substance Abuse Golub. 2021. 'Beyond the tip of the iceberg: a narrative review to identify research gaps on comorbid psychiatric disorders in adolescents with methamphetamine use disorder or chronic methamphetamine use', 42: 13-32.
64. Kükürt, Abdulsamed, Volkan Gelen, Ömer Faruk Başer, Haci Ahmet Deveci, and Mahmut Karapehlivan. 2021. 'Thiols: Role in oxidative stress-related disorders.' in, Lipid Peroxidation (IntechOpen).
65. Li, Ying, Mingzhu Shan, Yao Zhu, Huankai Yao, Hongchun Li, Bing Gu, and Zuobin %J Plos one Zhu. 2020. 'Kalopanaxsaponin A induces reactive oxygen species mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and cell membrane destruction in Candida albicans', 15: e0243066.
66. Maes, Michael %J Journal of personalized medicine. 2022. 'Precision nomothetic medicine in depression research: a new depression model, and new endophenotype classes and pathway phenotypes, and a digital self', 12: 403.
67. Maes, Michael, Sunee Sirivichayakul, Andressa Keiko Matsumoto, Ana Paula Michelin, Laura de Oliveira Semeão, João Victor de Lima Pedrão, Estefania G Moreira, Decio S Barbosa, Andre F Carvalho, and Marco %J Molecular neurobiology Solmi. 2020. 'Lowered antioxidant defenses and increased oxidative toxicity are hallmarks of deficit schizophrenia: a nomothetic network psychiatry approach', 57: 4578-97. 68. Maret, Wolfgang %J Free Radical Biology, and Medicine. 2019. 'The redox biology of redox-inert zinc ions', 134: 311-26.
69. Marques, S. S., L. M. Magalhães, I. V. Tóth, and M. A. Segundo. 2014. 'Insights on antioxidant assays for biological samples based on the reduction of copper complexes-the importance of analytical conditions', Int J Mol Sci, 15: 11387-402.
70. Melega, W. P., M. J. Jorgensen, G. Laćan, B. M. Way, J. Pham, G. Morton, A. K. Cho, and L. A. Fairbanks. 2008. 'Long-term methamphetamine administration in the vervet monkey models aspects of a human exposure: brain neurotoxicity and behavioral profiles', Neuropsychopharmacology, 33: 1441-52.
71. Nakanishi, Shuhei, Gen Suzuki, Yoichiro Kusunoki, Kiminori Yamane, Genshi Egusa, Nobuoki %J Diabetes/metabolism research Kohno, and reviews. 2004. 'Increasing of oxidative stress from mitochondria in type 2 diabetic patients', 20: 399-404.
72. Nauseef, W. M. 1998. 'Insights into myeloperoxidase biosynthesis from its inherited deficiency', J Mol Med (Berl), 76: 661-8.
73. Ndrepepa, G. 2019. 'Myeloperoxidase - A bridge linking inflammation and oxidative stress with cardiovascular disease', Clin Chim Acta, 493: 36-51.
74. Oral, O. 2021. 'Nitric oxide and its role in exercise physiology', J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 61: 1208-11.
75. Pahwa, R., P. Modi, and I. Jialal. 2022. 'Myeloperoxidase Deficiency.' in, StatPearls (StatPearls Publishing
76. Copyright © 2022, StatPearls Publishing LLC.: Treasure Island (FL)).
77. Panday, Sheetal, Raghav Talreja, and Mahendra %J Microvascular research Kavdia. 2020. 'The role of glutathione and glutathione peroxidase in regulating cellular level of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species', 131: 104010.
78. Park, H. Y., S. F. Man, D. Tashkin, R. A. Wise, J. E. Connett, N. A. Anthonisen, and D. D. Sin. 2013. 'The relation of serum myeloperoxidase to disease progression and mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)', PLoS One, 8: e61315.
79. Pau, Maria Carmina, Elisabetta Zinellu, Sara S Fois, Barbara Piras, Gianfranco Pintus, Ciriaco Carru, Arduino A Mangoni, Alessandro G Fois, Angelo Zinellu, and Pietro %J Antioxidants Pirina. 2021. 'Circulating Malondialdehyde Concentrations in Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis with Meta-Regression', 10: 1053.
