A DETAILED CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY ANALYSIS DURING PREGNANCY: TESTS ASSOCIATED WITH PREGNANCIES AND EARLY CHILD DEVELOPMENT
Main Article Content
Keywords
Biochemistry, Diagnosis, Endocrine,, Pregnancy, Screening.
Abstract
The physiological and metabolic changes that a pregnant woman must undergo are critical to the success of the pregnancy. Preconception hormonal changes significantly affect the mother's biochemistry in the first trimester of pregnancy. The reproductive hormones, prostaglandins, peptide hormones, and steroids all play a role in the regulation of the mother's capacity to provide nourishment and energy to the developing fetus and placenta. Pregnancy is related with a variety of physiological changes that provide the care, support, and protection of the growing embryo while simultaneously preparing the mother for labor and delivery. These alterations impact the mother's physical, physiological, biochemical, and immunological well-being. Common physiological changes that can occur include motion sickness, irregular menstrual cycles, fluctuations in mood, abdominal swelling, feelings of nausea, fatigue, and sensitivity in the breasts. Additionally, there are immunological and biochemical changes such as alterations in blood levels of specific substances like urea and human chorionic gonadotropin, as well as the presence of immune-modulating agents in the uterus. This overview outlines a detailed clinical biochemistry analysis during pregnancy: tests associated with pregnancies and early child development
References
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35. Lentoor AG. The relationship between psychosocial factors and poor neurocognitive and socio-emotional development in children perinatally infected with HIV in South Africa (Doctoral dissertation).
36. Sacchi C. Child development following fetal adversities. From neural to interactive processes of socio-emotional vulnerability in Intrauterine Growth Restricted infants.
37. Kim KK, Fang W, Liu AY, Panesar D, Xiao NG. Altered development of face recognition among infants born amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology. 2024 Aug 1;244:105942.
38. Beckwith L, Rozga A, Sigman M. Maternal sensitivity and attachment in atypical groups. Advances in child development and behavior. 2003 Jan 1;30:231-74.
39. Gallahue DL, Ozmun JC. Motor development in young children. InHandbook of research on the education of young children 2014 Jan 27 (pp. 123-138). Routledge.
40. Gallahue DL. Understanding motor development in children and youth. InProceedings of The 6th international scientific and expert symposium “Contemporary views on the Motor Development of a Child 2010 (pp. 17-23).
41. Goodway JD, Ozmun JC, Gallahue DL. Motor development in young children. InHandbook of research on the education of young children 2013 Jan 17 (pp. 103-115). Routledge.
42. Cao X, Laplante DP, Brunet A, Ciampi A, King S. Prenatal maternal stress affects motor function in 5½‐year‐old children: Project Ice Storm. Developmental psychobiology. 2014 Jan;56(1):117-25.
43. Ronald A, Pennell CE, Whitehouse AJ. Prenatal maternal stress associated with ADHD and autistic traits in early childhood. Frontiers in psychology. 2011 Jan 19;1:223.
44. Bendiksen B, Aase H, Diep LM, Svensson E, Friis S, Zeiner P. The associations between pre-and postnatal maternal symptoms of distress and preschooler’s symptoms of ADHD, oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, and anxiety. Journal of Attention Disorders. 2020 May;24(7):1057-69.
45. Oerlemans AM, Burmanje MJ, Franke B, Buitelaar JK, Hartman CA, Rommelse NN. Identifying unique versus shared pre-and perinatal risk factors for ASD and ADHD using a simplex-multiplex stratification. Journal of abnormal child psychology. 2016 Jul;44:92335.
46. Lindhard A, Ravn V, Bentin-Ley U, Horn T, Bangsboell S, Rex S, Toft B, Soerensen S. Ultrasound characteristics and histological dating of the endometrium in a natural cycle in infertile women compared with fertile controls. Fertility and sterility. 2006 Nov 1;86(5):1344-55.
