Potential Therapeutic and Effective Properties of Soft Tissue Liners
Main Article Content
Keywords
Soft liners, stomatitis, denture, viscoelasticity, biopolymer, impression
Abstract
Soft tissue liners are polymer materials between the oral tissue and the surface of the denture. They have an essential role in reducing the effect of the masticatory force on the oral mucosa. This short review gleaned data on soft tissue liners to highlight their potential therapeutic importance in the management of denture-related stomatitis and their comparison to other materials. Published articles
in many databases were collected using keywords with soft liner properties, viscoelastic, dental materials, impression technique, and additive liner materials. The soft liners were compared to the viscoelastic oral mucosa, and their influences on the control of denture plaque were highlighted too. Their application in the treatment of denture-related stomatitis, as well as adhesion and biofilm formation, was highlighted. The result showed that soft tissue liners have high therapeutic efficacy and effective properties in treating denture stomatitis due to the incorporation of chlorhexidine, antifungal, and antimicrobial agents. The use of soft liners improved ridge resorption and had a crucial effect on the loss of denture fit and stability. In addition, soft tissue liners in combination with additive materials recovered the effect of saliva on the formation and adhesion of biofilm. Uniquely, the application of soft liners in the functional impression technique was ideal, due to their extensive physical properties, their viscoelasticity, and the immediate poured impression. Therefore, soft liners are highly recommended in many dental conditions such as dentures opposing natural dentition, resorption of irregular bone, immediate implant placement, tooth undercuts, oral mucosa atrophy, bruxism, and xerostomia.
References
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3. Alhenaki, A.M., Alrawi,. K., Mohamed, A. et al. (2021). Clinical, radiographic and restorative parameters for short tuberosity implants placed in smokers: a retrospective study with 5 years follow-up. Odontology 109, 979–986. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10266-021-00623-2
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journal, 2019.
6. Stavreva, N. (2021). Tissue Conditioners, Plasticized Acrylics And Silicon Elastomers As A Resilient Liners Used In Prosthodontics. KNOWLEDGE-International Journal, 48(3), 483-487.
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2017;6(4):101-105. DOI: 10.15406/jdhodt.2017.06.00206.
8. Lalla, R. V., & Dongari-Bagtzoglou, A. (2014). Antifungal medications or disinfectants for denture stomatitis. Evidence-based dentistry,15(2), 61.
9. Pahuja, R. K., Kaura, S., & Roy, N. (2020). Comparative evaluation of physical properties of commercially available silicone-based soft
denture liners and acrylic-based soft denture liners. Indian Journal of Dental Sciences, 12(1), 56.
10. Tay, L. Y., Herrera, D. R., Quishida, C. C. C., Carlos, I. Z., & Jorge, J. H. (2012). Effect of water storage and heat treatment on the cytotoxicity of
soft liners. Gerodontology, 29(2), e275-e280.
11. Hassan, M. (2016). Development of novel citratebased dental tissue conditioners (Doctoral dissertation, Queen Mary University of London).
12. Nallaswamy, D. (2017). Textbook of prosthodontics. JP Medical Ltd.
13. Swapnil, B. S., & Preena, D. S, Dr. Sounyala. NR. (2018). To evaluate different soft tissue liners, as functional impression materials, by determining its effect on surface roughness of dental stone over a time period: an. Vitro study. Modern Approaches in Dentistry and Oral Health Care.
14. Prasad, B. R., Shetty, V., & Shastry, C. S. (2014). Tissue conditioners: A REVIEW. Nitte University Journal of Health Science, 4(2).
15. Bail, M., Jorge, J. H., Urban, V. M., & Campanha, N. H. (2014). Surface roughness of acrylic and silicone‐based soft liners: in vivo study in a rat model. Journal of Prosthodontics, 23(2), 146-151.
16. Hong, G., Wang, W. Q., Sun, L., Han, J. M., & Sasaki, K. (2020). The dynamic viscoelasticity of dental soft polymer material containing citrate
ester-based plasticizers. Materials, 13(22), 5078.
17. Araújo, C. U., & Basting, R. T. (2018). In situ evaluation of surface roughness and micromorphology of temporary soft denture liner materials at different time intervals. Gerodontology, 35(1), 38-44.