80. Pearce, Colin, Naorin Islam, Robyn Bryce, and Erick Donnell McNair. 2018. 'Advanced Glycation End Products:Receptors for Advanced Glycation End Products Axis in Coronary Stent Restenosis: A Prospective Study', Int J Angiol, 27: 213-22.
81. Perales, José C, Daniel L King, Juan F Navas, Adriano Schimmenti, Guillaume Sescousse, Vladan Starcevic, Ruth J van Holst, and Joël Billieux. 2020. 'Learning to lose control: A process-based account of behavioral addiction', Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 108: 771-80.
82. Perales, José C, Daniel L King, Juan F Navas, Adriano Schimmenti, Guillaume Sescousse, Vladan Starcevic, Ruth J van Holst, Joël %J Neuroscience Billieux, and Biobehavioral Reviews. 2020. 'Learning to lose control: A process-based account of behavioral addiction', 108: 771-80.
83. Pinchuk, I., H. Shoval, Y. Dotan, and D. Lichtenberg. 2012. 'Evaluation of antioxidants: scope, limitations and relevance of assays', Chem Phys Lipids, 165: 638-47.
84. Pisoschi, Aurelia Magdalena, Aneta Pop, Florin Iordache, Loredana Stanca, Gabriel Predoi, and Andreea Iren %J European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry Serban. 2021. 'Oxidative stress mitigation by antioxidants-an overview on their chemistry and influences on health status', 209: 112891.
85. Piwowar, Agnieszka %J Polski merkuriusz lekarski: organ Polskiego Towarzystwa Lekarskiego. 2010. 'Advanced oxidation protein products. Part I. Mechanism of the formation, characteristics and property', 28: 166-69.
86. Prasad, K. 2014. 'Low levels of serum soluble receptors for advanced glycation end products, biomarkers for disease state: myth or reality', Int J Angiol, 23: 11-6.
87. Ramalingam, Vaikundamoorthy, and Rajendran %J Process Biochemistry Rajaram. 2021. 'A paradoxical role of reactive oxygen species in cancer signaling pathway: Physiology and pathology', 100: 69-81.
88. Rubio, Camila Peres, Josefa Hernández-Ruiz, Silvia Martinez-Subiela, Asta Tvarijonaviciute, and José Joaquin %J BMC veterinary research Ceron. 2016. 'Spectrophotometric assays for total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in dog serum: an update', 12: 1-7.
89. Sablas, Michael M, Mark Daniel G de Luna, Sergi Garcia-Segura, Chiu-Wen Chen, Chih-Feng Chen, Cheng-Di %J Separation Dong, and Purification Technology. 2020. 'Percarbonate mediated advanced oxidation completely degrades recalcitrant pesticide imidacloprid: Role of reactive oxygen species and transformation products', 250: 117269.
90. Salzman, R., L. Pácal, J. Tomandl, K. Kanková, E. Tóthová, B. Gál, R. Kostrica, and P. Salzman. 2009. 'Elevated malondialdehyde correlates with the extent of primary tumor and predicts poor prognosis of oropharyngeal cancer', Anticancer Res, 29: 4227-31.
91. Sandhu, Rajwinder Kaur, Preetinder Singh Sarao, and Neerja %J Phytoparasitica Sharma. 2020. 'Antibiosis in wild rice accessions induced by Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) feeding', 48: 801-12.
92. Saxena, Reshu, Sami Saribas, Pooja Jadiya, Dhanendra Tomar, Rafal Kaminski, John W Elrod, and Mahmut %J Virology Safak. 2021. 'Human neurotropic polyomavirus, JC virus, agnoprotein targets mitochondrion and modulates its functions', 553: 135-53.
93. Shafahi, Monire, Golamhassan Vaezi, Hooman Shajiee, Shahram Sharafi, and Mehdi Khaksari. 2018. 'Crocin inhibits apoptosis and astrogliosis of hippocampus neurons against methamphetamine neurotoxicity via antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms', Neurochemical Research, 43: 2252-59.
