BONE & BONE MATRIX BUILDERS: KEY FRONTIERS IN OSTEOPOROSIS MANAGEMENT
Main Article Content
Keywords
Bone Remodeling, Bone Matrix, Calcium Aspartate, Calcium Orotate, Osteoporosis, Mineral Transporters
Abstract
Osteoporosis remains a critical global health concern. While conventional therapies have predominantly focused on calcium and vitamin D supplementation alongside anti-resorptive agents, recent advances have emphasized the importance of enhancing not only mineral density but also the quality and functionality of the bone matrix. Particular focus is given to the utility of mineral transporters, such as calcium aspartate and calcium orotate, which exhibit superior bioavailability and enhanced cellular uptake compared to traditional calcium salts, including carbonate and citrate. These organo-mineral compounds facilitate targeted intracellular mineral delivery, stimulate osteoblastic activity, and contribute to matrix remodeling, resulting in promising outcomes that include increased bone mineral density and a reduction in fracture incidence. Emerging evidence suggests that such formulations support better absorption kinetics and minimize adverse systemic effects commonly associated with conventional supplementation. This review explored the mechanistic basis of these mineral transporters and their integration into contemporary osteoporosis management protocols. The evolving paradigm advocates for a shift towards bone health strategies that are not merely density-driven but matrix-conscious and bioavailability-optimized. Future studies should prioritize high-quality clinical trials to substantiate these promising therapeutic agents.
References
1. Laskou F, Patel HP, Cooper C, Dennison E. A pas de deux of osteoporosis and sarcopenia: osteosarcopenia. Climacteric. 2022 Feb;25(1):88–95.
2. Qi G, Jiang Z, Lu W, Li D, Chen W, Yang X, et al. Berbamine inhibits RANKL- and M-CSF-mediated osteoclastogenesis and alleviates ovariectomy-induced bone loss. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:1032866.
3. Looker AC, Melton LJ, Borrud LG, Shepherd JA. Lumbar spine bone mineral density in US adults: demographic patterns and relationship with femur neck skeletal status. Osteoporos Int. 2012 Apr;23(4):1351–60.
4. Rinonapoli G, Ruggiero C, Meccariello L, Bisaccia M, Ceccarini P, Caraffa A. Osteoporosis in Men: A Review of an Underestimated Bone Condition. Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Feb 20;22(4):2105.
5. Cha Y, Seo SH, Kim JT, Kim JW, Lee SY, Yoo JI. Osteoporosis Feature Selection and Risk Prediction Model by Machine Learning Using a Cross-Sectional Database. J Bone Metab. 2023 Aug;30(3):263–73.
6. Sheng B, Li X, Nussler AK, Zhu S. The relationship between healthy lifestyles and bone health: A narrative review. Medicine (Baltimore). 2021 Feb 26;100(8):e24684.
7. Albrecht BM, Stalling I, Foettinger L, Recke C, Bammann K. Adherence to Lifestyle Recommendations for Bone Health in Older Adults with and without Osteoporosis: Cross-Sectional Results of the OUTDOOR ACTIVE Study. Nutrients. 2022 Jun 14;14(12):2463.
8. Chan CY, Mohamed N, Ima-Nirwana S, Chin KY. A Review of Knowledge, Belief and Practice Regarding Osteoporosis among Adolescents and Young Adults. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018 Aug 12;15(8):1727.
9. Reid CE. Invited Perspective: What Do We Know about Fetal–Maternal Health and Health Care Needs after Wildfires? Not Nearly Enough. Environ Health Perspect [Internet]. 2022;130(8). Available from: https://www.embase.com/search/results?subaction=viewrecord&id=L20179 01526&from=export
10. Karpouzos A, Diamantis E, Farmaki P, Savvanis S, Troupis T. Nutritional Aspects of Bone Health and Fracture Healing. J Osteoporos. 2017;2017:4218472.
11. Szulc P, Boutroy S, Chapurlat R. Prediction of Fractures in Men Using Bone Microarchitectural Parameters Assessed by High-Resolution Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography-The Prospective STRAMBO Study. J Bone Miner Res. 2018 Aug;33(8):1470–9.
12. Weaver CM, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Shanahan CJ. Cost-benefit analysis of calcium and vitamin D supplements. Arch Osteoporos. 2019 Apr 30;14(1):50.
13. Adejuyigbe B, Kallini J, Chiou D, Kallini JR. Osteoporosis: Molecular Pathology, Diagnostics, and Therapeutics. Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Sep 26;24(19):14583.
