ASSESSMENT OF THE PRESENCE OF LEAD IN VARIOUS HERBAL COSMETIC PRODUCTS, AND THEIR ASSOCIATED HEALTH RISKS IN POPULATION
Main Article Content
Keywords
Skin care products, Heavy metals, Cosmetics, Environmental aspects
Abstract
Herbal skincare products are widely used in Pakistan, but may be contaminated with the toxic metal lead. This study aimed to assess the presence and prevalence of lead contamination in different herbal skincare products accessible in the Pakistani market, with a specific emphasis on Bahawalpur, Punjab, using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. A total of 28 samples, including 7 facial cleansers and 19 face masks from 19 different brands, were purchased from the local market in Bahawalpur, Pakistan. The brands represented a mix of local, national, and international companies. Each 1-gram cosmetic sample was digested with a mixture of Nitric Acid (60%) and Perchloric Acid (72%) in a 3:1 ratio on a hot plate at 90-110 degrees Celsius for 1 hour using the open vessel wet digestion method. The digested samples were then analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer to quantify lead concentrations. The results of the analysis revealed concerning findings: detectable lead levels were found in all products, with several exceeding permissible limits set by international safety standards. The study compared the observed lead levels with established benchmarks and typical concentrations found in previous research, highlighting the gravity of contamination. Additionally, the study delved into the health implications arising from lead exposure, not only addressing general health concerns but also emphasizing the vulnerabilities of specific subgroups within the population. The primary objective of this research was to provide valuable information for stakeholders and raise awareness among the general public about the use of these non-regulated personal-care cosmetic products.
References
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30. US FDA. (2007a). Cosmetics and the law. Retrieved from https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/cosmetics-laws-regulations/cosmetics-law
31. USEPA, 2010. Toxicology review of hexavalent chromium.
32. USEPA, 2011. Regional Screening Level Table (RSL) for Chemical Contaminants at Superfund Sites. USA, US, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
33. WHO, 2008. The Scientific Basis of Tobacco Product Regulation: second report of a WHO Study Group. WHO Technical Report Series, No.951. Switzerland
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35. Zulfiqar, S., Khurshid, Z., Qazi, J. I., & Bashir, A. (2019). Occurrence of heavy metals in herbal drugs used in Unani system of medicine. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 32(1), 41-45. PMID: 30737754.
2. Al-Saleh, I., Al-Enazi, S. and Shinwari, N. 2009. Assessment of Lead in Cosmetics Products.
3. Al-Trabulsy, H. A. M., Khater, A. E. M., & Habbani, F. I. (2013). Heavy elements concentrations, physiochemical characteristics, and natural radionuclides levels along the Saudi coastline of the Gulf of Aqaba. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 6(2), 183-189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2010.10.001
4. Bellinger, D. C. (2016). The Protean Toxicities of Lead: New Chapters in a Familiar Story. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13(3), 217. doi:10.3390/ijerph13030217
5. Borja-Aburto, V. H., Hertz-Picciotto, I., Rojas Lopez, M., & Farias, P. (1999). Blood lead levels measured prospectively and risk of spontaneous abortion. American Journal of Epidemiology, 150(6), 590-597. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a0100661501/12.
6. Brzóska, M.M., Gala_zyn-Sidorczuk, M., Borowska, S., 2018. Metals in cosmetics. In: Center for Disease Control and Prevention 2012
7. Chaudhary, A., Maity, S., Roy, R., & Prasad, S. (2018). Determination of heavy metals in selected cosmetic products. Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, 9(12), 1913-1916.
8. Council Directive 76/768/EEC. (1976). https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eudr/1976/768/adopted
9. Diamandopoulos, A., Kolonas, L., & Grapsa-Kotrotsou, M. (1994, September 10). Use of lead cosmetics in Bronze-Age Greece, Volume 344(Issue 8924), P754-755. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(94)92244-6 Metal Allergy. Springer, Cham, pp. 177–196.Regul. Toxicol. Pharm. 54: 105–113.
10. Ekere, Nwachukwu. (2014). *N. R. Ekere1, J. N. Ihedioha1, T. I. Oparanozie1, F. I. Ogbuefi-Chima2 and J. Ayogu, Assessment of some heavy metals in facial cosmetic products. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2014, 6(8):561-564. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research,. 6:. 561-564.
11. Ekong, E. B., Jaar, B. G., & Weaver, V. M. (2006). Lead-related nephrotoxicity: A review of the epidemiologic evidence. Kidney International, 70(12), 2074-2084. doi:10.1038/sj.ki.5001969
12. El-Aziz, R.A., Abbassy, M.M., Hosny, G., 2017. Health risk assessment of some heavy metals in cosmetics in common use. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Toxicol. Res. 5 (3), 53–
13. Guilarte, T. R. (2018). A new environmental risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases: The impact of lead exposure on Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's & Dementia: Translational Research & Clinical Interventions, 4, 469-471. doi:10.1016/j.trci.2018.08.001
14. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risk to human. Volume 100C. Lyon, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2012.
15. IRIS (Integrated Risk Information System). 2007. Chromium. Integrated Risk Information System, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Place, Published Report, 1170Number.
16. Liu, S., Hammond, S.K., Rojas-Cheatham, A., 2013. Concentrations and potential health risks of metals in lip products. Environ. Health Perspective. 121 (6), 705.
17. M.B. Nasirudeen and A.U. Amaechi, Spectrophotometric Determination of Heavy Metals in Cosmetics Sourced from Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria, Sci. World J. 10, 1 (2015).
