THE ROLE OF GENETIC FACTORS IN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE: EXPLORING INHERITED RISK FACTORS AND THEIR IMPACT ON PUBLIC HEALTH
Main Article Content
Keywords
Genetics, Cardiovascular disease, Risk factors, Public health
Abstract
Background: The worldwide leader in causing deaths is Cardiovascular disease and it stems from risk factors which human beings can change and those things that are beyond change. Genetic factors along with others that cannot be changed substantially shape how a disease unfolds and how it affects patients. Analysis of inherited genetic traits enables essential progress in both early detection mechanisms and medical interventions and public health risk management strategies.
Objectives: The study examines the genetic inheritance effects on cardiovascular disease risk factors and their value for anticipating diagnoses along with public screening and individualized treatments.
Study design: A Retrospective Cohort Study.
Place and duration of study. Department of Cardiology Northwest general hospital Peshawar from jan 2022 to july 2022
Methods: The study team designed their study as a retrospective cohort evaluation of 500 patients diagnosed with cardiovascular disease. Scientific experts screened genetic variants of DNA in LDLR, PCSK9, MYH7 and 9p21 genes and more using genetic testing. The study obtained clinical data together with lipid profile information and family pedigree information. The researchers implemented statistical analysis through SPSS v26.0. Statistical significance was established at p < 0.05 as ANOVA combined with chi-square tests determined associations between genetic variants and clinical outcomes in this study.
Results: The selected patient group included 100 participants whose mean age was 56.3 ± 11.2 years and 42% reported CVD inheritance. Twenty-nine percent of the patients received pathogenic variant identification results and LDLR mutations appeared most often at 14 percent. The patients who had variant genes demonstrated significantly elevated LDL cholesterol levels (p < 0.001) and they developed their heart disease at a younger age (p = 0.002). Organisms with 9p21 displayed an 80% enhances risk for heart attack. The study found no statistically important difference between men and women in variant distribution (p value = 0.47). Multiple risk alleles led to more serious clinical presentations since they demonstrated an additive effect on how genetic load manifests as pathology in patients.
Conclusion: The development and advancement of cardiovascular disease heavily depends on inherited genetic elements. Genetic screening of high-risk individuals enables time-sensitive intervention that leads to enhanced treatment approaches. Maternal and general healthcare institutions should integrate genetic risk testing as a standard practice for lowering disease incidence while achieving better preventive cardiac care. Implementing this practice more widely depends on addressing ethical aspects and legal aspects as well as economic aspects and providing enhanced training to healthcare providers.
Objectives: The study examines the genetic inheritance effects on cardiovascular disease risk factors and their value for anticipating diagnoses along with public screening and individualized treatments.
Study design: A Retrospective Cohort Study.
Place and duration of study. Department of Cardiology Northwest general hospital Peshawar from jan 2022 to july 2022
Methods: The study team designed their study as a retrospective cohort evaluation of 500 patients diagnosed with cardiovascular disease. Scientific experts screened genetic variants of DNA in LDLR, PCSK9, MYH7 and 9p21 genes and more using genetic testing. The study obtained clinical data together with lipid profile information and family pedigree information. The researchers implemented statistical analysis through SPSS v26.0. Statistical significance was established at p < 0.05 as ANOVA combined with chi-square tests determined associations between genetic variants and clinical outcomes in this study.
Results: The selected patient group included 100 participants whose mean age was 56.3 ± 11.2 years and 42% reported CVD inheritance. Twenty-nine percent of the patients received pathogenic variant identification results and LDLR mutations appeared most often at 14 percent. The patients who had variant genes demonstrated significantly elevated LDL cholesterol levels (p < 0.001) and they developed their heart disease at a younger age (p = 0.002). Organisms with 9p21 displayed an 80% enhances risk for heart attack. The study found no statistically important difference between men and women in variant distribution (p value = 0.47). Multiple risk alleles led to more serious clinical presentations since they demonstrated an additive effect on how genetic load manifests as pathology in patients.
Conclusion: The development and advancement of cardiovascular disease heavily depends on inherited genetic elements. Genetic screening of high-risk individuals enables time-sensitive intervention that leads to enhanced treatment approaches. Maternal and general healthcare institutions should integrate genetic risk testing as a standard practice for lowering disease incidence while achieving better preventive cardiac care. Implementing this practice more widely depends on addressing ethical aspects and legal aspects as well as economic aspects and providing enhanced training to healthcare providers.
References
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2. Dab NS, Bearish S, Dong W, Zhao S, Ellington G, Yu X, Kahlo KT, Bruckner M, Jinn SC. Molecular genetics and complex inheritance of congenital heart disease. Genes. 2021 Jun 30;12(7):1020.
3. Fatima H. Genetics and Cardiovascular Disease: Recent Discoveries and Implications. Pakistan Journal of Medical & Cardio logical Review. 2024 Mar 31;1(01):106-13.
4. Larsson SC, Butterworth AS, Burgess S. Mendelian randomization for cardiovascular diseases: principles and applications. European heart journal. 2023 Dec 14;44(47):4913-24.
5. Georgakis MK, Gill D. Mendelian randomization studies in stroke: exploration of risk factors and drug targets with human genetic data. Stroke. 2021 Sep;52(9):2992-3003.