47. Redelmeier DA, May SC, Thiruchelvam D, Barrett JF. Pregnancy and the risk of a traffic crash. Cmaj. 2014 Jul 8;186(10):742-50.
48. Guilloteau P, Zabielski R, Hammon HM, Metges CC. Adverse effects of nutritional programming during prenatal and early postnatal life, some aspects of regulation and potential prevention and treatments. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2009 Oct 1;60(Suppl 3):17-35.
49. Langley‐Evans SC. Nutrition in early life and the programming of adult disease: a review. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics. 2015 Jan;28:1-4.
50. Sullivan EL, Nousen EK, Chamlou KA. Maternal high fat diet consumption during the perinatal period programs offspring behavior. Physiology & behavior. 2014 Jan 17;123:236-42.
2. Forestier F, Daffos F, Rainaut M, Bruneau M, Trivin F. Blood chemistry of normal human fetuses at midtrimester of pregnancy. Pediatric research. 1987 Jun;21(6):579-83.
3. Goodlin RC. History of fetal monitoring. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1979 Feb 1;133(3):323-52.
4. Goodlin RC. History of fetal monitoring. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1979 Feb 1;133(3):323-52.
5. Kalashilpa CH. Study on relationship between thyroid hormones and glucose homeostasis among post menopausal diabetic women (Doctoral dissertation, BLDE (Deemed to Be University)).
6. Binny RN, Lustig A, Hendy SC, Maclaren OJ, Ridings KM, Vattiato G, Plank MJ. Realtime estimation of the effective reproduction number of SARS-CoV-2 in Aotearoa New Zealand. PeerJ. 2022 Oct 17;10:e14119.
7. Land KJ, Boeras DI, Chen XS, Ramsay AR, Peeling RW. REASSURED diagnostics to inform disease control strategies, strengthen health systems and improve patient outcomes. Nature microbiology. 2019 Jan;4(1):46-54.
8. Yuksel M, Luo W, McCloy B, Mills J, Kayaharman M, Yeow JT. A precise and rapid early pregnancy test: Development of a novel and fully automated electrochemical point-of-care biosensor for human urine samples. Talanta. 2023 Mar 1;254:124156.
9. Fagnant DJ, Kockelman KM. The travel and environmental implications of shared autonomous vehicles, using agent-based model scenarios. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies. 2014 Mar 1;40:1-3.
10. Bawah AT, Kuffour FA, Boateng MA, Seini MM, Amoah P, Ussher FA, Alidu H. Effect of pregnancy on the metabolism of creatinine, urea and uric acid among pregnant women at the volta regional hospital.
11. Edelson PK, James KE, Leong A, Arenas J, Cayford M, Callahan MJ, Bernstein SN, Tangren JS, Hivert MF, Higgins JM, Nathan DM. Longitudinal changes in the relationship between hemoglobin A1c and glucose tolerance across pregnancy and postpartum. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2020 May;105(5):e1999-2007.
12. Reis FM, D’Antona D, Petraglia F. Predictive value of hormone measurements in maternal and fetal complications of pregnancy. Endocrine reviews. 2002 Apr 1;23(2):230-57.
13. Auchus RJ, Parker KL, Rainey WE. The adrenal glands. Textbook of endocrine physiology. Sixth ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, USA. 2012:346-80.
14. Stachenfeld NS, Taylor HS. Progesterone increases plasma volume independent of estradiol. Journal of applied physiology. 2005 Jun;98(6):1991-7.
15. Fisher AL, Nemeth E. Iron homeostasis during pregnancy. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2017 Dec 1;106:1567S-74S.
16. Moleti M, Trimarchi F, Vermiglio F. Thyroid physiology in pregnancy. Endocrine Practice. 2014 Jun 1;20(6):589-96.
17. Zimmermann MB, Boelaert K. Iodine deficiency and thyroid disorders. The lancet Diabetes & endocrinology. 2015 Apr 1;3(4):286-95.
