COMPARISON OF LUTEINIZING HORMONE LEVELS IN CHRONIC STRESS RAT MODEL AND ITS OFFSPRING
Main Article Content
Keywords
Corticosterone, Luteinizing Hormone, Chronic Alternating Stress.
Abstract
Background: Stress has become a part of our everyday life. Stress has an adverse effect on all systems of the body including the reproductive system. This project was designed to study the transgenerational effect of stress on rats by comparing the reproductive hormones.
Objective: To find the effect of chronic alternating stress on parents and offsprings by comparing Corticosterone and Luteinizing Hormone levels.
Methods: This was an experimental case-control trial. We took 136 healthy wistar albino rats. They were 11 weeks old and we assayed them at the start of the experiment. Then we divided them into two groups. The case parents and the control parents. To the case parents we gave 3 weeks of chronic alternating stress and to the controls we did not give any stress. The genders were kept separate before and during the stress after which they were allowed to mate. The offsprings of case and control parents were divided into groups. One group was assayed at 5 weeks before any stress. One group was given early life stress starting at 5 weeks and ending at 8 weeks. One group was given late-life stress starting at 11 weeks and ending at 14 weeks. One group received both early and late life stress. Then there were controls that did not receive any stress. The protocol of stress was the same. We conducted behavioral tests and assayed for hormones.
Results: The early life stressed rats had increased Corticosterone levels (p-value <0.05) while the Luteinizing Hormone levels were decreased in the early life stressed rats.
Conclusion: The rats given both early and late life stress had somewhat better results than the rats given only early life stress.
Objective: To find the effect of chronic alternating stress on parents and offsprings by comparing Corticosterone and Luteinizing Hormone levels.
Methods: This was an experimental case-control trial. We took 136 healthy wistar albino rats. They were 11 weeks old and we assayed them at the start of the experiment. Then we divided them into two groups. The case parents and the control parents. To the case parents we gave 3 weeks of chronic alternating stress and to the controls we did not give any stress. The genders were kept separate before and during the stress after which they were allowed to mate. The offsprings of case and control parents were divided into groups. One group was assayed at 5 weeks before any stress. One group was given early life stress starting at 5 weeks and ending at 8 weeks. One group was given late-life stress starting at 11 weeks and ending at 14 weeks. One group received both early and late life stress. Then there were controls that did not receive any stress. The protocol of stress was the same. We conducted behavioral tests and assayed for hormones.
Results: The early life stressed rats had increased Corticosterone levels (p-value <0.05) while the Luteinizing Hormone levels were decreased in the early life stressed rats.
Conclusion: The rats given both early and late life stress had somewhat better results than the rats given only early life stress.
References
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2. Mifsud KR, Reul JMHM. Mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptor-mediated control of genomic responses to stress in the brain. Stress Amst Neth. 2018 Sep;21(5):389–402.
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5. Khattak M, Sultana N, Khattak AF, Usman R, Khattak A. Comparison of Estradiol levels in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and non-Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Infertile Patients. Adv Basic Med Sci. 2022;6(1):20–3.
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10. Rivier C, Rivest S. Effect of stress on the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis: peripheral and central mechanisms. Biol Reprod. 1991;45(4):523–32.
11. Chrousos GP, Torpy DJ, Gold PW. Interactions between the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the female reproductive system: clinical implications. Ann Intern Med. 1998 Aug 1;129(3):229– 40.
12. Chatterjee A, Chatterjee R. How stress affects female reproduction: An overview. Biomed Res [Internet]. 2009 [cited 2023 Aug 6];20(2). Available from: https://www.alliedacademies.org/abstract/how-stress-affects-female-reproduction-an-overview- 1583.html
13. McGrady AV. Effects of psychological stress on male reproduction: a review. Arch Androl. 1984;13(1):1–7.
14. Arifin WN, Zahiruddin WM. Sample Size Calculation in Animal Studies Using Resource Equation Approach. Malays J Med Sci MJMS. 2017 Oct;24(5):101–5.