18. Massadeh, A. M., El-Khateeb, M. Y., & Ibrahim, S. M. (2017). Evaluation of heavy metals in cosmetics from Jordanian, Sudanese, and Syrian markets. Public Health, 149, 130-137. doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2017.03.015.
19. Mielke, H. W., Gonzales, C. R., Powell, E. T., Mielke, P. W., & Shah, N. C. (2021). Lead exposure from automotive emissions and urban children's blood lead levels. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 43(3), 1077-1089. doi:10.1007/s10653-020-00761-z
20. N. H., Ullah, F., Khan, T. A., Zafar, U., Farhan Ali Khan, M., Mustaqeem, M., Shah, S. S., Wu, D. D., & Ji, X. Y. (2021). Personal-Care Cosmetic Practices in Pakistan: Current Perspectives and Management. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology
21. Navas-Acien, A., Guallar, E., Silbergeld, E. K., Rothenberg, S. J., & Schwartz, B. S. (2007). Lead exposure and cardiovascular disease—A systematic review. Environmental Health Perspectives, 115(3), 472-482. doi:10.1289/ehp.9785
22. Oyedeji, O. A., Ekundayo, O., & Oyedeji, A. O. (2011). Cosmetics: an overview. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, 15(1), 99-106
23. Rahman, M. M., Bhattacharjee, P., Haque, S. M., & Rahman, M. M. (2019). Determination of heavy metals in commercial cosmetics available in the Bangladeshi market. Journal of Applied Science and Research, 5(2), 69-76.
24. Rastogi, S. C., Heyndrickx, A., van Ginkel, R., Goossens, A., & de Henauw, S. (2018). Study on the presence of mercury in cosmetic products. (E. European Commission (Ed.)). European Union.
25. Ris, M. D., Dietrich, K. N., Succop, P. A., Berger, O. G., & Bornschein, R. L. (2017). Early exposure to lead and neuropsychological outcome in adolescence. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 5(2), 172-184. doi:10.1017/S1355617701012086
26. Saadat zadeh, A., Talebi, A., Sorouraddin, M. H., & Moghimbeigi, A. (2019). Determination of heavy metals (lead, cadmium, arsenic, and mercury) in authorized and unauthorized cosmetics. Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology, 38(3), 207-211.
27. SCCS, 2012. The Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety: notes of guidance for the testing of cosmetic substances and their safety evaluation–8th revision. SCCS/
28. Silva, M. F., Alves, V. A. G., Schiavo, D., Mazon, D. E., & Costa, L. M. (2017). Comparison of digestion methods for determination of As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in cosmetic products by ICP OES. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 32(5), 1012-1017.
29. Ullah, Hussain. (2017). Comparative study of heavy metals content in cosmetic products of different countries marketed in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Arabian Journal of Chemistry. 10. 10-18. 10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.09.021.
30. US FDA. (2007a). Cosmetics and the law. Retrieved from https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/cosmetics-laws-regulations/cosmetics-law
31. USEPA, 2010. Toxicology review of hexavalent chromium.
32. USEPA, 2011. Regional Screening Level Table (RSL) for Chemical Contaminants at Superfund Sites. USA, US, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
33. WHO, 2008. The Scientific Basis of Tobacco Product Regulation: second report of a WHO Study Group. WHO Technical Report Series, No.951. Switzerland
34. WHO. (1995). Environmental health criteria 165: inorganic lead. Geneva: International Programme on Chemical Safety.
35. Zulfiqar, S., Khurshid, Z., Qazi, J. I., & Bashir, A. (2019). Occurrence of heavy metals in herbal drugs used in Unani system of medicine. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 32(1), 41-45. PMID: 30737754.
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Sep 20, 2024
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How to Cite
Aqsa Noreen, Saif Ahmed, Shafia Arshad, Faiza Irshad, Amina Riaz, Rehan Latif, Reehan Ullah, Muhammad Zakaria, & Sabahat Abbas. (2024). ASSESSMENT OF THE PRESENCE OF LEAD IN VARIOUS HERBAL COSMETIC PRODUCTS, AND THEIR ASSOCIATED HEALTH RISKS IN POPULATION. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(9), 4061-4074. https://doi.org/10.53555/96hr2956
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Author Biographies
Aqsa Noreen
University College of Conventional Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, The Islamia University Bahawalpur, Pakistan
Saif Ahmed
Department of Eastern Medicine, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan
Shafia Arshad
University College of Conventional Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, The Islamia University Bahawalpur, Pakistan
Faiza Irshad
University College of Conventional Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, The Islamia University Bahawalpur, Pakistan
Amina Riaz
Department of Pharmacy, The Women University Multan, Pakistan
Rehan Latif
Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Lahore.
Reehan Ullah
Department of Eastern Medicine, Government College University of Faisalabad, Pakistan
Muhammad Zakaria
Department of Eastern Medicine, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan
Sabahat Abbas
Department of Eastern Medicine, Government College University of Faisalabad, Pakistan
How to Cite
Aqsa Noreen, Saif Ahmed, Shafia Arshad, Faiza Irshad, Amina Riaz, Rehan Latif, Reehan Ullah, Muhammad Zakaria, & Sabahat Abbas. (2024). ASSESSMENT OF THE PRESENCE OF LEAD IN VARIOUS HERBAL COSMETIC PRODUCTS, AND THEIR ASSOCIATED HEALTH RISKS IN POPULATION. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(9), 4061-4074. https://doi.org/10.53555/96hr2956