6. Vinci P, Di Girolamo FG, Pinion E, Tomson LM, Cerrato C, Pellicori F, Altamura N, Pirelli A, Zackary M, Biasinutto C, Roni C. Lipoprotein (a) as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases: pathophysiology and treatment perspectives. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2023 Sep 6;20(18):6721.
7. Crablike M, Doha D, Todorova V, Steeler D, Hacek JA. Genetics of cardiovascular disease: How far are we from personalized CVD risk prediction and management?. International journal of molecular sciences. 2021 Apr 17;22(8):4182.
8. Crablike M, Doha D, Todorova V, Steeler D, Hacek JA. Genetics of cardiovascular disease: How far are we from personalized CVD risk prediction and management?. International journal of molecular sciences. 2021 Apr 17;22(8):4182.
9. Zhang F, Baranova A, Zhou C, Cao H, Chen J, Zhang X, Xu M. Causal influences of neuroticism on mental health and cardiovascular disease. Human genetics. 2021 Sep;140:1267-81.
10. Jyotsna FN, Ahmed A, Kumar K, Kaur P, Chaudhary MH, Kumar S, Khan E, Khan am B, Shah SU, Varese G, Khatri M. Exploring the complex connection between diabetes and cardiovascular disease: analyzing approaches to mitigate cardiovascular risk in patients with diabetes. Cures. 2023 Aug 21;15(8).
11. Walsh R, Jürgen’s SJ, Erdmann J, Bizana CR. Genome-wide association studies of cardiovascular disease. Physiological reviews. 2023 Jul 1;103(3):2039-55.
12. Mullen M, Zhang A, Luis GK, Rumph AW, Rhee JW, Wu JC. Race and genetics in congenital heart disease: application of spices, omics, and machine learning technologies. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine. 2021 Feb 17;8:635280.
13. Zhang K, Ma Y, Luo Y, Song Y, Xing G, Ma Y, Sun X, Ken C. Metabolic diseases and healthy aging: identifying environmental and behavioral risk factors and promoting public health. Frontiers in public health. 2023 Oct 13;11:1253506.
14. Kessler T, Schumer H. Coronary artery disease genetics enlightened by genome-wide association studies. Basic to Translational Science. 2021 Jul 1;6(7):610-23.
15. Patel AP, Wang M, Runa Y, Koyama S, Clarke SL, Yang X, Tcheandjieu C, Agrawal S, Fahad AC, Elli nor PT, Genes & Health Research Team; the Million Veteran Program. A multi-ancestry polygenic risk score improves risk prediction for coronary artery disease. Nature Medicine. 2023 Jul;29(7):1793-803.
16. Kilo IJ, Lewis CM, Inouye M, Martin AR, RI Patti S, Chatterjee N. Polygenic scores in biomedical research. Nature Reviews Genetics. 2022 Sep;23(9):524-32.
17. Ciumărnean L, Milaca MV, Negron V, Oarsman OH, Visa SC, Saugeen O, Glut S, Laic SI. Cardiovascular risk factors and physical activity for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases in the elderly. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021 Dec 25;19(1):207.
18. Holmes MV, Richardson TG, Terence BA, Davies NM, Davey Smith G. Integrating genomics with biomarkers and therapeutic targets to invigorate cardiovascular drug development. Nature Reviews Cardiology. 2021 Jun;18(6):435-53.
19. Sac deva P, Kaur K, Fatima S, Mazak FN, Noman M, Siddenthi SM, Sorcha MA, Miner M, Fatima FN, Sultana SS, Varese G. Advancements in myocardial infarction management: exploring novel approaches and strategies. Cures. 2023 Sep 19;15(9).
20. Addissouky TA, El Sayed IE, Ali MM, Alibied MH, Wang Y. Recent developments in the diagnosis, treatment, and management of cardiovascular diseases through artificial intelligence and other innovative approaches. Journal of Biomed Research. 2024 Mar 12;5(1):29-40.
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Published
Oct 16, 2022
Article Details
How to Cite
Ahmad Fawad, Hamid Mehmood, Saadia Ilyas, & Saad Ilyas. (2022). THE ROLE OF GENETIC FACTORS IN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE: EXPLORING INHERITED RISK FACTORS AND THEIR IMPACT ON PUBLIC HEALTH. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 29(04), 5013-5019. https://doi.org/10.53555/71safd22
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Author Biographies
Ahmad Fawad
Associate Professor Cardiology. Northwest General Hospital, Peshawar.
Hamid Mehmood
Assistant Professor Cardiology. Northwest General Hospital Peshawar.
Saadia Ilyas
Assistant Professor Pediatric Cardiology Department. Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar.
Saad Ilyas
Pakistan heart Foundation. Mohammadi hospital Peshawar.
How to Cite
Ahmad Fawad, Hamid Mehmood, Saadia Ilyas, & Saad Ilyas. (2022). THE ROLE OF GENETIC FACTORS IN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE: EXPLORING INHERITED RISK FACTORS AND THEIR IMPACT ON PUBLIC HEALTH. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 29(04), 5013-5019. https://doi.org/10.53555/71safd22