LACTATION DIFFICULTIES IN FIRST-TIME MOTHERS: A STUDY ON MENTAL HEALTH, CULTURAL INFLUENCES, AND COPING MECHANISMS
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Abstract
: Lactation difficulties are a common challenge for first-time mothers, influencing breastfeeding success, maternal mental health, and infant nutrition. Beyond physiological causes such as poor latch, low milk supply, and nipple pain, sociocultural expectations and psychological factors also shape breastfeeding experiences. Understanding the interrelationship between lactation challenges, mental health outcomes, cultural influences, and coping mechanisms is crucial to improving maternal and child health.
Objective: This study examines the prevalence and impact of lactation difficulties among first-time mothers, emphasizing their mental health implications, cultural perceptions, and coping strategies. It also evaluates the effectiveness of various support interventions in alleviating breastfeeding challenges and enhancing maternal well-being.
Methodology: A cross-sectional mixed-method study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan involving 250 first-time mothers within six weeks postpartum. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire assessing lactation difficulties and cultural beliefs, the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), and the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form (BSES-SF). In-depth interviews with 30 participants further explored emotional experiences and coping mechanisms. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS v25 with Chi-square tests and logistic regression (p < 0.05), while qualitative data were thematically analyzed using NVivo.
Results: Lactation difficulties were prevalent, with low milk supply (36.4%), delayed milk production (34.0%), poor latch (28.8%), and nipple pain (27.2%) being most common. These issues were significantly associated with postpartum depression (38.0%), anxiety (43.2%), and low breastfeeding confidence (52.8%) (p < 0.05). Cultural norms strongly influenced feeding practices. Emotional support from partners (48.0%) and professional lactation counseling (44.0%) were linked to lower psychological distress.
Conclusion: Lactation difficulties among first-time mothers are strongly associated with postpartum mental health challenges. Culturally sensitive lactation counseling, partner involvement, and early mental health screening are vital for improving breastfeeding outcomes and maternal well-being.
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Dr. Ariba Jalbani
Assistant Professor, Bhitai Dental & Medical College, Mirpurkhas
Dr. Ayesha Tahir
Assistant Professor, Rai Foundation Medical College, Sargodha.
Dr. Sajjad Kazi
Associate Professor, ISRA University, Hyderabad.
Dr. Azra Ahmed
Associate Professor, Suleman Roshan Medical College, Tando Adam.
Dr. Khalil Ur Rahman Kazi
Associate Professor, Indus Medical College, Tando Muhammad Khan.
Dr. Chander Rekha Kumari
Lecturer, Indus Medical College, Tando Muhammad Khan.