14. Zhang C, Bakker AD, Klein-Nulend J, Bravenboer N. Studies on Osteocytes in Their 3D Native Matrix Versus 2D In Vitro Models. Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2019 Aug;17(4):207–16.
15. Bonnet N, Garnero P, Ferrari S. Periostin action in bone. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2016 Sep 5;432:75–82.
16. Hernlund E, Svedbom A, Ivergård M, Compston J, Cooper C, Stenmark J, et al. Osteoporosis in the European Union: medical management, epidemiology and economic burden. A report prepared in collaboration with the International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF) and the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industry Associations (EFPIA). Arch Osteoporos. 2013;8(1):136.
17. Liu C, Cyphert EL, Stephen SJ, Wang B, Morales AL, Nixon JC, et al. Microbiome-induced increases and decreases in bone matrix strength can be initiated after skeletal maturity. J Bone Miner Res. 2024 Oct 29;39(11):1621–32.
18. Burr DB. Changes in bone matrix properties with aging. Bone. 2019 Mar;120:85–93.
19. Paschalis E, Krege J, Gamsjaeger S, Eriksen E, Burr D, Disch D, et al. Teriparatide Treatment Increases Mineral Content and Volume in Cortical and Trabecular Bone of Iliac Crest: A Comparison of Infrared Imaging With X‐Ray–Based Bone Assessment Techniques. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2025 Mar 21]; Available from: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Teriparatide-Treatment-Increases-Mineral-Content-in-Paschalis-Krege/138b245f5dd49aba15b38e4f10b53d499dc4f9a3
20. Kegelman CD, Coulombe JC, Jordan KM, Horan DJ, Qin L, Robling AG, et al. YAP and TAZ Mediate Osteocyte Perilacunar/Canalicular Remodeling. J Bone Miner Res. 2020 Jan;35(1):196–210.
21. Henriksen. Degradation of the Organic Phase of Bone by Osteoclasts: A Secondary Role for Lysosomal Acidification. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 2006;
22. Seabra O, Pereira VG, Espindula AP, Cardoso FAG, Volpon JB, Pereira SAL, et al. Even without changing the bone mineral density, alcohol consumption decreases the percentage of collagen, the thickness of bone trabeculae, and increases bone fragility. An Acad Bras Ciênc. 2022;94(suppl 3):e20210661.
23. Kim JM, Lin C, Stavre Z, Greenblatt MB, Shim JH. Osteoblast-Osteoclast Communication and Bone Homeostasis. Cells. 2020 Sep 10;9(9):2073.
24. Blake GM, Fogelman I. The role of DXA bone density scans in the diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis. Postgrad Med J. 2007 Aug;83(982):509–17.
25. Wang L, Xu X, Zhang Y, Hao H, Chen L, Su T, et al. A model of health education and management for osteoporosis prevention. Exp Ther Med. 2016 Dec;12(6):3797–805.
26. US Preventive Services Task Force, Grossman DC, Curry SJ, Owens DK, Barry MJ, Caughey AB, et al. Vitamin D, Calcium, or Combined Supplementation for the Primary Prevention of Fractures in Community-Dwelling Adults: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA. 2018 Apr 17;319(15):1592–9.
27. Tai V, Leung W, Grey A, Reid IR, Bolland MJ. Calcium intake and bone mineral density: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2015 Sep 29;351:h4183.
28. Prince RL, Devine A, Dhaliwal SS, Dick IM. Effects of calcium supplementation on clinical fracture and bone structure: results of a 5-year, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in elderly women. Arch Intern Med. 2006 Apr 24;166(8):869–75.
29. Fan T, Nocea G, Modi A, Stokes L, Sen SS. Calcium and vitamin D intake by postmenopausal women with osteoporosis in Spain: an observational calcium and vitamin D intake (CaVIT) study. Clin Interv Aging. 2013 Jan 1;8:689–96.
30. Kamath SU. Mineral transporters: A new dimension for bone health. Med Prog 2011 Jan;1(1):10-15.
31. Bolland MJ, Grey A, Avenell A, Gamble GD, Reid IR. Calcium supplements with or without vitamin D and risk of cardiovascular events: reanalysis of the Women’s Health Initiative limited access dataset and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2011 Apr 19;342:d2040.
