Prevalence and risk factors of early childhood caries in the middle east region: A Systematic Review Prevalence and risk factors of early childhood caries
Main Article Content
Keywords
children, infants, preschool child, dental caries, prevalence, risk factor
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this systematic review was to assess the prevalence and risk factors of early childhood caries (ECC) in the middle east region in 0-6 years of age group. Methods: A systematic literature search was performed in three major databases Web of Science, PubMed, and Cochrane database to identify the published literature on the prevalence and risk factors of ECC from January 1st, 1960 to December 31st, 2020. All preschool children of 0-6 years of age irrespective of gender and socioeconomic status from the selected geographics were included. The quality assessment of the included studies was performed using a modified version of the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) adapted for the cross-sectional studies. Results: A total of 26 full-text articles with a study population of 14,479, age group 0-6 years were included in the study. The overall ECC prevalence in the middle east region ranged from 26.50% to 99% in the 0-6 years age group. The mean decayed missing filled teeth (dmft) ranged from 0.95 to 16.9 reported in studies from Jeddah, West Province, and Al-Jouf, Northern region of Saudi Arabia. In UAE, the prevalence ranged from 41% to 83%. The evaluation of the included studies revealed a total number of 103 risk factors for early childhood caries. Low socioeconomic status, dietary habits, poor oral hygienic attitude and behaviors, and poor access and availability of dental care services were the major risk factors. Most studies found low socio-economic status, gender, age of the child, parents’ education, low maternal education, and type of school to be significant risk factors for ECC. Children attending public schools were at a greater risk of having ECC. Gender (male) was another important factor risk factor. Conclusion: ECC can be prevented by focusing on prevention programs f dental caries, developing awareness generating programs focusing on oral health education and increasing access and availability of dental care services.
References
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3. Allukian M, Horowitz AM. Oral Health. In: Social Injustice and Public Health. ; 2009. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195171853.003.0020
4. Policy on Early Childhood Caries (ECC): Classifications, consequences, and preventive strategies. Pediatric Dentistry. 2005;27(7):31-33.
5. Kumarihamy SLM, Subasinghe LD, Jayasekara P, Kularatna SM, Palipana PD. The prevalence of Early Childhood Caries in 1-2 yrs olds in a semi-urban area of Sri Lanka. BMC Research Notes. 2011;4. doi:10.1186/1756-0500-4-336
6. Elamin A, Garemo M, Gardner A. Dental caries and their association with socioeconomic characteristics, oral hygiene practices and eating habits among preschool children in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates - the NOPLAS project. BMC Oral Health. 2018;18(1). doi:10.1186/s12903-018-0557-8
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8. Sharma A, Bansal P, Grover A, Sharma S, Sharma A. Oral health status and treatment needs among primary school going children in Nagrota Bagwan block of Kangra, Himachal Pradesh. Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology. 2014;18(6):762-766. doi:10.4103/0972-124X.147421
9. Petersen PE. The World Oral Health Report 2003: Continuous improvement of oral health in the 21st century - The approach of the WHO Global Oral Health Programme. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 2003;31(SUPPL. 1):3-24. doi:10.1046/j..2003.com122.x
10. Harris R, Nicoll AD, Adair PM, Pine CM. Risk factors for dental caries in young children: A systematic review of the literature. Community Dental Health. 2004;21(1 SUPPL.):71-85. Accessed May 26, 2022. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15072476/
11. Simratvir M, Moghe GA, Thomas AM, Singh N, Chopra S. Evaluation of caries experience in 3-6-year-old children, and dental attitudes amongst the caregivers in the Ludhiana city. Journal of Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry. 2009;27(3):164-169. doi:10.4103/0970-4388.57097
12. Bhayade SS, Mittal R, Chandak S, Bhondey A. Assessment of social, demographic determinants and oral hygiene practices in relation to dental caries among the children attending Anganwadis of Hingna, Nagpur. Journal of Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry. 2016;34(2):124-127. doi:10.4103/0970-4388.180415
13. Goyal A, Gauba K, Chawla HS, Kaur M, Kapur A. Epidemiology of dental caries in Chandigarh school children and trends over the last 25 years. Journal of Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry. 2007;25(3):115-118. doi:10.4103/0970-4388.36559
14. Al-Hosani E, Rugg-Gunn A. Combination of low parental educational attainment and high parental income related to high caries experience in pre-school children in Abu Dhabi. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1998;26(1):31-36. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0528.1998.tb01921.x
15. Salem GMA, Holm SA. Dental caries in preschoolchildren in Gizan, Saudi Arabia. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1985;13(3):176-176. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0528.1985.tb00438.x
16. Al-Mohammadi SM, Rugg-Gunn AJ, Butler TJ. Caries prevalence in boys aged 2, 4 and 6 years according to socio-economic status in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1997;25(2):184-186. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0528.1997.tb00920.x