18. Baslas, V., Singh, S. V., Aggarwal, H., Kaur, S., Singh, K., & Agarwal, K. K. (2014). A technique for using short term soft liners as complete
dentures final impression material. Journal of oral biology and craniofacial research, 4(3), 204-207.
19. Chugh, D., Phull, S., Rana, A., & Saini, Y. (2015). Modified functional impression technique for resorbed mandibular ridge: Two case studies. International Journal of Medical Dentistry, 5(2), 148
20. Rathi, A., Banerjee, R., Radke, U., Lahoti, S., & Sahni, S. (2018). Knowledge and attitude about relining of complete dentures in clinical practice: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Indian Prosthodontic Society, 18(2), 174-180.
21. Al-Jammali, Z. M., Hatif, S. H., Abdulzahra, A. S., & Talal, Z. A. (2021). Treatment of Some Difficult Cases in Prosthodontics Clinic. International journal of convergence in healthcare, 1(2), 15-21.
22. Sarode, G. S., Sarode, S. C., Sengupta, N., Ghone, U., Sharma, N. K., Gadbail, A. R., ... & Patil, S. (2021). Denture induced mechano transduction can contribute to oral carcinogenesis. Medical Hypotheses, 148, 110507.
23. Dorocka-Bobkowska, B., Medyński, D., & Pryliński, M. (2017). Recent advances in tissue conditioners for prosthetic treatment: A review.
Advances in clinical and experimental medicine: official organ Wroclaw Medical University, 26(4), 723-728.
24. Tabatabaei, S. S., Dehghan, M. R., & Talebi, H. A. (2022). Real-time prediction of soft tissue deformation; a non-integer order modeling
scheme and a practical verification for the theoretical concept. Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, 155, 111633.
25. Neppelenbroek, K. H., Lima, J. F. M., Hotta, J., Galitesi, L. L., Almeida, A. L. P. F., & Urban, V. M. (2018). Effect of incorporation of antifungal
agents on the ultimate tensile strength of temporary soft denture liners. Journal of Prosthodontics, 27(2), 177-181.
26. Blum, I. R., & Wilson, N. H. (2019). Consequences of no more linings under composite restorations. British dental journal,
226(10), 749-752.
27. Singh, S., Mittal, S., & Tewari, S. (2019). Effect of different liners on pulpal outcome after partial caries removal: a preliminary 12 months
randomized controlled trial. Caries research,53(5), 547-554.
28. Lacoste-Ferré, M. H., Demont, P., Dandurand, J., Dantras, E., Duran, D., & Lacabanne, C. (2011). Dynamic mechanical properties of oral mucosa: comparison with polymeric soft denture liners. Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials, 4(3), 269-274.
29. Nagri, D., Kakkar, A., Mittal, N., & Ahuja, L. (2018). Linear occlusion and neutral zone recording using tissue conditioner–report of a
severely resorbed ridge. Dent, 2(1), 9-15.
30. Kim, B. J., Yang, H. S., Chun, M. G., & Park, Y. J. (2014). Shore hardness and tensile bond strength of long-term soft denture lining
materials. The Journal of prosthetic dentistry, 112(5), 1289-1297.
31. Shaikh, M. S., Alnazzawi, A., Habib, S. R., Lone, M. A., & Zafar, M. S. (2021). Therapeutic Role of Nystatin Added to Tissue Conditioners for
Treating Denture-Induced Stomatitis: A Systematic Review. Prosthesis, 3(1), 61-74.
32. Iqbal, Z., & Zafar, M. S. (2016). Role of antifungal medicaments added to tissue conditioners: A systematic review. Journal of
prosthodontic research, 60(4), 231-239.
33. Baygar T, Ugur A, Sarac N, Balci U, Ergun G. (2018). Functional denture soft liner with antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties. J Dent
Sci.13(3):213-219. doi: 10.1016/j.jds.2017.10.002.
34. Al-Rawi, S. S., Ibrahim, A. H., Majid, A. S. A., Majid, A. M. A., & Ab Kadir, M. O. (2013). Comparison of yields and quality of nutmeg
butter obtained by extraction of nutmeg rind by soxhlet and supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2). Journal of food engineering, 119(3), 595-
601.
