PHYSICAL EXERCISE AS MEDICINE IN CHRONIC DISEASES DURING CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE
Main Article Content
Keywords
Physical Activity, Physical Exercise, Exercise as a Treatment, Health, Pediatrics.
Abstract
Background: Engaging in physical activity (PA) and physical exercise (PE) enhances overall quality of life, reduces the risk of developing diseases in healthy children and adolescents, and can be used as a treatment for chronic disorders commonly found in childhood.
Objectives: This article examines the current scientific evidence and provides updated advice for professionals in children's health. It emphasizes the importance of understanding how to prescribe physical exercise and physical activity for various pediatric conditions.
Methods: A review of the current literature and scientific evidence regarding the effects of PA and PE on children's health was conducted. Recommendations from the Association of Pediatrics, via the Health Promotion Committee, were also considered.
Results: PA and PE, when used as medications, can help mitigate the adverse effects of a sedentary lifestyle and inactivity, which contribute to the development of various diseases. A substantial increase in physical activity levels should accompany efforts to reduce inactivity in children and adolescents. Integrated training programs that enhance overall neuromuscular fitness and improve physical, cognitive, and psychosocial performance are essential.
Conclusions: The Health Promotion Committee of the Association of Pediatrics suggests implementing ways to enhance the health of patients by promoting physical education (PE) and increasing physical activity (PA). Efforts to reduce inactivity and promote PA and PE are crucial in improving the overall health and well-being of children and adolescents.
References
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29. Kubek, L. A., Claus, B., Zernikow, B., & Wager, J. (2024). Comparison of actigraphy with a sleep protocol maintained by professional caregivers and questionnaire-based parental judgment in children and adolescents with life-limiting conditions. BMC Palliative Care, 23(1), 52.
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40. Sun, F., Fang, Y., Chan, C. K. M., Poon, E. T. C., Chung, L. M. Y., Or, P. P. L., . . . Cooper, S. B. (2024). Structured physical exercise interventions and children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Child: Care, Health and Development, 50(1), e13150.
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44. Zhang, J., Li, Y., Li, F., He, M., Li, J., Zhang, S., . . . Xiong, J. (2024). Association between sugar‐free beverage intake and childhood obesity among Chinese children and adolescents. Pediatric Obesity, 19(3), e13096.
45. Zhou, T., Luo, Y., Xiong, W., Meng, Z., Zhang, H., & Zhang, J. (2024). Problem-solving skills training for parents of children with chronic health conditions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatrics.
2. Bachmann, C. J., Scholle, O., Bliddal, M., Dosreis, S., Odsbu, I., Skurtveit, S., . . . Scott, S. (2024). Recognition and management of children and adolescents with conduct disorder: a real-world data study from four western countries. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 18(1), 18.
3. Barretto, J. R., Gouveia, M. A. d. C., & Alves, C. (2024). Use of dietary supplements by children and adolescents. Jornal de Pediatria, 100(suppl 1), S31-S39.
4. Bernard, M., Hoffmann, L., Richter, M., Völlm, C., Fink, A., & Dawal, B. (2024). Participation of adolescents with and without physical disabilities and chronic diseases: A comprehensive conceptualization. Child: Care, Health and Development, 50(2), e13240.
5. Bhoopathi, V., & Tripicchio, G. (2024). Childhood dental caries and obesity: Opportunities for interdisciplinary approaches to prevention. Obesity Science & Practice, 10(1), e740.
6. Biondi, G. G. (2024). The Vulnerability of Children and Adolescents in Severe Diseases: Some Reflections.
7. Black, L. I., Ghandour, R. M., Brosco, J. P., Payne, S. I., Houtrow, A., Kogan, M. D., & Bethell, C. D. (2024). An Expanded Approach to the Ascertainment of Children and Youth With Special Health Care Needs. Pediatrics, 153(6), e2023065131.
8. Chan, E. Y.-h., Lai, F. F.-y., Ma, A. L.-t., & Chan, T. M. (2024). Managing lupus nephritis in children and adolescents. Pediatric Drugs, 26(2), 145-161.
9. Chandra, J., Manglani, M., Aneja, S., Vinayan, K., Sinha, A., Mandal, P., . . . Kinjawadekar, U. (2024). The Indian Academy of Pediatrics and Directorate General of Health Services, Government of India White Paper on Transition of Care for Youth with Special Health Care Needs. Indian Pediatrics, 61(5), 475-481.
10. Codazzi, V., Frontino, G., Galimberti, L., Giustina, A., & Petrelli, A. (2024). Mechanisms and risk factors of metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents. Endocrine, 84(1), 16-28.
11. da Costa, J. D., Pastura, G. M. C., do Carmo, C. N., Spinelli, R. R., Fedeszen, P. M. K., da Cunha, L. V. S., . . . de Carvalho Padilha, P. (2024). Clinical and sociodemographic factors associated with overweight in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A cross-sectional study. PharmaNutrition, 28, 100375.
