DETECTION AND QUANTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION CAUSED BY STATIN AND ANTIFUNGAL DRUGS
Main Article Content
Keywords
Abstract
Lipophilic drugs, such as Simvastatin, Atorvastatin, Ketoconazole and Clotrimazole are present in the waste water in complex matrices. As a result, it is very difficult to detect them by conventional chromatographic methods since high flow rates are used in LC along with volatile buffers. The thermally labile nature of these compounds makes them difficult to detect. LC-UV and LC-MS are promising methods for detection of these drugs. In this review, the efficacy of these two techniques is discussed for the detection of these four lipophilic drugs
References
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12. Alchorne MM, Paschoalick RC, Forjaz MH. Comparative study of tioconazole and clotrimazole in the treatment of Tinea versicolor. Clinical Therapeutics. 1987 Jan 1;9(4):360-7.
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18. Stylos E, Chatziathanasiadou MV, Syriopoulou A, Tzakos AG. Liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) based bioavailability determination of the major classes of phytochemicals. Journal of Chromatography B. 2017 Mar 15;1047:15-38.
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26. Yacoub M, Alawi M, Arafat T. Simultaneous determination of amlodipine and atorvastatin with its metabolites; ortho and para hydroxy atorvastatin; in human plasma by LC–MS/MS. Journal of Chromatography B. 2013 Feb 15;917:36-47.
27. Zhou Y, Li J, He X, Jia M, Liu M, Li H, Xiong Z, Fan Y, Li W. Development and validation of a liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for simultaneous determination of amlodipine, atorvastatin and its metabolites ortho-hydroxy atorvastatin and para-hydroxy atorvastatin in human plasma and its application in a bioequivalence study. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 2013 Sep 1;83:101-7.
28. Nováková L, Šatínský D, Solich P. HPLC methods for the determination of simvastatin and atorvastatin. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry. 2008 Apr 1;27(4):352-67.
29. Wang L, Asgharnejad M. Second-derivative UV spectrometric determination of simvastatin in its tablet dosage form. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis. 2000 Jan 1;21(6):1243-8.
30. Partani P, Verma SM, Monif T. Development and validation of an LC–MS-MS method for determination of simvastatin and simvastatin acid in human plasma: application to a pharmacokinetic study. Journal of chromatographic science. 2016 Sep 1;54(8):1385-96.
31. Bullen WW, Miller RA, Hayes RN. Development and validation of a high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry assay for atorvastatin, ortho-hydroxy atorvastatin, and para-hydroxy atorvastatin in human, dog, and rat plasma. Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry. 1999 Jan;10(1):55-66.
32. El-Bagary RI, Elkady EF, El-Sherif ZA, Kadry AM. LC–MS–MS simultaneous determination of atorvastatin and ezetimibe in human plasma. Journal of chromatographic science. 2014 Sep 1;52(8):773-80.
33. De Bruijn P, Kehrer DF, Verweij J, Sparreboom A. Liquid chromatographic determination of ketoconazole, a potent inhibitor of CYP3A4-mediated metabolism. Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications. 2001 Apr 5;753(2):395-400.
34. Chen YL, Felder L, Jiang X, Naidong W. Determination of ketoconazole in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography B. 2002 Jul 5;774(1):67-78.
35. Bones J, Thomas K, Nesterenko PN, Paull B. On-line preconcentration of pharmaceutical residues from large volume water samples using short reversed-phase monolithic cartridges coupled to LC-UV-ESI-MS. Talanta. 2006 Dec 15;70(5):1117-28.
36. Bajad S, Johri RK, Singh K, Singh J, Bedi KL. Simple high-performance liquid chromatography method for the simultaneous determination of ketoconazole and piperine in rat plasma and hepatocyte culture. Journal of Chromatography A. 2002 Mar 8;949(1-2):43-7.
37. Hamdy DA, Brocks DR. High performance liquid chromatographic assay for the simultaneous determination of midazolam and ketoconazole in plasma. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis. 2010 Nov 2;53(3):617-22.
38. Solich P, Hajkova R, Pospíšilová M, Šícha J. Determination of methylparaben, propylparaben, clotrimazole and its degradation products in topical cream by RP-HPLC. Chromatographia. 2002 Jan;56:S181-4.
39. Vertzoni MV, Reppas C, Archontaki HA. Optimization and validation of a high-performance liquid chromatographic method with UV detection for the determination of ketoconazole in canine plasma. Journal of Chromatography B. 2006 Jul 24;839(1-2):62-7.
40. Dashtian K, Zare-Dorabei R. Preparation and characterization of a novel optical chemical sensor for determination of trace amounts of Praseodymium ion by UV/Vis spectrophotometry. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical. 2017 Apr 1;242:586-94.
41. Kawamura K, Yasuda T, Hatanaka T, Hamahiga K, Matsuda N, Ueshima M, Nakai K. In situ UV–VIS spectrophotometry within the second time scale as a research tool for solid-state catalyst and liquid-phase reactions at high temperatures: Its application to the formation of HMF from glucose and cellulose. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2017 Jan 1;307:1066-75.