94. Sharma, G., E. J. Shin, N. Sharma, S. Y. Nah, H. N. Mai, B. T. Nguyen, J. H. Jeong, X. G. Lei, and H. C. Kim. 2021. 'Glutathione peroxidase-1 and neuromodulation: Novel potentials of an old enzyme', Food Chem Toxicol, 148: 111945.
95. Sharma, Garima, Eun-Joo Shin, Naveen Sharma, Seung-Yeol Nah, Huynh Nhu Mai, Bao Trong Nguyen, Ji Hoon Jeong, Xin Gen Lei, Hyoung-Chun %J Food Kim, and Chemical Toxicology. 2021. 'Glutathione peroxidase-1 and neuromodulation: novel potentials of an old enzyme', 148: 111945.
96. Shigenaga, Mark K, Carlos J Gimeno, and Bruce N %J Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Ames. 1989. 'Urinary 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine as a biological marker of in vivo oxidative DNA damage', 86: 9697-701.
97. Sies, Helmut %J The Journal of nutrition. 2007. 'Total antioxidant capacity: appraisal of a concept', 137: 1493-95.
98. Sies, Helmut, Carsten Berndt, and Dean P Jones. 2017. 'Oxidative stress', Annual review of biochemistry, 86: 715-48.
99. Sinclair-House, Nicholas, John J Child, Hans S %J Psychology Crombag, public policy,, and law. 2020. 'Addiction is a brain disease, and it doesn’t matter: Prior choice in drug use blocks leniency in criminal punishment', 26: 36.
100. Singh, Yogendra Pratap, Ram N Patel, Yogendra Singh, Ray J Butcher, Pradeep Kumar
Vishakarma, and RK Bhubon Singh. 2017. 'Structure and antioxidant superoxide dismutase activity of copper (II) hydrazone complexes', Polyhedron, 122: 1-15.
101. Škvařilová, Marcela, Adam Bulava, David Stejskal, Sylva Adamovská, and Josef %J Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub Bartek. 2005. 'Increased level of advanced oxidation products (AOPP) as a marker of oxidative stress in patients with acute coronary syndrome', 149: 83-87.
102. Soubhye, J., P. G. Furtmüller, F. Dufrasne, and C. Obinger. 2021. 'Inhibition of Myeloperoxidase', Handb Exp Pharmacol, 264: 261-85.
103. Štefan, Leo, Tina Tepšić, Tina Zavidić, Marta Urukalo, Dalibor Tota, and Robert Domitrović. 2007. 'Lipid peroxidation-causes and consequences'.
104. Stefanescu, Cristinel, and Alin %J Journal of affective disorders Ciobica. 2012. 'The relevance of oxidative stress status in first episode and recurrent depression', 143: 34-38.
105. Stuart, Alexandra M, Amanda L Baker, Alexandra MJ Denham, Nicole K Lee, Alix Hall, Chris Oldmeadow, Adrian Dunlop, Jenny Bowman, and Kristen %J Journal of substance abuse treatment McCarter. 2020. 'Psychological treatment for methamphetamine use and associated psychiatric symptom outcomes: A systematic review', 109: 61-79.
106. Sun, Lijie, Hong-Mei Li, Manfredo J Seufferheld, Kent R Walters Jr, Venu M Margam, Amber Jannasch, Naomi Diaz, Catherine P Riley, Weilin Sun, and Yueh-Feng Li. 2011. 'Systems-scale analysis reveals pathways involved in cellular response to methamphetamine', PLoS One, 6: e18215.
107. Sutherland, R., Uporova, J., King, C., Jones, F., Karlsson, A., Gibbs, D., et al. 2022. 'Australian Drug Trends 2022: Key Findings from the National Illicit Drug Reporting System (IDRS) Interviews. ', Sydney: National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney.
108. Tenopoulou, Margarita, and Paschalis-Thomas %J FResearch Doulias. 2020. 'Endothelial nitric oxide synthase-derived nitric oxide in the regulation of metabolism', 9.