35. Murata, H., Chimori, H., Hong, G., Hamada, T., & Nikawa, H. (2010). Compatibility of tissue conditioners and denture cleansers: influence on
surface conditions. Dental materials journal, 29(4), 446-453.
36. Türker, Ş. B., Çoşkun, E., Koçak, A., & Özkan, Y. (2017). Palatal health of those wearing complete dentures: for how long must a tissue
conditioner and chlorhexidine gluconate mouthrinse be used?. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences, 7(1), 1-5.
37. Kadkhoda, Z., Najafabadi, M. P., Rafiei, S. C., Abolhasani, A., & Fayazi, F. (2017). A comparison of tissue conditioner alone versus
tissue conditioner with chx for treatment of the denture stomatitis in older adults. Journal of Craniomaxillofacial Research, 395-400.
38. Marín Zuluaga, D. J., Gómez Velandia, O. C., & Rueda Clauijo, D. M. (2011). Denture‐related stomatitis managed with tissue conditioner and
hard autopolymerising reline material. Gerodontology, 28(4), 258-263.
39. Kreve, S., Oliveira, V. C., Bachmann, L., Alves, O. L., & Dos Reis, A. C. (2019). Influence of AgVO 3 incorporation on antimicrobial
properties, hardness, roughness and adhesion of a soft denture liner. Scientific reports, 9(1), 1-9.
40. Raszewski, Z. (2021). Dynamics of different ion release from denture-base acrylic resins and their mechanical properties after the addition of bioactive materials. The Saudi Dental Journal
41. De, C. F., Ayres, M. S. B., Feltrin, G. P., Jorge, J. H., & Machado, A. L. (2018). Effect of surface characteristics of soft liners and tissue
conditioners and saliva on the adhesion and biofilm formation. American journal of dentistry,31(1), 45-52.
42. Bueno, M. G., Sousa, E. J. B. D., Hotta, J., Porto, V. C., Urban, V. M., & Neppelenbroek, K. H. (2017). Surface properties of temporary soft
liners modified by minimum inhibitory concentrations of antifungals. Brazilian dental journal, 28(2), 158-164.
43. Atia, H. Z. M. (2016). Effect of tissue conditioner on surface integrity of different non-metallic denture base materials. Dental journal, 62(1409), 1415.
44. Mutluay, M. M., & Tezvergil-Mutluay, A. (2017). The influence of cyclic stress on surface properties of soft liners. Odontology, 105(2), 214-221.
45. Tzanakakis, E. G., Dimitriadi, M., Tzoutzas, I., Koidis, P., Zinelis, S., & Eliades, G. (2021). Effect of Water Storage on Hardness and Interfacial Strength of Resin Composite Luting Agents Bonded to Surface-Treated Monolithic Zirconia. Dentistry Journal, 9(7), 78.
46. Suh, Y. K., Bae, J. Y., & Kim, H. H. (2019). Functional impression technique using temporary denture for rehabilitation of severely atrophic
maxillary and mandibular ridges. The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics, 57(3), 238-244
47. Nowakowska-Toporowska, A., Malecka, K., Raszewski, Z., & Wieckiewicz, W. (2019). Changes in hardness of addition-polymerizing
silicone-resilient denture liners after storage in artificial saliva. The Journal of prosthetic dentistry, 121(2), 317-321.
48. Araújo, C. U., & Basting, R. T. (2018). In situ evaluation of surface roughness and micromorphology of temporary soft denture liner
materials at different time intervals. Gerodontology, 35(1), 38-44.
49. Usta Kutlu I, Yanikoğlu ND, Kul E, Duymuş ZY, Sağsöz NP. Effect of sealer coating and storage methods on the surface roughness of soft liners. J Prosthet Dent. 2016 Mar;115(3):371-6. doi: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2015.10.004. Epub 2015 Dec 23. PMID: 26723099.
50. Pisani, M. X., Leite, V. M. F., Badaró, M. M., Malheiros-Segundo, A. D. L., Paranhos, H. D. F. D. O., & Silva, C. H. L. D. (2015). Soft denture
liners and sodium perborate: sorption, solubility and color change. Brazilian Journal of Oral Sciences, 14, 219-223.
