LIVED EXPERIENCES OF FAMILY MEMBERS WITH RELAPSES OF METHAMPHETAMINE ADDICTION IN PSYCHIATRY UNITS IN TERTIARY CARE HOSPITALS IN PESHAWAR, KPK
Main Article Content
Keywords
Lived Experiences, Family Members, Relapse, Methamphetamine, Drug Addiction
Abstract
Introduction: Methamphetamine addiction affects both addicts and their families, presenting unique challenges with a high relapse rate. Family members may experience psychological effects and struggles in seeking treatment.
Objectives: To explore the Lived experiences of the family members of a patient with a relapse of methamphetamine addiction in Peshawar, KPK.
Methodology: This study employed a descriptive qualitative phenomenology approach to explore the experiences of 15 participants over 18 years old in tertiary care hospitals in Peshawar. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews using a topic guide after obtaining consent from the participants. Thematic analysis was used to identify patterns and themes in the data. The study
received ethical approval from Khyber Medical University.
Results: A total of 19 categories were extracted from the data, which were arranged in a way to extract five themes. These themes were Reverting factors, Hopelessness, Treatment challenges, Complex emotions, and Psychological Impact.
Conclusion:This study explored the experiences of family members with relapses of methamphetamine addiction in Peshawar, KPK. The findings underscore the complex emotions, feelings of hopelessness, psychological impact, treatment challenges, and reverting factors that these family members encounter.
References
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Methamphetamine Treatment Evaluation Study (MATES). Addiction. 2018 Nov;107(11):19–
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Undergoing Matrix Treatment Model. Addict Heal [Internet]. 2016;8(1):49–60. Available from:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27274793
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May 1;18(1):9–12.
15. Peart A, Horn F, Grigg J, Manning V, Campbell R, Lubman DI. Online Peer-Led Support
Program for Affected Family Members of People Living with Addiction: a Mixed Methods
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16. Wilson SR, Lubman DI, Rodda S, Manning V, Yap MBH. The personal impacts of having a
partner with problematic alcohol or other drug use: descriptions from online counselling
sessions. Addict Res Theory. 2018 Jul 4;26(4):315–22.
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review and narrative synthesis of effective interventions for family and caregivers of people
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18. Solati K, Hasanpour-Dehkordi A. Study of Association of Substance Use Disorders with
Family Members’ Psychological Disorders. J Clin Diagn Res. 2017 Jun;11(6):VC12–5.
19. Arnaud N, Baldus C, Laurenz LJ, Bröning S, Brandt M, Kunze S, et al. Does a mindfulnessaugmented version of the German Strengthening Families Program reduce substance use in
adolescents? Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2020 Jan 28;21(1):114.
20. Settley C. The physical and psychological wellbeing of caregivers of individuals suffering from
substance addiction. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 2020 Jun;34(3):107–9.
21. Lander L, Howsare J, Byrne M. The impact of substance use disorders on families and children:
from theory to practice. Soc Work Public Health. 2013 May;28(3–4):194–205.
22. Daley DC, Smith E, Balogh D, Toscaloni J. Forgotten but Not Gone: The Impact of the Opioid
Epidemic and Other Substance Use Disorders on Families and Children. Commonwealth. 2018
Jun 25;20(2–3).
23. Sampson D, Heinsch M, Geddes J, Velleman R, Velleman G, Teesson M, et al. “I no longer
know that person”: Experiences of families living with someone using crystal
methamphetamine. PLoS One. 2023;18(4):e0284156.
24. Shamsaei F, Baanavi M, Hassanian ZM, Cheraghi F. The Impact of Addiction on Family
Members Mental Health Status. Curr drug Res Rev. 2019 Dec 10;11(2):129–34.
25. Barati M, Bandehelahi K, Nopasandasil T, Jormand H, Keshavarzi A. Quality of life and its
related factors in women with substance use disorders referring to substance abuse treatment
centers. BMC Womens Health. 2021 Jan 6;21(1):16.
26. D’Aniello C, Tambling R, Russell B. The Internalized Stigma of Substance Abuse Scale for
Caregivers: Measuring Substance Use Stigma Experienced by Caregivers. Alcohol Treat Q.
2022 Jan 2;40(1):83–92.
27. McCann T V., Polacsek M, Lubman DI. Experiences of family members supporting a relative
with substance use problems: a qualitative study. Scand J Caring Sci. 2019 Dec 29;33(4):902–
11.
28. Maina G, Ogenchuk M, Phaneuf T, Kwame A. “I can’t live like that”: the experience of
caregiver stress of caring for a relative with substance use disorder. Subst Abuse Treat Prev
Policy. 2021;16(1):11.
