ROLE OF DRUG MISUSE IN PREGNANT WOMEN CAUSING CONGENITAL ANOMALIES IN CHILDREN
Main Article Content
Keywords
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Abstract
The number of babies born with health problems has grown as a result of drug addiction by women who are fertile and drug exposure during pregnancy. Later in life, neurological and neurodevelopmental impairments may result from prenatal exposure to drugs. There are few relevant studies on the impact of psychoactive substances on the neurodevelopmental state of the fetus. It is now urgently necessary for everyone in the world to comprehend the neurodevelopmental effects of drug exposure during pregnancy. This review's objective is to compile the most recent data and evidence about the effects of drug exposure during pregnancy on neurodevelopment. We used the phrases "drugs," "neurodevelopmental consequences," "prenatal drug exposure," and "pregnancy" to search the PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases for relevant articles. Upon reviewing the literature on drug exposure during pregnancy, it was discovered that there is evidence to suggest that fetuses and children may have some health problems. The neurodevelopmental effects of many psychoactive drugs include altered brain structure, reduced attention span, Down syndrome, ADHD, imbalances in neurotransmitter levels, autism spectrum disorder, and several structural deficiencies. More research is required to determine how exposure to psychoactive substances during pregnancy affects offspring.
References
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10. Singer LT, Chambers C, Coles C, Kable J. Fifty years of research on prenatal substances: lessons learned for the opioid epidemic. Adversity and resilience science. 2020;1(4):223-34.
11. Li X-L, Guo Y-H, Wei S-T, Chen J, Wu Y-B. Research progress on the influence of opioids on fetal neurodevelopment during pregnancy. Life. 2020;3(2):69.
12. Corsi DJ, Donelle J, Sucha E, Hawken S, Hsu H, El-Chaâr D, et al. Maternal cannabis use in pregnancy and child neurodevelopmental outcomes. Nature medicine. 2020;26(10):1536-40.
13. Lee SJ, Bora S, Austin NC, Westerman A, Henderson JM. Neurodevelopmental outcomes of children born to opioid-dependent mothers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Academic pediatrics. 2020;20(3):308-18.
14. Eke AC. An update on the physiologic changes during pregnancy and their impact on drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenomics. Journal of basic and clinical physiology and pharmacology. 2022;33(5):581-98.
15. Feghali M, Venkataramanan R, Caritis S, editors. Pharmacokinetics of drugs in pregnancy. Seminars in perinatology; 2015: Elsevier.
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18. Chisolm M, Payne J. Management of psychotropic drugs during pregnancy. Bmj, h5918. 2016.
19. Kokras N, Sotiropoulos MG, Poulogiannopoulou E, Dalla C. Maternal and infant pharmacokinetics of psychotropic medications during pregnancy and lactation. Perinatal Psychopharmacology. 2019:17-35.
20. Rossheim ME, Loparco CR, Henry D, Trangenstein PJ, Walters ST. Delta-8, Delta-10, HHC, THC-O, THCP, and THCV: what should we call these products? : Rutgers University; 2023. p. 357-60.
21. McCartney D, Arkell TR, Irwin C, McGregor IS. Determining the magnitude and duration of acute Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC)-induced driving and cognitive impairment: A systematic and meta-analytic review. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 2021;126:175-93.
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23. Monfort A, Ferreira E, Leclair G, Lodygensky GA. Pharmacokinetics of cannabis and its derivatives in animals and humans during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2022;13:919630.
24. Grant KS, Petroff R, Isoherranen N, Stella N, Burbacher TM. Cannabis use during pregnancy: pharmacokinetics and effects on child development. Pharmacology & therapeutics. 2018;182:133-51.
25. Feinshtein V, Erez O, Ben-Zvi Z, Eshkoli T, Sheizaf B, Sheiner E, et al. Cannabidiol enhances xenobiotic permeability through the human placental barrier by direct inhibition of breast cancer resistance protein: an ex vivo study. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 2013;209(6):573. e1-. e15.
