OBESITY AN EMERGING PUBLIC HEALTH ISSUE: BURDENAND RISK FACTORS OF OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITYAMONG WOMEN IN LAHORE, PAKISTAN.
Main Article Content
Keywords
Women, reproductive age, Obesity, Prevelance, Overwieght
Abstract
Background
In contemporary days, obesity is a common medical issue impacting equally children as well as adults in both genders. Previously, Obesity was considered a medical problem in developed countries however these countries have also suffered badly because of low socioeconomic scenarios in the last two decades. The study examined the prevalence and determinants of overweight and obesity among women of reproductive age in Lahore, Pakistan.
Methods
This study was based on the National Nutritional Survey (NNS) 2018 of Pakistan. Qualitative and quantitative research methods were utilized for data collection in this survey. A total sample of 1,805 nonpregnant women of reproductive age (WRA) from Lahore was analyzed using univariate analysis and multiple logistic regression model.
Results
The prevalence of overweight and obesity among reproductive-aged women of Lahore was found nearly 50% with a comparatively higher portion of overweight women 28.1% than the women with obesity nearly 21.4%. Factors such as wealth quintile, marital status, age, and occupational status were found to be significantly associated with the risk of developing overweight and obesity. Prevalence of overweight and obesity was noted as high among women in the older age group (45-49 years), having primary level education, housewives and married with over five pregnancies and deliveries.
Conclusion
A high prevalence of overweight and obesity was found among women of reproductive age in Lahore as compared to the prevalence rate at the national level. Targetted efforts and strategies are required to address this significant public health issue to reduce the risk of NCDs among women of reproductive age.
References
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25. Asfaw HA, Gebrehiwot EM, Shiferaw S. Effect of shiftwork on hypertension among factory workers in Ethiopia. American Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. 2015;3(4):142-8.
26. Wu Y, Huxley R, Li M, Ma J. The growing burden of overweight and obesity in contemporary China. CVD Prevention and Control. 2009;4(1):19-26.
27. Neuman M, Finlay JE, Davey Smith G, Subramanian SV. The poor stay thinner: stable socioeconomic gradients in BMI among women in lower- and middle-income countries. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2011;94(5):1348-57. DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.111.018127.
28. Birhane T, et al. Urban food insecurity in the context of high food prices: a community-based cross-sectional study in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. BMC Public Health. 2014; 14:680.
29. Abdhalah KZ, Jean CF, Rhoune O. Overweight and obesity in urban Africa: A problem of the rich or the poor? BMC Public Health. 2009; 9:465.
30. Roskam AJR, Kunst AE, Van Oyen H, Demarest S, Klumbiene J, Regidor E, Helmert U, Jusot F, Dzurova D, Mackenbach JP. A comparative appraisal of educational inequalities in overweight and obesity among adults in 19 European countries. International Journal of Epidemiology. 2010;39(2):392-404.
31. McLaren L. Socioeconomic status and obesity. Epidemiologic Reviews. 2007; 29:29-48.
32. Bhurosy T, Jeewon R. Overweight and obesity epidemic in developing countries: a problem with diet, physical activity, or socioeconomic status? The Scientific World Journal. 2014;2014(1):964236.
33. Lear SA, Teo K, Gasevic D, Zhang X, Poirier PP, Rangarajan S, Seron P, Kelishadi R, Tamil AM, Kruger A, Iqbal R. The association between ownership of common household devices and obesity and diabetes in high-, middle- and low-income countries. Cmaj. 2014 Mar 4;186(4):258-66.
34. Sartorius B, Veerman LJ, Manyema M, Chola L, Hofman K. Determinants of obesity and associated population attributability, South Africa: Empirical evidence from a national panel survey, 2008-2012. PLoS One. 2015 Jun 10;10(6): e0130218.
35. Yibeltal T, Charles T, Uriyoan C. The rising overweight-obesity and its socio-demographic correlates in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2000-2011.
36. Bhavadharini B, Anjana RM, Deepa M, Jayashree G, Nrutya S, Shobana M, Malanda B, Kayal A, Belton A, Joseph K, Rekha K. Gestational weight gain and pregnancy outcomes in relation to body mass index in Asian Indian women. Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2017 Jul 1;21(4):588-93.
37. Vorster HH, Venter CS, Wissing MP, Margetts BM. The nutrition and health transition in the Northwest Province of South Africa: a review of the THUSA (Transition and Health during Urbanisation of South Africans) study. Public health nutrition. 2005 Aug;8(5):480-90.
38. Ersoy C, Imamoglu S. Comparison of the obesity risk and related factors in employed and unemployed (housewife) premenopausal urban women. Diabetes research and clinical practice. 2006 May 1;72(2):190-6.
39. Navadeh S, Sajadi L, Mirzazadeh A, Asgari F, Haghazali M. Housewives’ obesity determinant factors in Iran; national survey-stepwise approach to surveillance. Iranian journal of public health. 2011;40(2):87.