12. Dang, J., Cai, S., Zhong, P., Liu, Y., Shi, D., Chen, Z., . . . Song, Y. (2024). Associations of school physical activity environment with comorbid obesity and myopia in children and adolescents: Findings from a Chinese national follow‐up study. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 34(1), e14562.
13. Danielson, M. L., Claussen, A. H., Bitsko, R. H., Katz, S. M., Newsome, K., Blumberg, S. J., . . . Ghandour, R. (2024). ADHD Prevalence among US children and adolescents in 2022: Diagnosis, severity, co-occurring disorders, and treatment. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 1-18.
14. de Andrade Alvarenga, W., da Cruz, I. E. C., Leite, A. C. A. B., Machado, J. R., Dos Santos, L. B. P. A., de Lima, R. A. G., & Nascimento, L. C. (2024). “God gives me hope!”: Hospitalized children's perception of the influence of religion in coping with chronic illness. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 77, 13-20.
15. Delahunt, J., Oligbo, M., Hart, P., & Thompson, C. R. (2024). Providing Support for Children 5 to 21 Years in the Educational Setting Pediatric Therapy (pp. 133-148): Routledge.
16. Doenhardt, M., Hufnagel, M., Diffloth, N., Hübner, J., Mauer, R., Schneider, D. T., . . . Armann, J. (2024). Epidemiology of 7375 children and adolescents hospitalized with COVID-19 in Germany, reported via a prospective, nationwide surveillance study in 2020–2022. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 47.
17. Duan, C., Liu, L., Wang, T., Wang, G., Jiang, Z., Li, H., . . . Cao, Y. (2024). Evidence linking COVID-19 and the health/well-being of children and adolescents: an umbrella review. BMC medicine, 22(1), 116.
18. Farrow, A., Al-Jaishi, A. A., O’Donnell, S., Palmeter, S., Georgiades, S., Chen, Y.-J., . . . Edjoc, R. (2024). Functional difficulties in children and youth with autism spectrum disorder: Analysis of the 2019 Canadian health survey on children and youth. Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention in Canada: Research, Policy and Practice, 44(1), 9.
19. Flasch, E. A. (2024). Health equity and children with medical complexity/children and youth with special health care needs a scoping review. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 38(2), 210-218.
20. Fornefeld, D., Fricke, O., Schulte, A. G., & Schmidt, P. (2024). Investigation of Dental and Oral Health in Children and Adolescents with Special Support Needs from a Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Perspective. Children, 11(3), 355.
21. Fyffe, A., Orr, R., Cassimatis, M., & Browne, G. (2024). Children and exercise. Australian Journal of General Practice, 53(3).
22. Gkintoni, E., Vantaraki, F., Skoulidi, C., Anastassopoulos, P., & Vantarakis, A. (2024). Promoting physical and mental health among children and adolescents via gamification—A conceptual systematic review. Behavioral Sciences, 14(2), 102.
23. Greco, G. (2024). Special issue “Health and performance through sports at all ages 2.0” (Vol. 9, pp. 36): MDPI.
24. Hu, X., Ren, J., Wang, P., Chen, W., Shen, W., Li, Y., . . . Sang, Y. (2024). Adherence to exercise therapy among children and adolescents with Juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a scoping review. Disability and Rehabilitation, 46(8), 1502-1514.
25. Itriyeva, K. (2024). Improving Health Equity and Outcomes for Children and Adolescents: The Role of School-Based Health Centers (SBHCs). Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care, 101582.
26. Kang, E., Hong, Y. H., Kim, J., Chung, S., Kim, K.-K., Haam, J.-H., . . . Rhee, S. Y. (2024). Obesity in Children and Adolescents: 2022 Update of Clinical Practice Guidelines for Obesity by the Korean Society for the Study of Obesity. Journal of Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome, 33(1), 11.
27. Kieling, C., Buchweitz, C., Caye, A., Silvani, J., Ameis, S. H., Brunoni, A. R., . . . Merikangas, K. R. (2024). Worldwide prevalence and disability from mental disorders across childhood and adolescence: evidence from the global burden of disease study. JAMA psychiatry, 81(4), 347-356.
28. Krieger, B., Piškur, B., Beurskens, A. J., & Moser, A. (2024). Parents' perceptions: Participation patterns and desires for change for children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder—A descriptive population‐based study from Switzerland. Child: Care, Health and Development, 50(1), e13155.
29. Kubek, L. A., Claus, B., Zernikow, B., & Wager, J. (2024). Comparison of actigraphy with a sleep protocol maintained by professional caregivers and questionnaire-based parental judgment in children and adolescents with life-limiting conditions. BMC Palliative Care, 23(1), 52.
30. Lindsay, S., & Hsu, S. (2024). Emergency and disaster preparedness among children and youth with disabilities and chronic conditions, their caregivers and service providers: a scoping review. Disability and Rehabilitation, 46(7), 1239-1255.
31. Minotti, C., McKenzie, C., Dewandel, I., Bekker, C., Sturniolo, G., Doni, D., . . . Donà, D. (2024). How does post-COVID differ from other post-viral conditions in childhood and adolescence (0–20 years old)? A systematic review. Clinical medicine, 68.