18. Beers K, Patel N. Kidney physiology in pregnancy. Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease. 2020 Nov 1;27(6):449-54.
19. Hill WG. Control of urinary drainage and voiding. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 2015 Mar 1;10(3):480-92.
20. Abbassi-Ghanavati M, Greer LG, Cunningham FG. Pregnancy and laboratory studies: a reference table for clinicians. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2009 Dec 1;114(6):1326-31.
21. Klajnbard A, Szecsi PB, Colov NP, Andersen MR, Jørgensen M, Bjørngaard B, Barfoed A, Haahr K, Stender S. Laboratory reference intervals during pregnancy, delivery and the early postpartum period. Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine. 2010 Feb 1;48(2):237-48.
22. Tran HA. Biochemical tests in pregnancy. Australian prescriber. 2005 Aug 1;28(4).
23. Teasdale S, Morton A. Changes in biochemical tests in pregnancy and their clinical significance. Obstetric medicine. 2018 Dec;11(4):160-70.
24. Goldenberg RL, Goepfert AR, Ramsey PS. Biochemical markers for the prediction of preterm birth. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 2005 May 1;192(5):S36-46.
25. Nava S, Bocconi L, Zuliani G, Kustermann A, Nicolini U. Aspects of fetal physiology from 18 to 37 weeks' gestation as assessed by blood sampling. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 1996 Jun 1;87(6):975-80.
26. Hershman JM. Physiological and pathological aspects of the effect of human chorionic gonadotropin on the thyroid. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;18:249-65.
27. Levey AS, Coresh J, Balk E, Kausz AT, Levin A, Steffes MW, et al. National Kidney Foundation practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification. Ann Intern Med 2003;139:137-47.
28. Gelman R, Lucariello J. Role of learning in cognitive development. Stevens’ handbook of experimental psychology: Learning, motivation, and emotion. 2002;3:395-443.
29. Hobel CJ. Intrapartum clinical assessment of fetal distress. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1971 Jun 1;110(3):336-42.
30. Stiles J, Brown TT, Haist F, Jernigan TL. Brain and cognitive development. Handbook of child psychology and developmental science. 2015 Feb 24:1-54.
31. Li J, Robinson M, Malacova E, Jacoby P, Foster J, Van Eekelen A. Maternal life stress events in pregnancy link to children's school achievement at age 10 years. The Journal of pediatrics. 2013 Mar 1;162(3):483-9.
32. Khajeei D, Neufeld H, Donelle L, Meyer SB, Neiterman E, Ike NA, Li JZ. Maternal health literacy and health numeracy conceptualizations in public health: A scoping review. Health & Social Care in the Community. 2022 Nov;30(6):e3534-46.
33. Goldschmidt TJ. The exploration of preschool teachers' understanding and classroom experience of socio-emotional development in early childhood and the role it plays in school readiness.
34. Sacchi C, De Carli P, Mento G, Farroni T, Visentin S, Simonelli A. Socio-emotional and cognitive development in intrauterine growth restricted (IUGR) and typical development infants: early interactive patterns and underlying neural correlates. rationale and methods of the study. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience. 2018 Dec 18;12:315.
35. Lentoor AG. The relationship between psychosocial factors and poor neurocognitive and socio-emotional development in children perinatally infected with HIV in South Africa (Doctoral dissertation).
36. Sacchi C. Child development following fetal adversities. From neural to interactive processes of socio-emotional vulnerability in Intrauterine Growth Restricted infants.
37. Kim KK, Fang W, Liu AY, Panesar D, Xiao NG. Altered development of face recognition among infants born amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology. 2024 Aug 1;244:105942.
38. Beckwith L, Rozga A, Sigman M. Maternal sensitivity and attachment in atypical groups. Advances in child development and behavior. 2003 Jan 1;30:231-74.
39. Gallahue DL, Ozmun JC. Motor development in young children. InHandbook of research on the education of young children 2014 Jan 27 (pp. 123-138). Routledge.