51. Choure RB, Sthapak A, Yadav NS, Srivastava T, Ali SA, Dixit S. Effect of Alcohol and Tea on Solubility of Soft-liner and Polymethyl
Methacrylate Resin: An In Vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2019;20(1):83-88.
2. Chandra, P., Roy, S., Kumari, A., Agarwal, R., Singh, A., & Sharan, S. (2021). Role of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in prognosis dental
implants: A retrospective study. Journal of Pharmacy And Bioallied Sciences, 13(5), 92.
3. Alhenaki, A.M., Alrawi,. K., Mohamed, A. et al. (2021). Clinical, radiographic and restorative parameters for short tuberosity implants placed in smokers: a retrospective study with 5 years follow-up. Odontology 109, 979–986. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10266-021-00623-2
4. Pesun, I. J. (2019). Resilient Liners for Removable Prosthesis. In Dental Biomaterials (pp. 401-419).
5. Kreve, S., & Dos Reis, A. C. (2019). Denture liners: A systematic review relative to adhesion and mechanical properties. The scientific world
journal, 2019.
6. Stavreva, N. (2021). Tissue Conditioners, Plasticized Acrylics And Silicon Elastomers As A Resilient Liners Used In Prosthodontics. KNOWLEDGE-International Journal, 48(3), 483-487.
7. Perchyonok T. Bio-active denture soft liner materials from design to application: in vitro approach. J Dent Health Oral Disord Ther.
2017;6(4):101-105. DOI: 10.15406/jdhodt.2017.06.00206.
8. Lalla, R. V., & Dongari-Bagtzoglou, A. (2014). Antifungal medications or disinfectants for denture stomatitis. Evidence-based dentistry,15(2), 61.
9. Pahuja, R. K., Kaura, S., & Roy, N. (2020). Comparative evaluation of physical properties of commercially available silicone-based soft
denture liners and acrylic-based soft denture liners. Indian Journal of Dental Sciences, 12(1), 56.
10. Tay, L. Y., Herrera, D. R., Quishida, C. C. C., Carlos, I. Z., & Jorge, J. H. (2012). Effect of water storage and heat treatment on the cytotoxicity of
soft liners. Gerodontology, 29(2), e275-e280.
11. Hassan, M. (2016). Development of novel citratebased dental tissue conditioners (Doctoral dissertation, Queen Mary University of London).
12. Nallaswamy, D. (2017). Textbook of prosthodontics. JP Medical Ltd.
13. Swapnil, B. S., & Preena, D. S, Dr. Sounyala. NR. (2018). To evaluate different soft tissue liners, as functional impression materials, by determining its effect on surface roughness of dental stone over a time period: an. Vitro study. Modern Approaches in Dentistry and Oral Health Care.
14. Prasad, B. R., Shetty, V., & Shastry, C. S. (2014). Tissue conditioners: A REVIEW. Nitte University Journal of Health Science, 4(2).
15. Bail, M., Jorge, J. H., Urban, V. M., & Campanha, N. H. (2014). Surface roughness of acrylic and silicone‐based soft liners: in vivo study in a rat model. Journal of Prosthodontics, 23(2), 146-151.
16. Hong, G., Wang, W. Q., Sun, L., Han, J. M., & Sasaki, K. (2020). The dynamic viscoelasticity of dental soft polymer material containing citrate
ester-based plasticizers. Materials, 13(22), 5078.
17. Araújo, C. U., & Basting, R. T. (2018). In situ evaluation of surface roughness and micromorphology of temporary soft denture liner materials at different time intervals. Gerodontology, 35(1), 38-44.
18. Baslas, V., Singh, S. V., Aggarwal, H., Kaur, S., Singh, K., & Agarwal, K. K. (2014). A technique for using short term soft liners as complete
dentures final impression material. Journal of oral biology and craniofacial research, 4(3), 204-207.
19. Chugh, D., Phull, S., Rana, A., & Saini, Y. (2015). Modified functional impression technique for resorbed mandibular ridge: Two case studies. International Journal of Medical Dentistry, 5(2), 148
20. Rathi, A., Banerjee, R., Radke, U., Lahoti, S., & Sahni, S. (2018). Knowledge and attitude about relining of complete dentures in clinical practice: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Indian Prosthodontic Society, 18(2), 174-180.
