INVESTIGATE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SMOKING AND ORAL HEALTH IN ADULT PATIENTS
Main Article Content
Keywords
Smoking and oral health, Periodontal disease in smokers, Dental caries and smoking, Oral lesions in adult smokers
Abstract
Background: Smoking is widely recognized as a significant risk factor for a range of oral health issues, including periodontal disease, tooth loss, and oral cancer. Despite extensive public health campaigns highlighting the dangers of smoking, its impact on oral health continues to be a concern, particularly in adult populations where long-term tobacco use may have compounded effects.
Objective: The study aims to investigate the relationship between smoking and oral health in adult patients by examining the prevalence of oral health issues such as periodontal disease, tooth decay, and oral lesions, and determining the extent to which smoking contributes to the deterioration of oral health.
Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 500 adult patients, aged 18–65, attending a dental clinic between January and June 2024. The sample consisted of two groups: smokers (n=250, 50%) and non-smokers (n=250, 50%). Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and clinical examinations. The questionnaire covered smoking habits, oral hygiene practices, and prior dental treatments. Oral health assessments were performed by licensed dental professionals, measuring key clinical parameters. The Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMFT) index was used to evaluate dental caries, with a score range from 0–28. Probing Pocket Depth (PPD) was employed to assess periodontal health, and a thorough intraoral examination was conducted to detect oral lesions. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS software (version 26), applying chi-square tests to compare oral health outcomes between smokers and non-smokers. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results: The results showed that smokers had significantly worse oral health outcomes compared to non-smokers. Smokers exhibited a higher mean DMFT score (7.8 vs. 4.3, p=0.03) and greater periodontal involvement, with 42% of smokers showing probing pocket depths ≥4 mm, compared to 18% in non-smokers (p=0.01). Additionally, 30% of smokers presented with oral lesions, while only 12% of non-smokers showed similar findings (p=0.02). These results indicate that smoking is strongly associated with poor oral health and an increased risk of periodontal disease and oral lesions.
Conclusion: The findings suggest a strong association between smoking and poor oral health in adult patients. Smokers are at higher risk for periodontal disease, tooth decay, and oral lesions, which are exacerbated by long-term tobacco use. Effective public health interventions and targeted cessation programs are crucial to mitigate the detrimental effects of smoking on oral health. Dental professionals should prioritize smoking cessation counseling as part of comprehensive oral healthcare to improve patient outcomes.
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Dr. Abdul Aleem
BDS, MCPS, SR, Department of Community Dentistry, Karachi Medical and Dental College, PhD Scholar, Scholar Jinnah Sindh Medical University Karachi.
Dr. Samra Bokhari
BDS, FCPS, M Orth, MBA (HHCM), CHPE, Senior Registrar, National Institute of Child Health Karachi, PhD. Scholar Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi.
Dr. Sana Adeeba Islam
MSc(UK), BDS, CHPE, Associate Professor, Head of Department, Community Dentistry, Karachi Medical and Dental College, Karachi Metropolitan University.
Dr. Nabeel Khan
BDS PGD MS CHPE, Assistant Professor, Oral Biology Department, Karachi Medical and Dental College, Karachi Metropolitan University.
Dr. Munnawar ul Haque
BDS, MPH(USA), Assistant Professor, HoD Community and Preventive Dentistry, Liaquat College of Medicine and Dentistry Karachi.
Dr. Shayan Zufishan
MBBS, MPhil, Assistant Professor, Biochemistry Dept, Karachi Medical and Dental College, Karachi Metropolitan University.
Dr. Muhammad Khalil Khan
BDS, MPH, DPA, MCPS (Com), MCPS (Perio), PhD. Department of Periodontology, Director PhD Dental Sciences Program, Jinnah Sindh Medical University (SIOHS)