26. Lucas CJ, Galettis P, Schneider J. The pharmacokinetics and the pharmacodynamics of cannabinoids. British journal of clinical pharmacology. 2018;84(11):2477-82.
27. Metz TD, Stickrath EH. Marijuana use in pregnancy and lactation: a review of the evidence. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 2015;213(6):761-78.
28. Gilman JM, Kuster JK, Lee S, Lee MJ, Kim BW, Makris N, et al. Cannabis use is quantitatively associated with nucleus accumbens and amygdala abnormalities in young adult recreational users. Journal of Neuroscience. 2014;34(16):5529-38.
29. Gunn J, Rosales C, Center K, Nuñez A, Gibson S, Christ C, et al. Prenatal exposure to cannabis and maternal and child health outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ open. 2016;6(4):e009986.
30. Leemaqz SY, Dekker GA, McCowan LM, Kenny LC, Myers JE, Simpson NA, et al. Maternal marijuana use has independent effects on risk for spontaneous preterm birth but not other common late pregnancy complications. Reproductive Toxicology. 2016;62:77-86.
31. McGowan EC, Hofheimer JA, O'Shea TM, Carter BS, Helderman J, Neal CR, et al. Sociodemographic and medical influences on neurobehavioral patterns in preterm infants: a multi-center study. Early human development. 2020;142:104954.
32. Radwan E, Radwan A, Radwan W, Pandey D. Prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study among Palestinian students (10–18 years). BMC psychology. 2021;9:1-12.
33. Beal ML, Frew JR. Perinatal Cannabis Use: A Clinical Review. Advances in Psychiatry and Behavioral Health. 2023.
34. Taormina MK. MSMA Should Embrace Scientific Cannabis Education. Missouri Medicine. 2020;117(6):529.
35. Reece AS, Hulse GK. Canadian cannabis consumption and patterns of congenital anomalies: an ecological geospatial analysis. Journal of addiction medicine. 2020;14(5):e195-e210.
36. Chen C, Lin L. Alkaloids in diet. Handbook of Dietary Phytochemicals: Springer; 2021. p. 1595-629.
37. Etemadi-Aleagha A, Akhgari M. Psychotropic drug abuse in pregnancy and its impact on child neurodevelopment: A review. World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics. 2022;11(1):1.
38. Monnelly VJ, Anblagan D, Quigley A, Cabez MB, Cooper ES, Mactier H, et al. Prenatal methadone exposure is associated with altered neonatal brain development. NeuroImage: Clinical. 2018;18:9-14.
39. Monnelly VJ, Hamilton R, Chappell FM, Mactier H, Boardman JP. Childhood neurodevelopment after prescription of maintenance methadone for opioid dependency in pregnancy: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology. 2019;61(7):750-60.
40. Nørgaard M, Nielsson MS, Heide-Jørgensen U. Birth and neonatal outcomes following opioid use in pregnancy: a Danish population-based study. Substance abuse: research and treatment. 2015;9:SART. S23547.
41. Yazdy MM, Mitchell AA, Tinker SC, Parker SE, Werler MM. Periconceptional use of opioids and the risk of neural tube defects. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2013;122(4):838-44.
42. Caritis SN, Panigrahy A. Opioids affect the fetal brain: reframing the detoxification debate. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 2019;221(6):602-8.
43. Heller NA, Logan BA, Morrison DG, Paul JA, Brown MS, Hayes MJ. Neonatal abstinence syndrome: neurobehavior at 6 weeks of age in infants with or without pharmacological treatment for withdrawal. Developmental psychobiology. 2017;59(5):574-82.
44. Vestal-Laborde AA, Eschenroeder AC, Bigbee JW, Robinson SE, Sato-Bigbee C. The opioid system and brain development: effects of methadone on the oligodendrocyte lineage and the early stages of myelination. Developmental neuroscience. 2014;36(5):409-21.