32. Li K, Wang XF, Li DY, Chen YC, Zhao LJ, Liu XG, et al. The good, the bad, and the ugly of calcium supplementation: a review of calcium intake on human health. Clin Interv Aging. 2018;13:2443–52.
33. Yao P, Bennett D, Mafham M, Lin X, Chen Z, Armitage J, et al. Vitamin D and Calcium for the Prevention of Fracture: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2019 Dec 2;2(12):e1917789.
34. Lyu H, Zhao SS, Yoshida K, Tedeschi SK, Xu C, Nigwekar SU, et al. Delayed Denosumab Injections and Bone Mineral Density Response: An Electronic Health Record-based Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020 May 1;105(5):1435–44.
35. Vranken L, Wyers CE, Van der Velde RY, Janzing HM, Kaarsemaker S, Geusens PP, et al. Comorbidities and medication use in patients with a recent clinical fracture at the Fracture Liaison Service. Osteoporos Int. 2018 Feb;29(2):397–407.
36. Tang Y, Peng B, Liu J, Liu Z, Xia Y, Geng B. Systemic immune-inflammation index and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women: A cross-sectional study of the national health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES) 2007-2018. Front Immunol. 2022;13:975400.
37. Gillette JM, Nielsen-Preiss SM. The role of annexin 2 in osteoblastic mineralization. J Cell Sci. 2004 Jan 26;117(Pt 3):441–9.
38. Bottini M, Mebarek S, Anderson KL, Strzelecka-Kiliszek A, Bozycki L, Simão AMS, et al. Matrix vesicles from chondrocytes and osteoblasts: Their biogenesis, properties, functions and biomimetic models. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj. 2018 Mar;1862(3):532–46.
39. Zhao Y, Ren Y, Han J, Li K, Deng J, Zhu X, et al. T. The effect of aspartic acid surface-modified mg-zn-zr alloy on adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation of human bone mesenchymal stem cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021;22(5):2535.
40. Wu LNY, Genge BR, Kang MW, Arsenault AL, Wuthier RE. Changes in Phospholipid Extractability and Composition Accompany Mineralization of Chicken Growth Plate Cartilage Matrix Vesicles. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2002 Feb;277(7):5126–33.
41. The Anti-Inflammatory and Immune-Inhibiting Effects of Calcium Orotate on Bradythrophic Tissues-CM14.pdf - Mineral Transporters Packet [Internet]. [cited 2025 Mar 21]. Available from: https://brewersciencelibrary.com/proddetail.php?prod=The Anti-Inflammatory and Immune-Inhibiting Effects of Calcium Orotate on Bradythrophic Tissues-CM14.pdf
42. Muhammad MV, Singh R, Malhotra R. Mineral transporters- The novel approach in management of bone health and osteoporosis. Orthopedics today 2010 Jan-Mar;12(1)1-6.
43. Mohr W, Görz E, Hilbert P, Gerlach U. The influence of calcium-orotate on experimental artificial calcification. arzneimittel-forschung/drug research 1975;25(7):1135-1140.
44. Beck‐Cormier S, Lelliott CJ, Logan JG, Lafont DT, Merametdjian L, Leitch VD, et al. Slc20a2, Encoding the Phosphate Transporter PiT2, Is an Important Genetic Determinant of Bone Quality and Strength. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 2019 Jun 1;34(6):1101–14.
45. Shantaram M, Manjula K. Expert opinion on the clinical use of calcium and vitamin d supplements in osteoporosis in indian settings. Int J Res Orthop 2024;10(2):364-8.
46. Manjula S, Krishna K. Expert opinions on the prevalence, diagnosis, and treatment choice for osteoarthritis management in Indian settings. IP International Journal of Orthopaedic Rheumatology. 2024 Feb 13;9(2):74–8.
47. Makowiec-Dabrowska T, Radwan-Wlodarczyk Z, Koszada-Wlodarczyk W, Siedlecka J, Wilczynski J. [The influence of chemical and physical factors in the work environment on the amount of risk for abnormal pregnancy outcome]. Med Pr. 1997;48(3):239–59.
48. International Conference on Medical, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences (ICMBPS) [Internet]. [cited 2025 Mar 21]. Available from: https://waset.org/medical-biological-and-pharmaceutical-sciences-conference
49. Hansen KE, Jones AN, Lindstrom MJ, Davis LA, Ziegler TE, Penniston KL, et al. Do proton pump inhibitors decrease calcium absorption? J Bone Miner Res. 2010 Dec;25(12):2786–95.