29. Tyo MB, McCurry MK. An Integrative Review of Measuring Caregiver Burden in Substance
Use Disorder. Nurs Res. 2020 Sep;69(5):391–8.
30. Di Sarno M, De Candia V, Rancati F, Madeddu F, Calati R, Di Pierro R. Mental and physical
health in family members of substance users: A scoping review. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2021
Feb 1;219:108439.
31. Rafiq M, Sadiq R. Caregivers stress and quality of life among female family members of poly
drug abusers. Rawal Med J. 2019;44(1):106.
32. Mikulić M, Ćavar I, Jurišić D, Jelinčić I, Degmečić D. Burden and Psychological Distress in Caregivers of Persons with Addictions. Challenges. 2023 Apr 25;14(2):24.
33. September U, Beytell AM. Family Members’ Experiences: People with Comorbid Bipolar and
Substance Use Disorder. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2019 Oct 30;17(5):1162–79.
34. Pasman E, O’Shay S, Hicks D, Resko SM, Agius E, Brown S. Stigma Communication
Surrounding Nonmedical Opioid Use Among Affected Family Members. Health Commun.
2023 Jan 18;1–10.
35. Jamir Singh PS, Azman A, Drani S. Coping with Drug Abuser in the Family: A Qualitative
Study in Penang, Malaysia. Asian Soc Work J. 2019 Mar 19;4(2):22–7.
36. Titlestad KB, Lindeman SK, Lund H, Dyregrov K. How do family members experience drug
death bereavement? A systematic review of the literature. Death Stud [Internet]. 2021 Aug
9;45(7):508–21. Available from:
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07481187.2019.1649085
37. Legha R, Raleigh-Cohn A, Fickenscher A, Novins D. Challenges to providing quality substance
abuse treatment services for American Indian and Alaska native communities: perspectives of
staff from 18 treatment centers. BMC Psychiatry. 2014;14(1):181.
38. McNeely J, Kumar PC, Rieckmann T, Sedlander E, Farkas S, Chollak C, et al. Barriers and
facilitators affecting the implementation of substance use screening in primary care clinics: a
qualitative study of patients, providers, and staff. Addict Sci Clin Pract. 2018;13(1):1–15.
39. Zeng X, Lu M, Chen M. The relationship between family intimacy and relapse tendency among
people who use drugs: a moderated mediation model. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy.
2021;16(1):48.
40. Vatinee Sukmak* SS and SI. Barriers to Methamphetamine Recovery in Rural Communities in
North - East Thailand. NUJST. 2021;(30):1–10.
41. Hendianti GN, Uthis P. Factors related to methamphetamine relapse risk among clients in the
substance rehabilitation center of National Narcotics Board in West Java, Indonesia. J Heal Res.
2018 Aug 3;32(4):279–87.
42. Keyzers A, Lee SK, Dworkin J. Peer Pressure and Substance Use in Emerging Adulthood: A
Latent Profile Analysis. Subst Use Misuse. 2020 Jul 1;55(10):1716–23.
Publication. 2019. Available from:
https://www.scribd.com/document/488094285/methamphetamine-research-report#
2. SAMHSA. Know the Risks of Meth | SAMHSA [Internet]. Available from:
https://www.samhsa.gov/meth
3. Jayanthi S, Daiwile AP, Cadet JL. Neurotoxicity of methamphetamine: Main effects and
mechanisms. Exp Neurol [Internet]. 2021 Oct 1 [cited 2023 Apr 11];344:113795. Available
from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S001448862100203X
4. Papageorgiou M, Raza A, Fraser S, Nurgali K, Apostolopoulos V. Methamphetamine and its
immune-modulating effects. Maturitas. 2019 Mar;121:13–21.
5. Cleary M, Jackson D, Woods C, Kornhaber R, Sayers J, Usher K. Experiences of Health
Professionals Caring for People Presenting to the Emergency Department After Taking Crystal
Methamphetamine (“ICE”). Issues Ment Health Nurs. 2017 Jan 2;38(1):33–41.
6. Paulus MP, Stewart JL. Neurobiology, Clinical Presentation, and Treatment of
Methamphetamine Use Disorder: A Review. JAMA psychiatry [Internet]. 2020 Sep
1;77(9):959–66. Available from:
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2763797
7. (SAMHSA). The National Survey on Drug Use and Health: 2020. Substance Abuse and Mental
Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). 2022.
8. NIDA. Drug Overdose Death Rates,2023 [Internet]. 2023. Available from:
https://nida.nih.gov/research-topics/trends-statistics/overdose-death-rates
9. Ghazal P. Rising trend of substance abuse in Pakistan: a study of sociodemographic profiles of
patients admitted to rehabilitation centres. Public Health. 2019 Feb;167:34–7.