40. Mukora-Mutseyekwa F, Zeeb H, Nengomasha L, Kofi Adjei N. Trends in prevalence and related risk factors of overweight and obesity among women of reproductive age in Zimbabwe, 2005–2015. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019 Aug;16(15):2758.
41. Balarajan Y, Villamor E. Nationally representative surveys show recent increases in the prevalence of overweight and obesity among women of reproductive age in Bangladesh, Nepal, and India. The journal of nutrition. 2009 Nov 1;139(11):2139-44.
2. GBD 2017 Collaborators. Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Seattle, United States: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation; 2018.
3. Kahan LG, Mehrzad R. Environmental factors related to the obesity epidemic. In: Obesity. Elsevier; 2020:117-139.
4. Ng M, Fleming T, Thomson B, et al. Global, regional and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults 1980-2013: A systematic analysis. Lancet. 2014;384(9945):766-781. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60460-8.
5. Sodjinou R, Agueh V, Fayomi B. Obesity and cardio-metabolic risk factors in urban adults of Benin: relationship with socio-economic status, urbanization, and lifestyle patterns. BMC Public Health. 2008; 8:84. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-8-84.
6. GBD 2015 Obesity Collaborators. Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 (GBD 2015) Obesity and Overweight Prevalence 1980-2015. Seattle, United States: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation; 2017.
7. GBD 2015 Obesity Collaborators. Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 (GBD 2015) Obesity and Overweight Prevalence 1980-2015. Metabolism. 2018; 92:6-10. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.09.005. Epub 2018 Sep 22.
8. Ng M, Fleming T, Robinson M, Thomson B, Graetz N, Margono C, Mullany EC, Biryukov S, Abbafati C, Abera SF, Abraham JP. Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet. 2014;384(9945):766-81. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60460-8.
9. Lovejoy JC. The influence of sex hormones on obesity across the female life span. J Women's Health. 1998;7(10):1247-1256.
10. Kanter R, Caballero B. Global gender disparities in obesity: a review. Adv Nutr. 2012;3(4):491-498. doi: 10.3945/an112.002063.
11. Guthold R, Stevens GA, Riley LM, Bull FC. Worldwide trends in insufficient physical activity from 2001 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 358 population-based surveys with 1·9 million participants. Lancet Glob Health. 2018;6(10): e1077-e1086. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X (18)30357-7.
12. Cresswell JA, Campbell OM, De Silva MJ, Filippi V. Effect of maternal obesity on neonatal death in sub-Saharan Africa: multivariable analysis of 27 national datasets. Lancet. 2012;380(9842):1325-1330. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60867-6.
13. Deshmukh VL, Jadhav M, Yelikar K. Impact of high BMI on pregnancy: maternal and fetal outcome. J Obstet Gynaecol India. 2016;66(2):192-197.
14. Patel A, Prakash AA, Das PK, Gupta S, Pusdekar YV, Hibberd PL. Maternal anemia and underweight as determinants of pregnancy outcomes: a cohort study in eastern rural Maharashtra, India. BMJ Open. 2018;8(7): e021623. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-021623.
15. Bhavadharini B, Anjana RM, Deepa M, Jayashree G, Nrutya S, Shobana M, et al. Gestational weight gain and pregnancy outcomes in relation to body mass index in Asian Indian women. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2017;21(4):588-593.
16. World Health Organization. Noncommunicable Diseases Country Profiles 2019. Geneva: WHO; 2020. (link unavailable) (accessed June 01, 2024).
17. Tanzil S, Jamali T. Obesity, An Emerging Epidemic in Pakistan-A Review of evidence. Research Gate. 2016:3.
18. National Institute of Health, Pakistan. National Nutritional Survey 2018: Women of Reproductive Age (15-49 years). Islamabad: NIH; 2018
19. Asif M, Aslam M, Altaf S, Atif S, Majid A. Prevalence and sociodemographic factors of overweight and obesity among Pakistani adults. Journal of obesity & metabolic syndrome. 2020 Mar 3;29(1):58.
20. Shah SM, Nanan D, Rahbar MH, Rahim M, Nowshad G. Assessing obesity and overweight in a high mountain Pakistani population. Tropical Medicine and International Health. 2004;9(4):526-532.
21. Zheng L, Deng F, Wang H, Yang B, Qu M, Yang P. Prevalence and Influencing Factors of Overweight and Obesity among Adult Residents of Western China: A Cross‐Sectional Study. International Journal of Chronic Diseases. 2021;2021(1):9919443.
22. Al Kibria GM, Swasey K, Hasan MZ, Sharmeen A, Day B. Prevalence and factors associated with underweight, overweight and obesity among women of reproductive age in India. Global health research and policy. 2019 Dec; 4:1-2.
23. Abrha S, Shiferaw S, Ahmed KY. Overweight and obesity and its sociodemographic correlates among urban Ethiopian women: evidence from the 2011 EDHS. BMC Public Health. 2016 Jul 12; 16:636. DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3315-3.
24. Uthman OA. Patterns, distribution, and determinants of under- and overnutrition among women in Nigeria: A population-based analysis. Journal of Public Health. 2009;17(3):289-299.