50. Fitzpatrick D, Lannon R, Laird E, Ward M, Hoey L, Hughes CF, et al. The association between proton pump inhibitors and hyperparathyroidism: a potential mechanism for increased fracture-results of a large observational cohort study. Osteoporos Int. 2023 Nov;34(11):1917–26.
51. Kalra S. pH solubility and mineral transporters. Orthopedics Med Prog 2010 Jul;1(7):238-242.
2. Qi G, Jiang Z, Lu W, Li D, Chen W, Yang X, et al. Berbamine inhibits RANKL- and M-CSF-mediated osteoclastogenesis and alleviates ovariectomy-induced bone loss. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:1032866.
3. Looker AC, Melton LJ, Borrud LG, Shepherd JA. Lumbar spine bone mineral density in US adults: demographic patterns and relationship with femur neck skeletal status. Osteoporos Int. 2012 Apr;23(4):1351–60.
4. Rinonapoli G, Ruggiero C, Meccariello L, Bisaccia M, Ceccarini P, Caraffa A. Osteoporosis in Men: A Review of an Underestimated Bone Condition. Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Feb 20;22(4):2105.
5. Cha Y, Seo SH, Kim JT, Kim JW, Lee SY, Yoo JI. Osteoporosis Feature Selection and Risk Prediction Model by Machine Learning Using a Cross-Sectional Database. J Bone Metab. 2023 Aug;30(3):263–73.
6. Sheng B, Li X, Nussler AK, Zhu S. The relationship between healthy lifestyles and bone health: A narrative review. Medicine (Baltimore). 2021 Feb 26;100(8):e24684.
7. Albrecht BM, Stalling I, Foettinger L, Recke C, Bammann K. Adherence to Lifestyle Recommendations for Bone Health in Older Adults with and without Osteoporosis: Cross-Sectional Results of the OUTDOOR ACTIVE Study. Nutrients. 2022 Jun 14;14(12):2463.
8. Chan CY, Mohamed N, Ima-Nirwana S, Chin KY. A Review of Knowledge, Belief and Practice Regarding Osteoporosis among Adolescents and Young Adults. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018 Aug 12;15(8):1727.
9. Reid CE. Invited Perspective: What Do We Know about Fetal–Maternal Health and Health Care Needs after Wildfires? Not Nearly Enough. Environ Health Perspect [Internet]. 2022;130(8). Available from: https://www.embase.com/search/results?subaction=viewrecord&id=L20179 01526&from=export
10. Karpouzos A, Diamantis E, Farmaki P, Savvanis S, Troupis T. Nutritional Aspects of Bone Health and Fracture Healing. J Osteoporos. 2017;2017:4218472.
11. Szulc P, Boutroy S, Chapurlat R. Prediction of Fractures in Men Using Bone Microarchitectural Parameters Assessed by High-Resolution Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography-The Prospective STRAMBO Study. J Bone Miner Res. 2018 Aug;33(8):1470–9.
12. Weaver CM, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Shanahan CJ. Cost-benefit analysis of calcium and vitamin D supplements. Arch Osteoporos. 2019 Apr 30;14(1):50.
13. Adejuyigbe B, Kallini J, Chiou D, Kallini JR. Osteoporosis: Molecular Pathology, Diagnostics, and Therapeutics. Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Sep 26;24(19):14583.
14. Zhang C, Bakker AD, Klein-Nulend J, Bravenboer N. Studies on Osteocytes in Their 3D Native Matrix Versus 2D In Vitro Models. Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2019 Aug;17(4):207–16.
15. Bonnet N, Garnero P, Ferrari S. Periostin action in bone. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2016 Sep 5;432:75–82.
16. Hernlund E, Svedbom A, Ivergård M, Compston J, Cooper C, Stenmark J, et al. Osteoporosis in the European Union: medical management, epidemiology and economic burden. A report prepared in collaboration with the International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF) and the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industry Associations (EFPIA). Arch Osteoporos. 2013;8(1):136.
17. Liu C, Cyphert EL, Stephen SJ, Wang B, Morales AL, Nixon JC, et al. Microbiome-induced increases and decreases in bone matrix strength can be initiated after skeletal maturity. J Bone Miner Res. 2024 Oct 29;39(11):1621–32.