10. Brecht ML, Herbeck D. Time to relapse following treatment for methamphetamine use: a longterm perspective on patterns and predictors. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2014 Jun 1;139:18–25.
11. McKetin R, Najman JM, Baker AL, Lubman DI, Dawe S, Ali R, et al. Evaluating the impact of
community-based treatment options on methamphetamine use: findings from the
Methamphetamine Treatment Evaluation Study (MATES). Addiction. 2018 Nov;107(11):19–
28.
12. Taymoori P, Pashaei T. Relapse and Risk-taking among Iranian Methamphetamine Abusers
Undergoing Matrix Treatment Model. Addict Heal [Internet]. 2016;8(1):49–60. Available from:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27274793
13. Kaur A, Mahajan S, Deepti SS, Singh T. Assessment of role of burden in caregivers of
substance abusers: a study done at Swami Vivekananda Drug De-addiction Centre, Govt.Medical College, Amritsar. Int J Community Med Public Heal [Internet]. 2018 May 22;5(6):2380. Available from: http://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/2855
14. Mancheri H, Sabzi Z, Alavi M, Vakili MA, Maghsoudi J. The Quality of Life of Women with
Addicted Husbands and its Related Factors in Gorgan, Iran. J Res Dev Nurs Midwifery. 2021
May 1;18(1):9–12.
15. Peart A, Horn F, Grigg J, Manning V, Campbell R, Lubman DI. Online Peer-Led Support
Program for Affected Family Members of People Living with Addiction: a Mixed Methods
Study. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2023 May 31;(may):1–15.
16. Wilson SR, Lubman DI, Rodda S, Manning V, Yap MBH. The personal impacts of having a
partner with problematic alcohol or other drug use: descriptions from online counselling
sessions. Addict Res Theory. 2018 Jul 4;26(4):315–22.
17. Sanatkar S, Heinsch M, Tickner C, Hunt S, Teesson M, Geddes J, et al. A systematic literature
review and narrative synthesis of effective interventions for family and caregivers of people
who use methamphetamine. Subst Abus. 2022;43(1):1190–6.
18. Solati K, Hasanpour-Dehkordi A. Study of Association of Substance Use Disorders with
Family Members’ Psychological Disorders. J Clin Diagn Res. 2017 Jun;11(6):VC12–5.
19. Arnaud N, Baldus C, Laurenz LJ, Bröning S, Brandt M, Kunze S, et al. Does a mindfulnessaugmented version of the German Strengthening Families Program reduce substance use in
adolescents? Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2020 Jan 28;21(1):114.
20. Settley C. The physical and psychological wellbeing of caregivers of individuals suffering from
substance addiction. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 2020 Jun;34(3):107–9.
21. Lander L, Howsare J, Byrne M. The impact of substance use disorders on families and children:
from theory to practice. Soc Work Public Health. 2013 May;28(3–4):194–205.
22. Daley DC, Smith E, Balogh D, Toscaloni J. Forgotten but Not Gone: The Impact of the Opioid
Epidemic and Other Substance Use Disorders on Families and Children. Commonwealth. 2018
Jun 25;20(2–3).
23. Sampson D, Heinsch M, Geddes J, Velleman R, Velleman G, Teesson M, et al. “I no longer
know that person”: Experiences of families living with someone using crystal
methamphetamine. PLoS One. 2023;18(4):e0284156.
24. Shamsaei F, Baanavi M, Hassanian ZM, Cheraghi F. The Impact of Addiction on Family
Members Mental Health Status. Curr drug Res Rev. 2019 Dec 10;11(2):129–34.
25. Barati M, Bandehelahi K, Nopasandasil T, Jormand H, Keshavarzi A. Quality of life and its
related factors in women with substance use disorders referring to substance abuse treatment
centers. BMC Womens Health. 2021 Jan 6;21(1):16.
26. D’Aniello C, Tambling R, Russell B. The Internalized Stigma of Substance Abuse Scale for
Caregivers: Measuring Substance Use Stigma Experienced by Caregivers. Alcohol Treat Q.
2022 Jan 2;40(1):83–92.
27. McCann T V., Polacsek M, Lubman DI. Experiences of family members supporting a relative
with substance use problems: a qualitative study. Scand J Caring Sci. 2019 Dec 29;33(4):902–
11.
28. Maina G, Ogenchuk M, Phaneuf T, Kwame A. “I can’t live like that”: the experience of
caregiver stress of caring for a relative with substance use disorder. Subst Abuse Treat Prev
Policy. 2021;16(1):11.
29. Tyo MB, McCurry MK. An Integrative Review of Measuring Caregiver Burden in Substance
Use Disorder. Nurs Res. 2020 Sep;69(5):391–8.