25. Asfaw HA, Gebrehiwot EM, Shiferaw S. Effect of shiftwork on hypertension among factory workers in Ethiopia. American Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. 2015;3(4):142-8.
26. Wu Y, Huxley R, Li M, Ma J. The growing burden of overweight and obesity in contemporary China. CVD Prevention and Control. 2009;4(1):19-26.
27. Neuman M, Finlay JE, Davey Smith G, Subramanian SV. The poor stay thinner: stable socioeconomic gradients in BMI among women in lower- and middle-income countries. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2011;94(5):1348-57. DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.111.018127.
28. Birhane T, et al. Urban food insecurity in the context of high food prices: a community-based cross-sectional study in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. BMC Public Health. 2014; 14:680.
29. Abdhalah KZ, Jean CF, Rhoune O. Overweight and obesity in urban Africa: A problem of the rich or the poor? BMC Public Health. 2009; 9:465.
30. Roskam AJR, Kunst AE, Van Oyen H, Demarest S, Klumbiene J, Regidor E, Helmert U, Jusot F, Dzurova D, Mackenbach JP. A comparative appraisal of educational inequalities in overweight and obesity among adults in 19 European countries. International Journal of Epidemiology. 2010;39(2):392-404.
31. McLaren L. Socioeconomic status and obesity. Epidemiologic Reviews. 2007; 29:29-48.
32. Bhurosy T, Jeewon R. Overweight and obesity epidemic in developing countries: a problem with diet, physical activity, or socioeconomic status? The Scientific World Journal. 2014;2014(1):964236.
33. Lear SA, Teo K, Gasevic D, Zhang X, Poirier PP, Rangarajan S, Seron P, Kelishadi R, Tamil AM, Kruger A, Iqbal R. The association between ownership of common household devices and obesity and diabetes in high-, middle- and low-income countries. Cmaj. 2014 Mar 4;186(4):258-66.
34. Sartorius B, Veerman LJ, Manyema M, Chola L, Hofman K. Determinants of obesity and associated population attributability, South Africa: Empirical evidence from a national panel survey, 2008-2012. PLoS One. 2015 Jun 10;10(6): e0130218.
35. Yibeltal T, Charles T, Uriyoan C. The rising overweight-obesity and its socio-demographic correlates in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2000-2011.
36. Bhavadharini B, Anjana RM, Deepa M, Jayashree G, Nrutya S, Shobana M, Malanda B, Kayal A, Belton A, Joseph K, Rekha K. Gestational weight gain and pregnancy outcomes in relation to body mass index in Asian Indian women. Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2017 Jul 1;21(4):588-93.
37. Vorster HH, Venter CS, Wissing MP, Margetts BM. The nutrition and health transition in the Northwest Province of South Africa: a review of the THUSA (Transition and Health during Urbanisation of South Africans) study. Public health nutrition. 2005 Aug;8(5):480-90.
38. Ersoy C, Imamoglu S. Comparison of the obesity risk and related factors in employed and unemployed (housewife) premenopausal urban women. Diabetes research and clinical practice. 2006 May 1;72(2):190-6.
39. Navadeh S, Sajadi L, Mirzazadeh A, Asgari F, Haghazali M. Housewives’ obesity determinant factors in Iran; national survey-stepwise approach to surveillance. Iranian journal of public health. 2011;40(2):87.
40. Mukora-Mutseyekwa F, Zeeb H, Nengomasha L, Kofi Adjei N. Trends in prevalence and related risk factors of overweight and obesity among women of reproductive age in Zimbabwe, 2005–2015. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019 Aug;16(15):2758.
41. Balarajan Y, Villamor E. Nationally representative surveys show recent increases in the prevalence of overweight and obesity among women of reproductive age in Bangladesh, Nepal, and India. The journal of nutrition. 2009 Nov 1;139(11):2139-44.
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Sep 30, 2024
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Hafiza Aisha Sadiqa, & Nauman Ali Chaudhary. (2024). OBESITY AN EMERGING PUBLIC HEALTH ISSUE: BURDENAND RISK FACTORS OF OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITYAMONG WOMEN IN LAHORE, PAKISTAN. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(9), 2303-2316. https://doi.org/10.53555/q5dvp861
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Author Biographies
Hafiza Aisha Sadiqa
PhD Scholar (Public Health) Institute of Social and Cultural Studies (ISCS) University of the Punjab, Lahore Pakistan
Nauman Ali Chaudhary
PhD Scholar (Public Health) Institute of Social and Cultural Studies (ISCS) University of the Punjab, Lahore Pakistan
How to Cite
Hafiza Aisha Sadiqa, & Nauman Ali Chaudhary. (2024). OBESITY AN EMERGING PUBLIC HEALTH ISSUE: BURDENAND RISK FACTORS OF OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITYAMONG WOMEN IN LAHORE, PAKISTAN. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(9), 2303-2316. https://doi.org/10.53555/q5dvp861