2. Gothwal R, Shashidhar T. Antibiotic pollution in the environment: a review. Clean–Soil, Air, Water. 2015 Apr;43(4):479-89.
3. Kraemer SA, Ramachandran A, Perron GG. Antibiotic pollution in the environment: from microbial ecology to public policy. Microorganisms. 2019 Jun 22;7(6):180.
4. Klatte S, Schaefer HC, Hempel M. Pharmaceuticals in the environment–a short review on options to minimize the exposure of humans, animals and ecosystems. Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy. 2017 Jun 1;5:61-6.
5. Sadowska A, Osiński P, Roztocka A, Kaczmarz-Chojnacka K, Zapora E, Sawicka D, Car H. Statins—from fungi to pharmacy. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023 Dec 29;25(1):466.
6. Skottheim IB, Gedde-Dahl A, Hejazifar S, Hoel K, Åsberg A. Statin induced myotoxicity: the lactone forms are more potent than the acid forms in human skeletal muscle cells in vitro. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2008 Apr 23;33(4-5):317-25.
7. Arnaboldi L, Corsini A. Do structural differences in statins correlate with clinical efficacy?. Current opinion in lipidology. 2010 Aug 1;21(4):298-304.
8. Lewin AJ, Kipnes MS, Meneghini LF, Plotkin DJ, Perevozskaya IT, Shah S, Maccubbin DL, Mitchel YB, Tobert JA. Effects of simvastatin on the lipid profile and attainment of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol goals when added to thiazolidinedione therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clinical therapeutics. 2004 Jan 1;26(3):379-89.
9. Álvarez-Lueje A, Valenzuela C, Squella JA, Núñez-Vergara LJ. Stability study of simvastatin under hydrolytic conditions assessed by liquid chromatography. Journal of AOAC International. 2005 Sep 1;88(6):1631-6.
10. Albengres E, Le Louët H, Tillement JP. Systemic antifungal agents: drug interactions of clinical significance. Drug safety. 1998 Feb;18:83-97.
11. Bookstaver PB, Watson HJ, Winters SD, Carlson AL, Schulz RM. Prophylactic ketoconazole shampoo for Tinea capitis in a high-risk pediatric population. The Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2011 Jul 1;16(3):199-203.
12. Alchorne MM, Paschoalick RC, Forjaz MH. Comparative study of tioconazole and clotrimazole in the treatment of Tinea versicolor. Clinical Therapeutics. 1987 Jan 1;9(4):360-7.
13. Spataro F, Ademollo N, Pescatore T, Rauseo J, Patrolecco L. Antibiotic residues and endocrine disrupting compounds in municipal wastewater treatment plants in Rome, Italy. Microchemical Journal. 2019 Jul 1;148:634-42.
14. Ramkumar S, Raghunath A, Raghunath S. Statin therapy: review of safety and potential side effects. Acta cardiologica sinica. 2016 Nov;32(6):631.
15. Shrivastav A, Singh P. The impact of environmental toxins on cardiovascular diseases. Current Problems in Cardiology. 2024 Jan 1;49(1):102120.
16. Sabzevari O. Azole Antifungal Drugs and Cytochrome P450 Induction. University of Surrey (United Kingdom); 1994.
17. Dickinson DP. The effects of miconazole on rat liver mitochondria. Biochemical Pharmacology. 1977 Mar 15;26(6):541-2.
18. Stylos E, Chatziathanasiadou MV, Syriopoulou A, Tzakos AG. Liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) based bioavailability determination of the major classes of phytochemicals. Journal of Chromatography B. 2017 Mar 15;1047:15-38.
19. Vovk I, Pecavar A, Prosek M. The effect of a conical HPLC column and trapezoidal TLC on characteristic chromatographic parameters. JPC. Journal of planar chromatography, modern TLC. 1999;12(1):66-71.
20. Da Silva IJ, De Veredas V, Carpes MJ, Santana CC. Chromatographic separation of bupivacaine enantiomers by hplc: parameters estimation of equilibrium and mass transfer under linear conditions. Adsorption. 2005 Mar;11:123-9.
21. Kawamura K, Yasuda T, Hatanaka T, Hamahiga K, Matsuda N, Ueshima M, Nakai K. In situ UV–VIS spectrophotometry within the second time scale as a research tool for solid-state catalyst and liquid-phase reactions at high temperatures: Its application to the formation of HMF from glucose and cellulose. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2017 Jan 1;307:1066-75.
22. Wang K, Wu Y, Chi Z, Shu C, Li L, Wei J, Tao L, Ma P, Ding L. A highly sensitive LC–MS/MS method for determination of ketoconazole in human plasma: Application to a clinical study of the exposure to ketoconazole in patients after topical administration. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 2016 Sep 5;128:504-9.
23. Carlucci G, Mazzeo P, Biordi L, Bologna M. Simultaneous determination of simvastatin and its hydroxy acid form in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis. 1992 Sep 1;10(9):693-7.
