EXTRACTION OF HUMIC SUBSTANCES FROM PAKISTANI PRETREATED LIGNITE AND THEIR APPLICATIONS AS NUTRIENTS, ZN/MG FERRITE NANOCOMPOSITE AND PGPB FORTIFIED HUMIC SUBSTANCES ON WHEAT (TRITICUM AESTIVUM L.) AND RICE (ORYZA SATIVA L.) CROPS
Main Article Content
Keywords
Humic substances, Humic acid, Fulvic acid, Zn/ Mg Ferrite nano-composite, Micro and Macronutrients, PGPB, Rice crop, Wheat crop, Vitamins, HPLC, Aflatoxins
Abstract
Traditional agriculture is the largest sector in the world that produces food.
Yet, these agroecosystems are often and closely associated with rural poverty, reflecting the periphery countries' dual emphasis on subsistence farming and commodity production.
Consequently, increasing the yield of subsistence crops with socially adapted technology may be a reliable and advantageous strategy. The application of fertilizer treatments was applied in two ways half applied by flood and other half through foliar spray on rice and wheat crops in field experiment. Results were shown positive response to all the treatments because pure humic substances were used as control and saw their effect on crops alternatively micro and macronutrients fortified HS, Zn/Mg Ferrite fortified HS, PGPB fortified HS and mixture of PGPB, Nutrients, and Zn/Mg Ferrite fortified HS. Out of all treatments, the treatment no.5 was shown the best positive response on both rice and wheat crops such as it was proved more effective for greater yield, greater protein and fat contents, greater nutrients amount and showed greater content of multivitamins in samples rather than other treatments and the trend was drawn for treatment as follows; T5 (Macro + Micro Nut + PGPB + ZnMg Ferrite + HS) > T4 (PGPB + HS) > T3 (ZnMg Ferrite + HS) > T2 (Macro + Micro Nut + HS) > T1 (HS = Control). The instrumental characterization was performed such as, FTIF for functional groups detection, HPLC for multivitamins and bioactive compounds diction, Flame Photometer and Atomic absorptions spectrophotometer for minerals detection, and grain analyser for moisture content, protein, fat detection and Aflatest Fluorometer for aflatoxin detection in samples in which the rice sample showed 5.6 ppb quantity of aflatoxins that range fall within acceptable range as below from 20 ppb and wheat sample showed 7.9 ppb quantity of aflatoxins that range fall within acceptable range as below from 20 ppb. All results were analyzed statistically using software statistix 8.1.
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2. Akimbekov, N.S., Digel, I., Tastambek, K.T., Sherelkhan, D.K., Jussupova, D.B. and Altynbay, N.P., 2021. Low-rank coal as a source of humic substances for soil amendment and fertility management. Agriculture, 11(12), p.1261.
3. Al-Hayani, A.S. and Sallume, M.O., 2023, August. Effect of Humic Acid and the Level of Nano and Conventional Nitrogen on the Available and Absorbed Nitrogen Element and the Potato Yield. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 1225, No. 1, p. 012002). IOP Publishing.
4. Al-Saif, A.M., Sas-Paszt, L., Awad, R.M. and Mosa, W.F., 2023. Apricot (Prunus armeniaca) Performance under Foliar Application of Humic Acid, Brassinosteroids, and Seaweed Extract. Horticulturae, 9(4), p.519.
5. Awais, M., Tariq, M., Ali, Q., Khan, A., Ali, A., Nasir, I.A. and Husnain, T., 2019. Isolation, characterization and association among phosphate solubilizing bacteria from sugarcane rhizosphere. Cytology and Genetics, 53, pp.86-95.
6. Balasjin, N.M., Maki, J.S., Schläppi, M.R. and Marshall, C.W., 2022. Plant growth-promoting activity of bacteria isolated from Asian rice (Oryza sativa L.) depends on rice genotype. Microbiology Spectrum, 10(4).
7. Banerjee, P. and Prasad, B., 2020. Determination of concentration of total sodium and potassium in surface and ground water using a flame photometer. Applied Water Science, 10(5), pp.1-7.
8. Canellas, L.P., Canellas, N.O., da Silva, R.M., Spaccini, R., Mota, G.P. and Olivares, F.L., 2022. Biostimulants using humic substances and plant-growth-promoting bacteria: Effects on cassava (Manihot esculentus) and okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) yield. Agronomy, 13(1), p.80.
9. Chroho, M., Aazza, M., Bouymajane, A., Majdoub, Y.O.E., Cacciola, F., Mondello, L., Zair, T. and Bouissane, L., 2022. HPLC-PDA/ESI-MS Analysis of Phenolic Compounds and Bioactivities of the Ethanolic Extract from Flowers of Moroccan Anacyclus clavatus. Plants, 11(24), p.3423.
10. Debska, B., Banach-Szott, M., Dziamski, A. and Gonet, S.S., 2010. Chromatographic characteristics (HPLC, HPSEC) of humic acids of soil fertilised with various organic fertilisers. Chemistry and Ecology, 26(S2), pp.49-57.
