STUDY OF HOMOCYSTEINE LEVELS IN DIABETIC PATIENTS WITH AND WITHOUT RETINOPATHY
Main Article Content
Keywords
Serum homocysteine level, Diabetic retinopathy, Type 2 DM, Vitamin B12 deficiency
Abstract
Homocysteine is an emerging risk factor for cardiovascular and nondiabetic ocular vaso-occlusive diseases. However, studies of the relationship between homocysteine and diabetic retinopathy have reported inconsistent results. The aim of our study was to evaluate plasma tHcy levels in diabetic patients with and without retinopathy in order to investigate the role of tHcy in the progression of the diabetic retinopathy. Plasma total homocysteine concentration may be a useful biomarker and/or a novel risk factor for increased risk of diabetic retinopathy in people with type 2 diabetes.
References
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15. Marrazzo, G.; Bosco, P.; la Delia, F.; et al. Neuroprotective effect of silibinin in diabetic mice. Neurosci. Lett. 2011, 504(3), 252–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2011.09.052
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					2. Coral, K.; Raman, R.; Rathi, S.; Rajesh, M.; Sulochana, K. N.; Angayarkanni, N.; Paul, P. G.; Ramakrishnan, S. Plasma homocysteine and total thiol content in patients with exudative age-related macular degeneration. Eye 2006, 20, 203–207. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.eye.6701921
3. Jacques, P. F.; Bostom, A. G.; Wilson, P. W.; Rich, S.; Rosenberg, I. H.; Selhub, J. Determinants of plasma total homocysteine concentration in the Framingham Offspring cohort. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2001, 73, 613–621. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/73.3.613
4. Humphrey, L. L.; Fu, R.; Rogers, K.; Freeman, M.; Helfand, M. Homocysteine level and coronary heart disease incidence: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Mayo Clin. Proc. 2008, 83(11), 1203–1212. https://doi.org/10.4065/83.11.1203
5. Homocysteine Studies Collaboration. Homocysteine and risk of ischemic heart disease and stroke: A meta-analysis. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 2002, 288(16), 2015–2022. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.288.16.2015
6. Khandanpour, N.; Loke, Y. K.; Meyer, F. J.; Jennings, B.; Armon, M. P. Homocysteine and peripheral arterial disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg. 2009, 38(3), 316–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2009.05.003
7. Hoogeveen, E. K.; Kostense, P. J.; Eysink, P. E. D.; et al. Hyperhomocysteinemia is associated with the presence of retinopathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus: The Hoorn Study. Arch. Intern. Med. 2000, 160(19), 2984–2990. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.160.19.2984
8. van Hecke, M. V.; Dekker, J. M.; Nijpels, G.; et al. Inflammation and endothelial dysfunction are associated with retinopathy: The Hoorn study. Diabetologia 2005, 48(7), 1300–1306. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-005-1787-7
9. Ungvari, Z.; Csiszar, A.; Edwards, J. G.; et al. Increased superoxide production in coronary arteries in hyperhomocysteinemia: Role of tumor necrosis factor-α, NAD(P)H oxidase, and inducible nitric oxide synthase. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2003, 23(3), 418–424. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.ATV.0000054266.52825.78
10. Jin, L.; Caldwell, R. B.; Li-Masters, T.; Caldwell, R. W. Homocysteine induces endothelial dysfunction via inhibition of arginine transport. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 2007, 58(2), 191–206.
11. Lubos, E.; Loscalzo, J.; Handy, D. E. Homocysteine and glutathione peroxidase-1. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 2007, 9(11), 1923–1940. https://doi.org/10.1089/ars.2007.1697
12. Andersson, A.; Lindgren, A.; Hultberg, B. Effect of thiol oxidation and thiol export from erythrocytes on determination of redox status of homocysteine and other thiols in plasma from healthy subjects and patients with cerebral infarction. Clin. Chem. 1995, 41(3), 361–366. https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/41.3.361
13. Selhub, J.; Jacques, P. F.; Wilson, P. W. F.; Rush, D.; Rosenberg, I. H. Vitamin status and intake as primary determinants of homocysteinemia in an elderly population. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 1993, 270(22), 2693–2698. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1993.03520220043030
14. Nygard, O.; Refsum, H.; Ueland, P. M.; Vollset, S. E. Major lifestyle determinants of plasma total homocysteine distribution: The Hordaland Homocysteine Study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1998, 67(2), 263–270. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/67.2.263
15. Marrazzo, G.; Bosco, P.; la Delia, F.; et al. Neuroprotective effect of silibinin in diabetic mice. Neurosci. Lett. 2011, 504(3), 252–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2011.09.052
16. Marrazzo, G.; Barbagallo, I.; Galvano, F.; et al. Role of dietary and endogenous antioxidants in diabetes. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 2014, 54(12), 1599–1616. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2012.756569
 
							