21. Al-Jammali, Z. M., Hatif, S. H., Abdulzahra, A. S., & Talal, Z. A. (2021). Treatment of Some Difficult Cases in Prosthodontics Clinic. International journal of convergence in healthcare, 1(2), 15-21.
22. Sarode, G. S., Sarode, S. C., Sengupta, N., Ghone, U., Sharma, N. K., Gadbail, A. R., ... & Patil, S. (2021). Denture induced mechano transduction can contribute to oral carcinogenesis. Medical Hypotheses, 148, 110507.
23. Dorocka-Bobkowska, B., Medyński, D., & Pryliński, M. (2017). Recent advances in tissue conditioners for prosthetic treatment: A review.
Advances in clinical and experimental medicine: official organ Wroclaw Medical University, 26(4), 723-728.
24. Tabatabaei, S. S., Dehghan, M. R., & Talebi, H. A. (2022). Real-time prediction of soft tissue deformation; a non-integer order modeling
scheme and a practical verification for the theoretical concept. Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, 155, 111633.
25. Neppelenbroek, K. H., Lima, J. F. M., Hotta, J., Galitesi, L. L., Almeida, A. L. P. F., & Urban, V. M. (2018). Effect of incorporation of antifungal
agents on the ultimate tensile strength of temporary soft denture liners. Journal of Prosthodontics, 27(2), 177-181.
26. Blum, I. R., & Wilson, N. H. (2019). Consequences of no more linings under composite restorations. British dental journal,
226(10), 749-752.
27. Singh, S., Mittal, S., & Tewari, S. (2019). Effect of different liners on pulpal outcome after partial caries removal: a preliminary 12 months
randomized controlled trial. Caries research,53(5), 547-554.
28. Lacoste-Ferré, M. H., Demont, P., Dandurand, J., Dantras, E., Duran, D., & Lacabanne, C. (2011). Dynamic mechanical properties of oral mucosa: comparison with polymeric soft denture liners. Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials, 4(3), 269-274.
29. Nagri, D., Kakkar, A., Mittal, N., & Ahuja, L. (2018). Linear occlusion and neutral zone recording using tissue conditioner–report of a
severely resorbed ridge. Dent, 2(1), 9-15.
30. Kim, B. J., Yang, H. S., Chun, M. G., & Park, Y. J. (2014). Shore hardness and tensile bond strength of long-term soft denture lining
materials. The Journal of prosthetic dentistry, 112(5), 1289-1297.
31. Shaikh, M. S., Alnazzawi, A., Habib, S. R., Lone, M. A., & Zafar, M. S. (2021). Therapeutic Role of Nystatin Added to Tissue Conditioners for
Treating Denture-Induced Stomatitis: A Systematic Review. Prosthesis, 3(1), 61-74.
32. Iqbal, Z., & Zafar, M. S. (2016). Role of antifungal medicaments added to tissue conditioners: A systematic review. Journal of
prosthodontic research, 60(4), 231-239.
33. Baygar T, Ugur A, Sarac N, Balci U, Ergun G. (2018). Functional denture soft liner with antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties. J Dent
Sci.13(3):213-219. doi: 10.1016/j.jds.2017.10.002.
34. Al-Rawi, S. S., Ibrahim, A. H., Majid, A. S. A., Majid, A. M. A., & Ab Kadir, M. O. (2013). Comparison of yields and quality of nutmeg
butter obtained by extraction of nutmeg rind by soxhlet and supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2). Journal of food engineering, 119(3), 595-
601.
35. Murata, H., Chimori, H., Hong, G., Hamada, T., & Nikawa, H. (2010). Compatibility of tissue conditioners and denture cleansers: influence on
surface conditions. Dental materials journal, 29(4), 446-453.
36. Türker, Ş. B., Çoşkun, E., Koçak, A., & Özkan, Y. (2017). Palatal health of those wearing complete dentures: for how long must a tissue
conditioner and chlorhexidine gluconate mouthrinse be used?. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences, 7(1), 1-5.