30. Di Sarno M, De Candia V, Rancati F, Madeddu F, Calati R, Di Pierro R. Mental and physical
health in family members of substance users: A scoping review. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2021
Feb 1;219:108439.
31. Rafiq M, Sadiq R. Caregivers stress and quality of life among female family members of poly
drug abusers. Rawal Med J. 2019;44(1):106.
32. Mikulić M, Ćavar I, Jurišić D, Jelinčić I, Degmečić D. Burden and Psychological Distress in Caregivers of Persons with Addictions. Challenges. 2023 Apr 25;14(2):24.
33. September U, Beytell AM. Family Members’ Experiences: People with Comorbid Bipolar and
Substance Use Disorder. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2019 Oct 30;17(5):1162–79.
34. Pasman E, O’Shay S, Hicks D, Resko SM, Agius E, Brown S. Stigma Communication
Surrounding Nonmedical Opioid Use Among Affected Family Members. Health Commun.
2023 Jan 18;1–10.
35. Jamir Singh PS, Azman A, Drani S. Coping with Drug Abuser in the Family: A Qualitative
Study in Penang, Malaysia. Asian Soc Work J. 2019 Mar 19;4(2):22–7.
36. Titlestad KB, Lindeman SK, Lund H, Dyregrov K. How do family members experience drug
death bereavement? A systematic review of the literature. Death Stud [Internet]. 2021 Aug
9;45(7):508–21. Available from:
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07481187.2019.1649085
37. Legha R, Raleigh-Cohn A, Fickenscher A, Novins D. Challenges to providing quality substance
abuse treatment services for American Indian and Alaska native communities: perspectives of
staff from 18 treatment centers. BMC Psychiatry. 2014;14(1):181.
38. McNeely J, Kumar PC, Rieckmann T, Sedlander E, Farkas S, Chollak C, et al. Barriers and
facilitators affecting the implementation of substance use screening in primary care clinics: a
qualitative study of patients, providers, and staff. Addict Sci Clin Pract. 2018;13(1):1–15.
39. Zeng X, Lu M, Chen M. The relationship between family intimacy and relapse tendency among
people who use drugs: a moderated mediation model. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy.
2021;16(1):48.
40. Vatinee Sukmak* SS and SI. Barriers to Methamphetamine Recovery in Rural Communities in
North - East Thailand. NUJST. 2021;(30):1–10.
41. Hendianti GN, Uthis P. Factors related to methamphetamine relapse risk among clients in the
substance rehabilitation center of National Narcotics Board in West Java, Indonesia. J Heal Res.
2018 Aug 3;32(4):279–87.
42. Keyzers A, Lee SK, Dworkin J. Peer Pressure and Substance Use in Emerging Adulthood: A
Latent Profile Analysis. Subst Use Misuse. 2020 Jul 1;55(10):1716–23.
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Jul 20, 2024
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How to Cite
Rooh Ullah, Muhammad Zubair khan, Bakhtyar Ali Shah, Muhammad Anwar, & Sumaira Bibi. (2024). LIVED EXPERIENCES OF FAMILY MEMBERS WITH RELAPSES OF METHAMPHETAMINE ADDICTION IN PSYCHIATRY UNITS IN TERTIARY CARE HOSPITALS IN PESHAWAR, KPK. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(7), 1948-1957. https://doi.org/10.53555/hy9mym77
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Author Biographies
Rooh Ullah
MSN, PRN, Principal/ Assistant professor Peshawar college of Nursing kpk Pakistan. Health
Department Khyber Pakhtunkhwa,
Muhammad Zubair khan
Assistant Professor INS Khber Medical University. Health Department Khyber akhtunkhwa
Bakhtyar Ali Shah
MSN PhD Scholar Assistant Professor INS Khber Medical University. Health Department Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa.
Muhammad Anwar
MSN, PRN, PhD scholar Principal/ Assistant professor Medtec college of Nursing & AHS Dir
Upper kpk Pakistan. Health Department Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, E-mail m.anwar.ma528@gmail.com
Sumaira Bibi
G Nursing, PRN, Nursing lecturer and LHV Coordinator at Medtec College of Nursing &AHS dir
Upper Wari Pakistan. Health Department Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
How to Cite
Rooh Ullah, Muhammad Zubair khan, Bakhtyar Ali Shah, Muhammad Anwar, & Sumaira Bibi. (2024). LIVED EXPERIENCES OF FAMILY MEMBERS WITH RELAPSES OF METHAMPHETAMINE ADDICTION IN PSYCHIATRY UNITS IN TERTIARY CARE HOSPITALS IN PESHAWAR, KPK. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(7), 1948-1957. https://doi.org/10.53555/hy9mym77