11. Din, M., Nelofer, R., Salman, M., Khan, F.H., Khan, A., Ahmad, M., Jalil, F., Din, J.U. and Khan, M., 2019. Production of nitrogen fixing Azotobacter (SR-4) and phosphorus solubilizing Aspergillus niger and their evaluation on Lagenaria siceraria and Abelmoschus esculentus. Biotechnology Reports, 22, p.e00323.
12. Dhayal, P., Age, A.B., Jadhao, S.D. and Magdum, A.A., 2023. Effect of enriched compost and humic acid on quality and nutrient status of soil after harvest of Safed Musli under inceptisols.
13. Downey, G. and Byrne, S., 1983. Determination of protein and moisture in ground wheat by near infra-red reflectance spectroscopy. Irish Journal of Food Science and Technology, pp.135-146.
14. Eshwar, M., M. Saliartha, K. B. Rekha and S. H. K. Sharma. 2017. Characterization of humic substances by functional groups and spectroscopic methods. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences. 6(10): 1768-1774
15. Fatharani, R. and Rahayu, Y.S., 2018, November. Isolation and characterization of potassium-solubilizing bacteria from paddy rhizosphere (Oryza sativa L.). In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1108, No. 1, p. 012105). IOP Publishing.
16. Feng, X., Xiao, R., Condé, S.M., Dong, C., Xun, Y., Guo, D., Liu, H., Liu, K. and Liang, M., 2024. Preparation of Humic Acid from Weathered Coal by Mechanical Energy Activation and Its Properties. Minerals, 14(7), p.648.
17. Ghani, M.J., Akhtar, K., Khaliq, S., Akhtar, N. and Ghauri, M.A., 2021. Characterization of humic acids produced from fungal liquefaction of low-grade Thar coal. Process Biochemistry, 107, pp.1-12.
18. Hansima, M.A.C.K., Jayaweera, A.T., Ketharani, J., Ritigala, T., Zheng, L., Samarajeewa, D.R., Nanayakkara, K.G.N., Herath, A.C., Makehelwala, M., Jinadasa, K.B.S.N. and Weragoda, S.K., 2022. Characterization of humic substances isolated from a tropical zone and their role in membrane fouling. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 10(3), p.107456.
19. Hasnain, M., Munir, N., Abideen, Z., Zulfiqar, F., Koyro, H.W., El-Naggar, A., Caçador, I., Duarte, B., Rinklebe, J. and Yong, J.W.H., 2023. Biochar-plant interaction and detoxification strategies under abiotic stresses for achieving agricultural resilience: A critical review. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 249, p.114408.
20. Hilliard, J.H. and Daynard, T.B., 1976. Measurement of Protein and Oil in Grains and Soybeans with Reflected Near–Infrared Light. Canadian Institute of Food Science and Technology Journal, 9(1), pp.11-14.
21. Ichwan, B., Eliyanti, E., Irianto, I. and Zulkarnain, Z., 2022. Combining humic acid with NPK fertilizer improved growth and yield of chili pepper in dry season. Advances in Horticultural Science, 36(4), pp.275-281
22. Jarukas, L., Ivanauskas, L., Kasparaviciene, G., Baranauskaite, J., Marksa, M. and Bernatoniene, J., 2021. Determination of organic compounds, fulvic acid, humic acid, and humin in peat and sapropel alkaline extracts. Molecules, 26(10), p.2995.
23. Korani, M., Ilkaee, M.N. and Paknejad, F., 2023. Foliar application of humic acid and iron and zinc nano chelates alleviate the salinity damage on chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) in hydroponic culture. Journal of Organic Farming of Medicinal Plants, 2(1), pp.1-8.
24. Kousar, M.U., Yaseen, M., Yousouf, M., Malik, M.A., Mushtaq, A., Mukhtar, T., Javaid, R., Aijaz, A., Jabeen, A. and Amin, T., 2024. Aflatoxins in cereal based products-an overview of occurrence, detection and health implication. Toxicon, p.108148.
25. Kumar, P., Gupta, A., Mahato, D.K., Pandhi, S., Pandey, A.K., Kargwal, R., Mishra, S., Suhag, R., Sharma, N., Saurabh, V. and Paul, V., 2022. Aflatoxins in cereals and cereal-based products: Occurrence, toxicity, impact on human health, and their detoxification and management strategies. Toxins, 14(10), p.687.
26. Lengrand, S., Dubois, B., Pesenti, L., Debode, F. and Legrève, A., 2024. Humic substances increase tomato tolerance to osmotic stress while modulating vertically transmitted endophytic bacterial communities. Frontiers in Plant Science, 15, p.1488671.
27. Li, S., Tan, J., Wang, Y., Li, P., Hu, D., Shi, Q., Yue, Y., Li, F. and Han, Y., 2022. Extraction optimization and quality evaluation of humic acids from lignite using the cell-free filtrate of Penicillium ortum MJ51. RSC advances, 12(1), pp.528-539.
