GLOBAL IMPACT OF THE COVID-19 JN1 VARIANT ON TRANSMISSION, IMMUNITY, AND THERAPEUTIC RESPONSE: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
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Keywords
COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, JN.1 variant, Omicron sublineage, vaccine breakthrough
Abstract
Background: The JN.1 variant, a sublineage of Omicron BA.2.86, has emerged as the globally dominant strain of SARS-CoV-2, exhibiting rapid transmission, significant immune evasion, and implications for vaccine and therapeutic efficacy.
Objective: This systematic review aims to analyze the virological, clinical, immunological, and therapeutic characteristics of the JN.1 variant, evaluating its global impact and relevance to public health strategies.
Methods: A comprehensive search of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and MEDLINE was conducted for studies published from January 2023 to April 2025. Data on transmission rates, spike protein mutations, vaccine breakthrough, antiviral response, and surveillance were extracted and narratively synthesized.
Results: JN.1 showed an R0 of 1.8 and accounted for over 95% of global sequences by March 2024. Hospitalization and ICU admissions rose significantly, while the case fatality rate remained stable (0.34%). The variant demonstrated reduced response to monoclonal antibodies but retained sensitivity to antivirals. Updated mRNA vaccines offered enhanced neutralization.
Conclusion: JN.1 poses a considerable public health challenge due to its immune escape and rapid spread. A combination of genomic surveillance, updated vaccination, and early antiviral treatment is essential to contain its impact.
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Dr. Nannuri Viswa Samatha
M.B.B.S, Women Health Officer, District Medical & Health Office, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India.
Dr. Heena Dixit Tiwari
BDS, MPH, (MBA), (PhD), Programme Officer, Blood Cell, Commisionerate of Health and Family Welfare, Government of Telangana, Hyderabad, India.
Dr. Rahul Tiwari
PhD Research Scholar, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Narsinhbhai Patel Dental College and Hospital, Sankalchand Patel University, Visnagar, Gujarat, India.