15. Open-Drop or Nose Cone Method of Isoflurane Anesthesia in Mice and Rats | University of Kentucky Research [Internet]. [cited 2023 Dec 8]. Available
from: https://www.research.uky.edu/division-laboratory-animal-resources/open-drop-or-nose-cone- method-isoflurane-anesthesia-mice-and
16. Beeton C, Garcia A, Chandy KG. Drawing blood from rats through the saphenous vein and by cardiac puncture. J Vis Exp JoVE. 2007;(7).
17. Khattak DM, Malik DMO, Usman DR, Habib DSH, Saddique DU. DEVELOPING CHRONIC UNPREDICTABLE/ALTERNATING STRESS MODEL IN WISTAR ALBINO RATS. J Popul Ther Clin Pharmacol. 2023 Dec 7;30(19):223–32.
18. Usman DR, Malik DMO, Khattak DM, Habib DSH, Khan RU. DEVELOPMENT OF PROTOCOL FOR TRANSGENERATIONAL STRESS IN WISTAR RATS. J Popul Ther Clin Pharmacol. 2023 Dec 6;30(19):151–70.
19. Zhou XM, Liu CY, Liu YY, Ma QY, Zhao X, Jiang YM, et al. Xiaoyaosan Alleviates Hippocampal Glutamate-Induced Toxicity in the CUMS Rats via NR2B and PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway. Front Pharmacol. 2021 Apr 12;12:586788.
20. Toth E, Gersner R, Wilf‐Yarkoni A, Raizel H, Dar DE, Richter‐Levin G, et al. Age‐dependent effects of chronic stress on brain plasticity and depressive behavior. J Neurochem. 2008;107(2):522– 32.
21. Henry C, Kabbaj M, Simon H, Moal M, Maccari S. Prenatal Stress Increases the Hypothalamo- Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Response in Young and Adult Rats. J Neuroendocrinol. 1994 Jun;6(3):341–5.
22. Kirby ED, Geraghty AC, Ubuka T, Bentley GE, Kaufer D. Stress increases putative gonadotropin inhibitory hormone and decreases luteinizing hormone in male rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Jul 7;106(27):11324–9.
23. Minkowicz C. By What Mechanism Does Stress Affect Ovulation?
24. McCosh RB, Breen KM, Kauffman AS. Neural and Endocrine Mechanisms Underlying Stress- Induced Suppression of Pulsatile LH Secretion. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2019 Dec 1;498:110579.
2. Mifsud KR, Reul JMHM. Mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptor-mediated control of genomic responses to stress in the brain. Stress Amst Neth. 2018 Sep;21(5):389–402.
3. Chu B, Marwaha K, Sanvictores T, Ayers D. Physiology, Stress Reaction. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 [cited 2023 Sep 6]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541120/
4. Chung TKH, Lau TK, Yip ASK, Chiu HFK, Lee DTS. Antepartum Depressive Symptomatology Is Associated With Adverse Obstetric and Neonatal Outcomes: Psychosom Med. 2001 Sep;63(5):830–4.
5. Khattak M, Sultana N, Khattak AF, Usman R, Khattak A. Comparison of Estradiol levels in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and non-Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Infertile Patients. Adv Basic Med Sci. 2022;6(1):20–3.
6. Kalaitzidou I, Venetikou MS, Konstadinidis K, Artemiadis AK, Chrousos G, Darviri C. Stress management and erectile dysfunction: a pilot comparative study. Andrologia. 2014 Aug;46(6):698– 702.
7. Hamilton LD, Julian AM. The relationship between daily hassles and sexual function in men and women. J Sex Marital Ther. 2014;40(5):379–95.
8. Vrekoussis T, Kalantaridou SN, Mastorakos G, Zoumakis E, Makrigiannakis A, Syrrou M, et al. The role of stress in female reproduction and pregnancy: An update. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010;1205:69–75.
9. Ezcurra D, Humaidan P. A review of luteinising hormone and human chorionic gonadotropin when used in assisted reproductive technology. Reprod Biol Endocrinol RBE. 2014 Oct 3;12:95.
10. Rivier C, Rivest S. Effect of stress on the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis: peripheral and central mechanisms. Biol Reprod. 1991;45(4):523–32.
11. Chrousos GP, Torpy DJ, Gold PW. Interactions between the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the female reproductive system: clinical implications. Ann Intern Med. 1998 Aug 1;129(3):229– 40.