28. López-Martínez, V.G., Guerrero-Álvarez, J.A., Ronderos-Lara, J.G., Murillo-Tovar, M.A., Solá-Pérez, J.E., León-Rivera, I. and Saldarriaga-Noreña, H., 2021. Spectral characteristics related to chemical substructures and structures indicative of organic precursors from fulvic acids in sediments by NMR and HPLC-ESI-MS. Molecules, 26(13), p.4051.
29. Lu, Z.H., Tian, Q., Zhou, D.D., Chen, M., Cao, Y.W., Zhuang, L.Y., Liu, X., Yang, Z.H. and Senosy, I.A., 2022. Magnetic MXene based metal organic frameworks composites: synthesis, characterization and application. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 10(3), p.108037.
30. Ma, Y., Freitas, H. and Dias, M.C., 2022. Strategies and prospects for biostimulants to alleviate abiotic stress in plants. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13, p.1024243.
31. Ndaba, B., Roopnarain, A., Haripriya, R.A.M.A. and Maaza, M., 2022. Biosynthesized metallic nanoparticles as fertilizers: An emerging precision agriculture strategy. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 21(5), pp.1225-1242.
32. Nikoogoftar-Sedghi, M., Rabiei, V., Razavi, F., Molaei, S. and Khadivi, A., 2024. Fulvic acid foliar application: a novel approach enhancing antioxidant capacity and nutritional quality of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.). BMC Plant Biology, 24(1), p.241
33. Olawale, J.T., Edeki, O.G. and Cowan, A.K., 2020. Bacterial degradation of coal discard and geologically weathered coal. International Journal of Coal Science & Technology, 7(2), pp.405-416.
34. Panhwar, Q.A., Othman, R., Rahman, Z.A., Meon, S. and Ismail, M.R., 2012. Isolation and characterization of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria from aerobic rice. African Journal of Biotechnology, 11(11), pp.2711-2719.
35. Rasouli, F., Nasiri, Y., Asadi, M., Hassanpouraghdam, M.B., Golestaneh, S. and Pirsarandib, Y., 2022. Fertilizer type and humic acid improve the growth responses, nutrient uptake, and essential oil content on Coriandrum sativum L. Scientific Reports, 12(1), p.7437.
36. Reed, L. and Glick, B.R., 2023. The recent use of plant-growth-promoting bacteria to promote the growth of agricultural food crops. Agriculture, 13(5), p.1089.
37. Sable, P., Thabet, N., Yaseen, J. and Dharne, G., 2022. Effects on structural morphological and optical properties pure and cuo/zno nanocomposite. Trends in Sciences, 19(24), pp.3092-3092.
38. Saikia, B.K., Boruah, R.K. and Gogoi, P.K., 2007. FT-IR and XRD analysis of coal from Makum coalfield of Assam. Journal of Earth System Science, 116, pp.575-579.
39. Sharif, A., Mustaqeem, M., Saleh, T.A., ur Rehman, A., Ahmad, M. and Warsi, M.F., 2022. Synthesis, structural and dielectric properties of Mg/Zn ferrites-PVA nanocomposites. Materials Science and Engineering: B, 280, p.115689.
40. Silveira, C.M.M., Della Lucia, C.M., Pirozi, M.R., Montini, T.A. and Pinheiro-Sant’Ana, H.M., 2016. Methods for analysis of thiamin and folic acid by HPLC—DAD in fortified rice pure and mixed to milled rice before and after different cooking techniques. Acta Chromatographica, 28(4), pp.455-472.
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Aug 30, 2024
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How to Cite
Tanzila Aslam, Zill-i- Huma Nazli, Farhat Jubeen, & Faiza Nazir. (2024). EXTRACTION OF HUMIC SUBSTANCES FROM PAKISTANI PRETREATED LIGNITE AND THEIR APPLICATIONS AS NUTRIENTS, ZN/MG FERRITE NANOCOMPOSITE AND PGPB FORTIFIED HUMIC SUBSTANCES ON WHEAT (TRITICUM AESTIVUM L.) AND RICE (ORYZA SATIVA L.) CROPS. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(8), 3379-3397. https://doi.org/10.53555/k9wwsa28
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Author Biographies
Tanzila Aslam
PhD Scholar, Department of Chemistry, Government College Women University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Zill-i- Huma Nazli
Professor, Department of Chemistry, Government College Women University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Farhat Jubeen
Assistant Professor, Department of Chemistry, Government College Women University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Faiza Nazir
Assistant Professor, Department of Chemistry, Government College Women University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
How to Cite
Tanzila Aslam, Zill-i- Huma Nazli, Farhat Jubeen, & Faiza Nazir. (2024). EXTRACTION OF HUMIC SUBSTANCES FROM PAKISTANI PRETREATED LIGNITE AND THEIR APPLICATIONS AS NUTRIENTS, ZN/MG FERRITE NANOCOMPOSITE AND PGPB FORTIFIED HUMIC SUBSTANCES ON WHEAT (TRITICUM AESTIVUM L.) AND RICE (ORYZA SATIVA L.) CROPS. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(8), 3379-3397. https://doi.org/10.53555/k9wwsa28