17. Paul T, Maktabi A. Caries experience of 5-year-old children in Alkharj, Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry. 1997;7(1):43-44. doi:10.1111/j.1365-263x.1997.tb00274.x
18. Al-Banyan RA, Echeverri EA, Narendran S, Keene HJ. Oral health survey of 5-12-year-old children of National Guard employees in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry. 2000;10(1):39-45. doi:10.1046/j.1365-263x.2000.00166.x
19. Al-Malik M, Holt RD. The prevalence of caries and of tooth tissue loss in a group of children living in a social welfare institute in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. International Dental Journal. 2000;50(5):289-292. doi:10.1111/j.1875-595x.2000.tb00568.x
20. Caries experience in Grade 1 and 6 children attending elementary school at King Abdulaziz Military City, Tabuk Saudi Arabia – ScienceOpen. Accessed May 26, 2022. https://www.scienceopen.com/document?vid=a4e5e1c4-4c53-438b-b464-6ded5800c6f9
21. Al-Malik MI, Holt RD, Bedi R. The relationship between erosion, caries and rampant caries and dietary habits in preschool children in Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry. 2001;11(6):430-439. doi:10.1046/j.0960-7439.2001.00308.x
22. Wyne A, Darwish S, Adenubi J, Battata S, Khan N. The prevalence and pattern of nursing caries in Saudi preschool children. International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry. 2001;11(5):361-364. doi:10.1046/j.0960-7439.2001.00291.x
23. Al-Malik MI, Holt RD, Bedi R. Erosion, caries and rampant caries in preschool children in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 2002;30(1):16-23. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0528.2002.300103.x
24. Wyne AH. Caries prevalence, severity, and pattern in preschool children. Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice. 2008;9(3):024-031. doi:10.5005/jcdp-9-3-24
25. Al-Malik MI, Holt RD, Bedi R. Prevalence and patterns of caries, rampant caries, and oral health in two- to five-year-old children in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Dentistry for Children. 2003;70(3):235-242. Accessed May 26, 2022. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Prevalence-and-patterns-of-caries%2C-rampant-caries%2C-Al-Malik-Holt/045d356c864c7a8247fdec9a091cecaeac394ee8
26. Paul TR. Dental health status and caries pattern of preschool children in Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia. Saudi Medical Journal. 2003;24(12):1347-1351. Accessed May 26, 2022. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14710282/
27. Sabbah WA, Stewart BL. Prevalence and determinants of caries among 1-5 year-old Saudi children in Tabuk , Saudi Arabia. Saudi Dental Journal. 2003;15(3):131-135. Accessed May 26, 2022. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235654721_Prevalence_and_Determinants_of_Caries_among_1-5_year-old_Saudi_Children_in_Tabuk_Saudi_Arabia
28. Farsi N, Merdad L, Mirdad S. Caries risk assessment in preschool children in Saudi Arabia. Oral health & preventive dentistry. 2013;11(3):271-280. doi:10.3290/J.OHPD.A30479
29. Al-Meedani LA, Al-Dlaigan YH. Prevalence of dental caries and associated social risk factors among preschool children in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences. 2016;32(2):452-456. doi:10.12669/pjms.322.9439
30. Gudipaneni RK. Pattern and severity of early childhood caries among preschool children in Northern Region, Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study. Pesquisa Brasileira em Odontopediatria e Clinica Integrada. 2019;19(1). doi:10.4034/PBOCI.2019.191.35
31. Murtomaa H, Za’abi F Al, Morris RE, Metsäniitty M. Caries experience in a selected group of children in Kuwait. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. 1995;53(6):389-391. doi:10.3109/00016359509006006
32. Al-Mutawa SA, Shyama M, Al-Duwairi Y, Soparkar P. Dental caries experience of Kuwaiti kindergarten schoolchildren. Community Dental Health. 2010;27(4):213-217. doi:10.1922/CDH_ 2520-Shyama05
33. Alkhtib A, Ghanim A, Temple-Smith M, Messer LB, Pirotta M, Morgan M. Prevalence of early childhood caries and enamel defects in four and five-year old Qatari preschool children. BMC Oral Health. 2016;16(1). doi:10.1186/s12903-016-0267-z
34. Hashim R, Thomson WM, Ayers KMS, Lewsey JD, Awad M. Dental caries experience and use of dental services among preschool children in Ajman, UAE. International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry. 2006;16(4):257-262. doi:10.1111/j.1365-263X.2006.00746.x
35. Hashim R, Williams SM, Murray Thomson W. Diet and caries experience among preschool children in Ajman, United Arab Emirates. European Journal of Oral Sciences. 2009;117(6):734-740. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0722.2009.00688.x
36. Hashim R, Williams SM, Thomson WM, Awad MA. Caries prevalence and intra-oral pattern among young children in Ajman. Community Dental Health. 2010;27(2):109-113. doi:10.1922/CDH_2428HASHIM05
37. Kowash MB, Alkhabuli JO, Dafaalla SA, Shah A, Khamis AH. Early childhood caries and associated risk factors among preschool children in Ras Al-Khaimah, United Arab Emirates. European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry. 2017;18(2):97-103. doi:10.1007/s40368-017-0278-8
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Aug 24, 2022
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Kotha, S. B. (2022). Prevalence and risk factors of early childhood caries in the middle east region: A Systematic Review: Prevalence and risk factors of early childhood caries . Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 29(03). https://doi.org/10.47750/jptcp.2022.937
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