18. Burr DB. Changes in bone matrix properties with aging. Bone. 2019 Mar;120:85–93.
19. Paschalis E, Krege J, Gamsjaeger S, Eriksen E, Burr D, Disch D, et al. Teriparatide Treatment Increases Mineral Content and Volume in Cortical and Trabecular Bone of Iliac Crest: A Comparison of Infrared Imaging With X‐Ray–Based Bone Assessment Techniques. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2025 Mar 21]; Available from: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Teriparatide-Treatment-Increases-Mineral-Content-in-Paschalis-Krege/138b245f5dd49aba15b38e4f10b53d499dc4f9a3
20. Kegelman CD, Coulombe JC, Jordan KM, Horan DJ, Qin L, Robling AG, et al. YAP and TAZ Mediate Osteocyte Perilacunar/Canalicular Remodeling. J Bone Miner Res. 2020 Jan;35(1):196–210.
21. Henriksen. Degradation of the Organic Phase of Bone by Osteoclasts: A Secondary Role for Lysosomal Acidification. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 2006;
22. Seabra O, Pereira VG, Espindula AP, Cardoso FAG, Volpon JB, Pereira SAL, et al. Even without changing the bone mineral density, alcohol consumption decreases the percentage of collagen, the thickness of bone trabeculae, and increases bone fragility. An Acad Bras Ciênc. 2022;94(suppl 3):e20210661.
23. Kim JM, Lin C, Stavre Z, Greenblatt MB, Shim JH. Osteoblast-Osteoclast Communication and Bone Homeostasis. Cells. 2020 Sep 10;9(9):2073.
24. Blake GM, Fogelman I. The role of DXA bone density scans in the diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis. Postgrad Med J. 2007 Aug;83(982):509–17.
25. Wang L, Xu X, Zhang Y, Hao H, Chen L, Su T, et al. A model of health education and management for osteoporosis prevention. Exp Ther Med. 2016 Dec;12(6):3797–805.
26. US Preventive Services Task Force, Grossman DC, Curry SJ, Owens DK, Barry MJ, Caughey AB, et al. Vitamin D, Calcium, or Combined Supplementation for the Primary Prevention of Fractures in Community-Dwelling Adults: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA. 2018 Apr 17;319(15):1592–9.
27. Tai V, Leung W, Grey A, Reid IR, Bolland MJ. Calcium intake and bone mineral density: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2015 Sep 29;351:h4183.
28. Prince RL, Devine A, Dhaliwal SS, Dick IM. Effects of calcium supplementation on clinical fracture and bone structure: results of a 5-year, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in elderly women. Arch Intern Med. 2006 Apr 24;166(8):869–75.
29. Fan T, Nocea G, Modi A, Stokes L, Sen SS. Calcium and vitamin D intake by postmenopausal women with osteoporosis in Spain: an observational calcium and vitamin D intake (CaVIT) study. Clin Interv Aging. 2013 Jan 1;8:689–96.
30. Kamath SU. Mineral transporters: A new dimension for bone health. Med Prog 2011 Jan;1(1):10-15.
31. Bolland MJ, Grey A, Avenell A, Gamble GD, Reid IR. Calcium supplements with or without vitamin D and risk of cardiovascular events: reanalysis of the Women’s Health Initiative limited access dataset and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2011 Apr 19;342:d2040.
32. Li K, Wang XF, Li DY, Chen YC, Zhao LJ, Liu XG, et al. The good, the bad, and the ugly of calcium supplementation: a review of calcium intake on human health. Clin Interv Aging. 2018;13:2443–52.
33. Yao P, Bennett D, Mafham M, Lin X, Chen Z, Armitage J, et al. Vitamin D and Calcium for the Prevention of Fracture: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2019 Dec 2;2(12):e1917789.
34. Lyu H, Zhao SS, Yoshida K, Tedeschi SK, Xu C, Nigwekar SU, et al. Delayed Denosumab Injections and Bone Mineral Density Response: An Electronic Health Record-based Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020 May 1;105(5):1435–44.
35. Vranken L, Wyers CE, Van der Velde RY, Janzing HM, Kaarsemaker S, Geusens PP, et al. Comorbidities and medication use in patients with a recent clinical fracture at the Fracture Liaison Service. Osteoporos Int. 2018 Feb;29(2):397–407.
36. Tang Y, Peng B, Liu J, Liu Z, Xia Y, Geng B. Systemic immune-inflammation index and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women: A cross-sectional study of the national health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES) 2007-2018. Front Immunol. 2022;13:975400.
37. Gillette JM, Nielsen-Preiss SM. The role of annexin 2 in osteoblastic mineralization. J Cell Sci. 2004 Jan 26;117(Pt 3):441–9.