109. Vargas, Ana M, Dormarie E Rivera-Rodriguez, and Luis R Martinez. 2020. 'Methamphetamine alters the TLR4 signaling pathway, NF-κB activation, and pro-inflammatory cytokine production in LPS-challenged NR-9460 microglia-like cells', Molecular immunology, 121: 159-66.
110. Voce, Alexandra. 2021. 'The Profile and Structure of Psychotic Symptoms Associated with Methamphetamine Use', The Australian National University (Australia).
111. Waldeck-Weiermair, Markus, Shambhu Yadav, Fotios Spyropoulos, Christina Krüger, Arvind K Pandey, Thomas %J Free Radical Biology Michel, and Medicine. 2021. 'Dissecting in vivo and in vitro redox responses using chemogenetics', 177: 360-69.
112. Walker, Jessica, Theresa Winhusen, Jayne M Storkson, Daniel Lewis, Michael W Pariza, Eugene Somoza, and Veronika Somoza. 2014. 'Total antioxidant capacity is significantly lower in cocaine‐dependent and methamphetamine‐dependent patients relative to normal controls: results from a preliminary study', Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental, 29: 537-43.
113. Werb, Dan, Thomas Kerr, Ruth Zhang, Julio SG Montaner, and Evan Wood. 2010. 'Methamphetamine use and malnutrition among street-involved youth', Harm Reduction Journal, 7: 1-4.
114. Wise, Roy A, and Mykel A %J Annual review of psychology Robble. 2020. 'Dopamine and addiction', 71: 79-106.
115. Witko-Sarsat, Véronique, Miriam Friedlander, Chantal Capeillère-Blandin, Thao Nguyen-Khoa, Anh Thu Nguyen, Johanna Zingraff, Paul Jungers, and Béatrice %J Kidney international Descamps-Latscha. 1996. 'Advanced oxidation protein products as a novel marker of oxidative stress in uremia', 49: 1304-13.
116. Xiaoshan, Tang, Yang Junjie, Wang Wenqing, Zeng Yunong, Li Jiaping, Lin Shanshan, Nandakumar Kutty Selva, and Cheng %J Drug discovery today Kui. 2020. 'Immunotherapy for treating methamphetamine, heroin and cocaine use disorders', 25: 610-19.
117. Xu, Zhijie, Jinzhou Huang, Ming Gao, Guijie Guo, Shuangshuang Zeng, Xi Chen, Xiang Wang, Zhicheng Gong, and Yuanliang %J Geroscience Yan. 2021. 'Current perspectives on the clinical implications of oxidative RNA damage in aging research: challenges and opportunities', 43: 487-505.
118. Yager, Sarah, Michael J Forlenza, and Gregory E %J Psychoneuroendocrinology Miller. 2010. 'Depression and oxidative damage to lipids', 35: 1356-62.
119. Yang, Yongde, Xuan Yu, Xuebing Liu, Guangya Liu, Kuan Zeng, and Gang %J Scientific reports Wang. 2021. 'Altered fecal microbiota composition in individuals who abuse methamphetamine', 11: 1-13.
120. Zedan, H., A. A. Abdel-Motaleb, N. M. Kassem, H. A. Hafeez, and M. R. Hussein. 2015. 'Low glutathione peroxidase activity levels in patients with vitiligo', J Cutan Med Surg, 19: 144-8.
121. Zhao, Johnathan, Alex H Kral, Kelsey A Simpson, Rachel Carmen Ceasar, Lynn D Wenger, Matt Kirkpatrick, Ricky N %J Drug Bluthenthal, and Alcohol Dependence. 2021. 'Factors associated with methamphetamine withdrawal symptoms among people who inject drugs', 223: 108702.
122. Zheng, Shuai, Zhao-Ming Zhong, Shuai Qin, Guo-Xian Chen, Qian Wu, Ji-Huan Zeng, Wen-Bin Ye, Wei Li, Kai Yuan, Ling %J Cellular physiology Yao, and biochemistry. 2013. 'Advanced oxidation protein products induce inflammatory response in fibroblast-like synoviocytes through NADPH oxidase-dependent activation of NF-κB', 32: 972-85.

Most read articles by the same author(s)