12. Chatterjee A, Chatterjee R. How stress affects female reproduction: An overview. Biomed Res [Internet]. 2009 [cited 2023 Aug 6];20(2). Available from: https://www.alliedacademies.org/abstract/how-stress-affects-female-reproduction-an-overview- 1583.html
13. McGrady AV. Effects of psychological stress on male reproduction: a review. Arch Androl. 1984;13(1):1–7.
14. Arifin WN, Zahiruddin WM. Sample Size Calculation in Animal Studies Using Resource Equation Approach. Malays J Med Sci MJMS. 2017 Oct;24(5):101–5.
15. Open-Drop or Nose Cone Method of Isoflurane Anesthesia in Mice and Rats | University of Kentucky Research [Internet]. [cited 2023 Dec 8]. Available
from: https://www.research.uky.edu/division-laboratory-animal-resources/open-drop-or-nose-cone- method-isoflurane-anesthesia-mice-and
16. Beeton C, Garcia A, Chandy KG. Drawing blood from rats through the saphenous vein and by cardiac puncture. J Vis Exp JoVE. 2007;(7).
17. Khattak DM, Malik DMO, Usman DR, Habib DSH, Saddique DU. DEVELOPING CHRONIC UNPREDICTABLE/ALTERNATING STRESS MODEL IN WISTAR ALBINO RATS. J Popul Ther Clin Pharmacol. 2023 Dec 7;30(19):223–32.
18. Usman DR, Malik DMO, Khattak DM, Habib DSH, Khan RU. DEVELOPMENT OF PROTOCOL FOR TRANSGENERATIONAL STRESS IN WISTAR RATS. J Popul Ther Clin Pharmacol. 2023 Dec 6;30(19):151–70.
19. Zhou XM, Liu CY, Liu YY, Ma QY, Zhao X, Jiang YM, et al. Xiaoyaosan Alleviates Hippocampal Glutamate-Induced Toxicity in the CUMS Rats via NR2B and PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway. Front Pharmacol. 2021 Apr 12;12:586788.
20. Toth E, Gersner R, Wilf‐Yarkoni A, Raizel H, Dar DE, Richter‐Levin G, et al. Age‐dependent effects of chronic stress on brain plasticity and depressive behavior. J Neurochem. 2008;107(2):522– 32.
21. Henry C, Kabbaj M, Simon H, Moal M, Maccari S. Prenatal Stress Increases the Hypothalamo- Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Response in Young and Adult Rats. J Neuroendocrinol. 1994 Jun;6(3):341–5.
22. Kirby ED, Geraghty AC, Ubuka T, Bentley GE, Kaufer D. Stress increases putative gonadotropin inhibitory hormone and decreases luteinizing hormone in male rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Jul 7;106(27):11324–9.
23. Minkowicz C. By What Mechanism Does Stress Affect Ovulation?
24. McCosh RB, Breen KM, Kauffman AS. Neural and Endocrine Mechanisms Underlying Stress- Induced Suppression of Pulsatile LH Secretion. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2019 Dec 1;498:110579.
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Published
Dec 15, 2024
Article Details
How to Cite
Madiha Khattak, Muhammad Omar Malik, & Robina Usman. (2024). COMPARISON OF LUTEINIZING HORMONE LEVELS IN CHRONIC STRESS RAT MODEL AND ITS OFFSPRING. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(11), 2262-2271. https://doi.org/10.53555/08wqr480
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Author Biographies
Madiha Khattak
MBBS, MPhil Physiology, Assistant Professor, Physiology Department, Khyber Medical College, Peshawar, Pakistan.
Muhammad Omar Malik
MBBS, MPhil Physiology, PhD (Glasgow), Associate Professor, Physiology Department, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan.
Robina Usman
MBBS, MPhil Physiology, MHPE, Professor, Physiology Department, Peshawar Medical College, Riphah International University, Islamabad.
How to Cite
Madiha Khattak, Muhammad Omar Malik, & Robina Usman. (2024). COMPARISON OF LUTEINIZING HORMONE LEVELS IN CHRONIC STRESS RAT MODEL AND ITS OFFSPRING. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(11), 2262-2271. https://doi.org/10.53555/08wqr480