40. Gallahue DL. Understanding motor development in children and youth. InProceedings of The 6th international scientific and expert symposium “Contemporary views on the Motor Development of a Child 2010 (pp. 17-23).
41. Goodway JD, Ozmun JC, Gallahue DL. Motor development in young children. InHandbook of research on the education of young children 2013 Jan 17 (pp. 103-115). Routledge.
42. Cao X, Laplante DP, Brunet A, Ciampi A, King S. Prenatal maternal stress affects motor function in 5½‐year‐old children: Project Ice Storm. Developmental psychobiology. 2014 Jan;56(1):117-25.
43. Ronald A, Pennell CE, Whitehouse AJ. Prenatal maternal stress associated with ADHD and autistic traits in early childhood. Frontiers in psychology. 2011 Jan 19;1:223.
44. Bendiksen B, Aase H, Diep LM, Svensson E, Friis S, Zeiner P. The associations between pre-and postnatal maternal symptoms of distress and preschooler’s symptoms of ADHD, oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, and anxiety. Journal of Attention Disorders. 2020 May;24(7):1057-69.
45. Oerlemans AM, Burmanje MJ, Franke B, Buitelaar JK, Hartman CA, Rommelse NN. Identifying unique versus shared pre-and perinatal risk factors for ASD and ADHD using a simplex-multiplex stratification. Journal of abnormal child psychology. 2016 Jul;44:92335.
46. Lindhard A, Ravn V, Bentin-Ley U, Horn T, Bangsboell S, Rex S, Toft B, Soerensen S. Ultrasound characteristics and histological dating of the endometrium in a natural cycle in infertile women compared with fertile controls. Fertility and sterility. 2006 Nov 1;86(5):1344-55.
47. Redelmeier DA, May SC, Thiruchelvam D, Barrett JF. Pregnancy and the risk of a traffic crash. Cmaj. 2014 Jul 8;186(10):742-50.
48. Guilloteau P, Zabielski R, Hammon HM, Metges CC. Adverse effects of nutritional programming during prenatal and early postnatal life, some aspects of regulation and potential prevention and treatments. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2009 Oct 1;60(Suppl 3):17-35.
49. Langley‐Evans SC. Nutrition in early life and the programming of adult disease: a review. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics. 2015 Jan;28:1-4.
50. Sullivan EL, Nousen EK, Chamlou KA. Maternal high fat diet consumption during the perinatal period programs offspring behavior. Physiology & behavior. 2014 Jan 17;123:236-42.
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Nov 25, 2024
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Dr Vibha Tandon, Dr Hanish Kumar Chowda, Dr Aditya Sisodia, & Dr Ashutosh Kumar. (2024). A DETAILED CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY ANALYSIS DURING PREGNANCY: TESTS ASSOCIATED WITH PREGNANCIES AND EARLY CHILD DEVELOPMENT. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(10), 812-822. https://doi.org/10.53555/w495bk18
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Author Biographies
Dr Vibha Tandon
Associate Professor, Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Late Shri Bisahu Das Mahant Memorial Government Medical College, Korba, (C.G).
Dr Hanish Kumar Chowda
Associate Professor, Department of Pathology, Late Shri Bisahu Das Mahant Memorial Government Medical College, Korba, (C.G).
Dr Aditya Sisodia
Associate Professor, Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Late Shri Bisahu Das Mahant Memorial Government Medical College, Korba, (C.G).
Dr Ashutosh Kumar
Assistant Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Late Shri Bisahu Das Mahant Memorial Government Medical College, Korba, (C.G).
How to Cite
Dr Vibha Tandon, Dr Hanish Kumar Chowda, Dr Aditya Sisodia, & Dr Ashutosh Kumar. (2024). A DETAILED CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY ANALYSIS DURING PREGNANCY: TESTS ASSOCIATED WITH PREGNANCIES AND EARLY CHILD DEVELOPMENT. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(10), 812-822. https://doi.org/10.53555/w495bk18