32. Módolo, L. P., Uliana, L. B., Liberato, F. M. G., Arpini, L. d. S. B., Santuzzi, C. H., Melotti, R. d. C. N. C., & Paro, F. M. (2024). Adherence to chest physiotherapy, airway clearance techniques and physical exercise by children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis. Journal of Human Growth and Development, 34(1), 11-21.
33. Mohamed, N. M. E., Abd-Elmageed, F. N. M., & Ramadan, R. A. A. (2024). Sounding the alarm regarding the mental health of children and adolescents concerning parenting style. Egyptian Pediatric Association Gazette, 72(1), 45.
34. Rask, C. U., Duholm, C. S., Poulsen, C. M., Kimball, M. K., & Wright, K. D. (2024). Annual Research Review: Health anxiety in children and adolescents—developmental aspects and cross‐generational influences. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 65(4), 413-430.
35. Robinson, C. H., Hussain, J., Jeyakumar, N., Smith, G., Birken, C. S., Dart, A., . . . Karam, S. (2024). Long-term cardiovascular outcomes in children and adolescents with hypertension. JAMA Pediatrics.
36. Rustamova, R. P., & Ismailova, A. M. (2024). THE IMPACT OF PHYSICAL STRESS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF YOUTH BODY SYSTEMS. World of Scientific News in Science, 2(2), 197-204.
37. Salam, R. A., Khan, M. H., Meerza, S. S. A., Das, J. K., Lewis-Watts, L., & Bhutta, Z. A. (2024). An evidence gap map of interventions for noncommunicable diseases and risk factors among children and adolescents. Nature Medicine, 30(1), 290-301.
38. Souilla, L., Larsen, A. C., Juhl, C. B., Skou, S. T., & Bricca, A. (2024). Childhood and adolescence physical activity and multimorbidity later in life: A systematic review. Journal of Multimorbidity and Comorbidity, 14, 26335565241231403.
39. Stöcker, N., Gaser, D., Oberhoffer-Fritz, R., & Sitzberger, C. (2024). KidsTUMove—A Holistic Program for Children with Chronic Diseases, Increasing Physical Activity and Mental Health. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 13(13), 3791.
40. Sun, F., Fang, Y., Chan, C. K. M., Poon, E. T. C., Chung, L. M. Y., Or, P. P. L., . . . Cooper, S. B. (2024). Structured physical exercise interventions and children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Child: Care, Health and Development, 50(1), e13150.
41. Taheri, R., & Proctor, S. D. (2024). Effect of overweight/obesity on early puberty and related chronic disease risk factors (Vol. 15, pp. 1357819): Frontiers Media SA.
42. Watson, K. B., Carlson, S. A., Lu, H., Wooten, K. G., Pankowska, M. M., & Greenlund, K. J. (2024). Peer Reviewed: Chronic Disease Indicators: 2022–2024 Refresh and Modernization of the Web Tool. Preventing Chronic Disease, 21.
43. Xavier, W. d. S., Abreu, M. P., Nunes, M. D. R., Silva-Rodrigues, F. M., Da Silva, L. F., De Araújo, B. B. M., . . . Nascimento, L. C. (2024). The sleep patterns of children and adolescents with chronic conditions and their families: An integrative literature review. Children, 11(2), 207.
44. Zhang, J., Li, Y., Li, F., He, M., Li, J., Zhang, S., . . . Xiong, J. (2024). Association between sugar‐free beverage intake and childhood obesity among Chinese children and adolescents. Pediatric Obesity, 19(3), e13096.
45. Zhou, T., Luo, Y., Xiong, W., Meng, Z., Zhang, H., & Zhang, J. (2024). Problem-solving skills training for parents of children with chronic health conditions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatrics.
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Aug 08, 2024
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Maria Kamel, Urooj Ahmed Khan, Mohit Lakkimsetti, Quratulain Zehra Memon, Ruquia Noor, & Tariq Rafique. (2024). PHYSICAL EXERCISE AS MEDICINE IN CHRONIC DISEASES DURING CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(8), 461-473. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v31i8.7383
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Author Biographies
Maria Kamel
MD, Medical Student at School of Medicine, Columbus Central University, Belize
Urooj Ahmed Khan
Visiting Faculty Lecturer, Department of Health Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Karachi, Pakistan
Mohit Lakkimsetti
MBBS, Mamata Medical College, Khammam, India
Quratulain Zehra Memon
Woman Medical Officer, Department of Pediatrics, Lyari General Hospital Karachi, Pakistan
Ruquia Noor
Lecturer, Dow Institute of Medical Technology, Dow university of Health Sciences Respiratory and Critical Care Technology, Pakistan
Tariq Rafique
Assistant Professor Dadabhoy Institute of Higher Education, Karachi, Pakistan,
How to Cite
Maria Kamel, Urooj Ahmed Khan, Mohit Lakkimsetti, Quratulain Zehra Memon, Ruquia Noor, & Tariq Rafique. (2024). PHYSICAL EXERCISE AS MEDICINE IN CHRONIC DISEASES DURING CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(8), 461-473. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v31i8.7383