24. Barrett B, Huclova J, Bořek-Dohalský V, Němec B, Jelinek I. Validated HPLC–MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of simvastatin and simvastatin hydroxy acid in human plasma. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis. 2006 May 3;41(2):517-26.
25. Wang J, Luzum JA, Phelps MA, Kitzmiller JP. Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry assay for the simultaneous quantification of simvastatin, lovastatin, atorvastatin, and their major metabolites in human plasma. Journal of Chromatography B. 2015 Mar 1;983:18-25.
26. Yacoub M, Alawi M, Arafat T. Simultaneous determination of amlodipine and atorvastatin with its metabolites; ortho and para hydroxy atorvastatin; in human plasma by LC–MS/MS. Journal of Chromatography B. 2013 Feb 15;917:36-47.
27. Zhou Y, Li J, He X, Jia M, Liu M, Li H, Xiong Z, Fan Y, Li W. Development and validation of a liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for simultaneous determination of amlodipine, atorvastatin and its metabolites ortho-hydroxy atorvastatin and para-hydroxy atorvastatin in human plasma and its application in a bioequivalence study. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 2013 Sep 1;83:101-7.
28. Nováková L, Šatínský D, Solich P. HPLC methods for the determination of simvastatin and atorvastatin. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry. 2008 Apr 1;27(4):352-67.
29. Wang L, Asgharnejad M. Second-derivative UV spectrometric determination of simvastatin in its tablet dosage form. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis. 2000 Jan 1;21(6):1243-8.
30. Partani P, Verma SM, Monif T. Development and validation of an LC–MS-MS method for determination of simvastatin and simvastatin acid in human plasma: application to a pharmacokinetic study. Journal of chromatographic science. 2016 Sep 1;54(8):1385-96.
31. Bullen WW, Miller RA, Hayes RN. Development and validation of a high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry assay for atorvastatin, ortho-hydroxy atorvastatin, and para-hydroxy atorvastatin in human, dog, and rat plasma. Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry. 1999 Jan;10(1):55-66.
32. El-Bagary RI, Elkady EF, El-Sherif ZA, Kadry AM. LC–MS–MS simultaneous determination of atorvastatin and ezetimibe in human plasma. Journal of chromatographic science. 2014 Sep 1;52(8):773-80.
33. De Bruijn P, Kehrer DF, Verweij J, Sparreboom A. Liquid chromatographic determination of ketoconazole, a potent inhibitor of CYP3A4-mediated metabolism. Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications. 2001 Apr 5;753(2):395-400.
34. Chen YL, Felder L, Jiang X, Naidong W. Determination of ketoconazole in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography B. 2002 Jul 5;774(1):67-78.
35. Bones J, Thomas K, Nesterenko PN, Paull B. On-line preconcentration of pharmaceutical residues from large volume water samples using short reversed-phase monolithic cartridges coupled to LC-UV-ESI-MS. Talanta. 2006 Dec 15;70(5):1117-28.
36. Bajad S, Johri RK, Singh K, Singh J, Bedi KL. Simple high-performance liquid chromatography method for the simultaneous determination of ketoconazole and piperine in rat plasma and hepatocyte culture. Journal of Chromatography A. 2002 Mar 8;949(1-2):43-7.
37. Hamdy DA, Brocks DR. High performance liquid chromatographic assay for the simultaneous determination of midazolam and ketoconazole in plasma. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis. 2010 Nov 2;53(3):617-22.
38. Solich P, Hajkova R, Pospíšilová M, Šícha J. Determination of methylparaben, propylparaben, clotrimazole and its degradation products in topical cream by RP-HPLC. Chromatographia. 2002 Jan;56:S181-4.
39. Vertzoni MV, Reppas C, Archontaki HA. Optimization and validation of a high-performance liquid chromatographic method with UV detection for the determination of ketoconazole in canine plasma. Journal of Chromatography B. 2006 Jul 24;839(1-2):62-7.
40. Dashtian K, Zare-Dorabei R. Preparation and characterization of a novel optical chemical sensor for determination of trace amounts of Praseodymium ion by UV/Vis spectrophotometry. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical. 2017 Apr 1;242:586-94.
41. Kawamura K, Yasuda T, Hatanaka T, Hamahiga K, Matsuda N, Ueshima M, Nakai K. In situ UV–VIS spectrophotometry within the second time scale as a research tool for solid-state catalyst and liquid-phase reactions at high temperatures: Its application to the formation of HMF from glucose and cellulose. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2017 Jan 1;307:1066-75.
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Nov 10, 2022
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Nadeem Kizilbash. (2022). DETECTION AND QUANTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION CAUSED BY STATIN AND ANTIFUNGAL DRUGS. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 29(04), 4912-4918. https://doi.org/10.53555/zn1ek330
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Author Biography
Nadeem Kizilbash
Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Northern Border University, Arar-91431, Saudi Arabia
How to Cite
Nadeem Kizilbash. (2022). DETECTION AND QUANTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION CAUSED BY STATIN AND ANTIFUNGAL DRUGS. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 29(04), 4912-4918. https://doi.org/10.53555/zn1ek330