38. Bottini M, Mebarek S, Anderson KL, Strzelecka-Kiliszek A, Bozycki L, Simão AMS, et al. Matrix vesicles from chondrocytes and osteoblasts: Their biogenesis, properties, functions and biomimetic models. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj. 2018 Mar;1862(3):532–46.
39. Zhao Y, Ren Y, Han J, Li K, Deng J, Zhu X, et al. T. The effect of aspartic acid surface-modified mg-zn-zr alloy on adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation of human bone mesenchymal stem cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021;22(5):2535.
40. Wu LNY, Genge BR, Kang MW, Arsenault AL, Wuthier RE. Changes in Phospholipid Extractability and Composition Accompany Mineralization of Chicken Growth Plate Cartilage Matrix Vesicles. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2002 Feb;277(7):5126–33.
41. The Anti-Inflammatory and Immune-Inhibiting Effects of Calcium Orotate on Bradythrophic Tissues-CM14.pdf - Mineral Transporters Packet [Internet]. [cited 2025 Mar 21]. Available from: https://brewersciencelibrary.com/proddetail.php?prod=The Anti-Inflammatory and Immune-Inhibiting Effects of Calcium Orotate on Bradythrophic Tissues-CM14.pdf
42. Muhammad MV, Singh R, Malhotra R. Mineral transporters- The novel approach in management of bone health and osteoporosis. Orthopedics today 2010 Jan-Mar;12(1)1-6.
43. Mohr W, Görz E, Hilbert P, Gerlach U. The influence of calcium-orotate on experimental artificial calcification. arzneimittel-forschung/drug research 1975;25(7):1135-1140.
44. Beck‐Cormier S, Lelliott CJ, Logan JG, Lafont DT, Merametdjian L, Leitch VD, et al. Slc20a2, Encoding the Phosphate Transporter PiT2, Is an Important Genetic Determinant of Bone Quality and Strength. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 2019 Jun 1;34(6):1101–14.
45. Shantaram M, Manjula K. Expert opinion on the clinical use of calcium and vitamin d supplements in osteoporosis in indian settings. Int J Res Orthop 2024;10(2):364-8.
46. Manjula S, Krishna K. Expert opinions on the prevalence, diagnosis, and treatment choice for osteoarthritis management in Indian settings. IP International Journal of Orthopaedic Rheumatology. 2024 Feb 13;9(2):74–8.
47. Makowiec-Dabrowska T, Radwan-Wlodarczyk Z, Koszada-Wlodarczyk W, Siedlecka J, Wilczynski J. [The influence of chemical and physical factors in the work environment on the amount of risk for abnormal pregnancy outcome]. Med Pr. 1997;48(3):239–59.
48. International Conference on Medical, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences (ICMBPS) [Internet]. [cited 2025 Mar 21]. Available from: https://waset.org/medical-biological-and-pharmaceutical-sciences-conference
49. Hansen KE, Jones AN, Lindstrom MJ, Davis LA, Ziegler TE, Penniston KL, et al. Do proton pump inhibitors decrease calcium absorption? J Bone Miner Res. 2010 Dec;25(12):2786–95.
50. Fitzpatrick D, Lannon R, Laird E, Ward M, Hoey L, Hughes CF, et al. The association between proton pump inhibitors and hyperparathyroidism: a potential mechanism for increased fracture-results of a large observational cohort study. Osteoporos Int. 2023 Nov;34(11):1917–26.
51. Kalra S. pH solubility and mineral transporters. Orthopedics Med Prog 2010 Jul;1(7):238-242.
Article Sidebar
Published
Apr 17, 2025
Article Details
How to Cite
Dr. Nitin Kimmatkar. (2025). BONE & BONE MATRIX BUILDERS: KEY FRONTIERS IN OSTEOPOROSIS MANAGEMENT. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 32(3), 508-519. https://doi.org/10.53555/z9drvn04
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
All articles published in JPTCP are licensed under Copyright Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Author Biography
Dr. Nitin Kimmatkar
Associate Professor, Orthopedics, Indira Gandhi Government Medical College, Nagpur, Maharashtra.
How to Cite
Dr. Nitin Kimmatkar. (2025). BONE & BONE MATRIX BUILDERS: KEY FRONTIERS IN OSTEOPOROSIS MANAGEMENT. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 32(3), 508-519. https://doi.org/10.53555/z9drvn04