37. Kadkhoda, Z., Najafabadi, M. P., Rafiei, S. C., Abolhasani, A., & Fayazi, F. (2017). A comparison of tissue conditioner alone versus
tissue conditioner with chx for treatment of the denture stomatitis in older adults. Journal of Craniomaxillofacial Research, 395-400.
38. Marín Zuluaga, D. J., Gómez Velandia, O. C., & Rueda Clauijo, D. M. (2011). Denture‐related stomatitis managed with tissue conditioner and
hard autopolymerising reline material. Gerodontology, 28(4), 258-263.
39. Kreve, S., Oliveira, V. C., Bachmann, L., Alves, O. L., & Dos Reis, A. C. (2019). Influence of AgVO 3 incorporation on antimicrobial
properties, hardness, roughness and adhesion of a soft denture liner. Scientific reports, 9(1), 1-9.
40. Raszewski, Z. (2021). Dynamics of different ion release from denture-base acrylic resins and their mechanical properties after the addition of bioactive materials. The Saudi Dental Journal
41. De, C. F., Ayres, M. S. B., Feltrin, G. P., Jorge, J. H., & Machado, A. L. (2018). Effect of surface characteristics of soft liners and tissue
conditioners and saliva on the adhesion and biofilm formation. American journal of dentistry,31(1), 45-52.
42. Bueno, M. G., Sousa, E. J. B. D., Hotta, J., Porto, V. C., Urban, V. M., & Neppelenbroek, K. H. (2017). Surface properties of temporary soft
liners modified by minimum inhibitory concentrations of antifungals. Brazilian dental journal, 28(2), 158-164.
43. Atia, H. Z. M. (2016). Effect of tissue conditioner on surface integrity of different non-metallic denture base materials. Dental journal, 62(1409), 1415.
44. Mutluay, M. M., & Tezvergil-Mutluay, A. (2017). The influence of cyclic stress on surface properties of soft liners. Odontology, 105(2), 214-221.
45. Tzanakakis, E. G., Dimitriadi, M., Tzoutzas, I., Koidis, P., Zinelis, S., & Eliades, G. (2021). Effect of Water Storage on Hardness and Interfacial Strength of Resin Composite Luting Agents Bonded to Surface-Treated Monolithic Zirconia. Dentistry Journal, 9(7), 78.
46. Suh, Y. K., Bae, J. Y., & Kim, H. H. (2019). Functional impression technique using temporary denture for rehabilitation of severely atrophic
maxillary and mandibular ridges. The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics, 57(3), 238-244
47. Nowakowska-Toporowska, A., Malecka, K., Raszewski, Z., & Wieckiewicz, W. (2019). Changes in hardness of addition-polymerizing
silicone-resilient denture liners after storage in artificial saliva. The Journal of prosthetic dentistry, 121(2), 317-321.
48. Araújo, C. U., & Basting, R. T. (2018). In situ evaluation of surface roughness and micromorphology of temporary soft denture liner
materials at different time intervals. Gerodontology, 35(1), 38-44.
49. Usta Kutlu I, Yanikoğlu ND, Kul E, Duymuş ZY, Sağsöz NP. Effect of sealer coating and storage methods on the surface roughness of soft liners. J Prosthet Dent. 2016 Mar;115(3):371-6. doi: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2015.10.004. Epub 2015 Dec 23. PMID: 26723099.
50. Pisani, M. X., Leite, V. M. F., Badaró, M. M., Malheiros-Segundo, A. D. L., Paranhos, H. D. F. D. O., & Silva, C. H. L. D. (2015). Soft denture
liners and sodium perborate: sorption, solubility and color change. Brazilian Journal of Oral Sciences, 14, 219-223.
51. Choure RB, Sthapak A, Yadav NS, Srivastava T, Ali SA, Dixit S. Effect of Alcohol and Tea on Solubility of Soft-liner and Polymethyl
Methacrylate Resin: An In Vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2019;20(1):83-88.
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Mar 26, 2023
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How to Cite
Rand A. Hamdi, Sawsan S. Al- Rawi, Ahmad H. Ibrahim, & Duran Kala. (2023). Potential Therapeutic and Effective Properties of Soft Tissue Liners. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 30(4), 447–456. https://doi.org/10.47750/jptcp.2023.30.04.043
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