45. Stoetzer C, Kistner K, Stüber T, Wirths M, Schulze V, Doll T, et al. Methadone is a local anaesthetic-like inhibitor of neuronal Na+ channels and blocks excitability of mouse peripheral nerves. British journal of anaesthesia. 2015;114(1):110-20.
46. Levine TA, Davie‐Gray A, Kim HM, Lee SJ, Woodward LJ. Prenatal methadone exposure and child developmental outcomes in 2‐year‐old children. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology. 2021;63(9):1114-22.
47. Andersen JM, Høiseth G, Nygaard E. Prenatal exposure to methadone or buprenorphine and long-term outcomes: a meta-analysis. Early human development. 2020;143:104997.
48. Sorribes-Soriano A, Esteve-Turrillas FA, Armenta S, Amorós P, Herrero-Martínez JM. Amphetamine-type stimulants analysis in oral fluid based on molecularly imprinting extraction. Analytica chimica acta. 2019;1052:73-83.
49. Govindarasu P. Illicit drugs: environmental occurrence, fate and toxicity. Newcastle University of Newcastle, Faculty of Science & Information Technology, Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, University of Newcastle Research Higher Degree Thesis. 2016.
50. Simão AY, Antunes M, Marques H, Rosado T, Soares S, Gonçalves J, et al. Amphetamine in biological specimens: impact and implications for public health. Handbook of Substance Misuse and Addictions: From Biology to Public Health: Springer; 2022. p. 2003-27.
51. Čechová B, Šlamberová R. Methamphetamine, neurotransmitters and neurodevelopment. Physiological research. 2021;70(Suppl 3):S301.
52. Bertol E, Favretto D. Pharmacokinetics: Drug Absorption, Distribution, and Elimination. Karch's Drug Abuse Handbook: CRC Press; 2022. p. 133-78.
53. Li Y, Kong D, Bi K, Luo H. Related effects of methamphetamine on the intestinal barrier via cytokines, and potential mechanisms by which methamphetamine may occur on the brain-gut Axis. Frontiers in medicine. 2022;9:783121.
54. Meyer MM, Maurer HH. Toxicokinetics/Toxicogenomics. Handbook of Forensic Medicine. 2022;2:1155-65.
55. Moratalla R, Ares-Santos S, Granado N. Neurotoxicity of methamphetamine. Handbook of Neurotoxicity: Springer; 2022. p. 1-30.
56. Davis DL, Metzger DB, Vann PH, Wong JM, Subasinghe KH, Garlotte IK, et al. Sex differences in neurobehavioral consequences of methamphetamine exposure in adult mice. Psychopharmacology. 2022;239(7):2331-49.
57. Daiwile AP, Jayanthi S, Cadet JL. Sex differences in methamphetamine use disorder perused from pre-clinical and clinical studies: Potential therapeutic impacts. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 2022;137:104674.
58. Paulus MP, Stewart JL. Methamphetamine use disorder: the next addiction crisis. JAMA psychiatry. 2020;77(9):959.
59. Popescu A, Marian M, Drăgoi AM, Costea R-V. Understanding the genetics and neurobiological pathways behind addiction. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine. 2021;21(5):1-10.
60. Brown CR. Modulation Of Monoamine Transporters By Palmitoylation In Human Health And Disease: The University of North Dakota; 2022.
61. Kim B, Yun J, Park B. Methamphetamine-induced neuronal damage: neurotoxicity and neuroinflammation. Biomolecules & therapeutics. 2020;28(5):381.
62. Jayanthi S, Daiwile AP, Cadet JL. Neurotoxicity of methamphetamine: Main effects and mechanisms. Experimental neurology. 2021;344:113795.
63. Wu M, Su H, Zhao M. The role of α-synuclein in methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity. Neurotoxicity Research. 2021;39:1007-21.
64. Weber A, Miskle B, Lynch A, Arndt S, Acion L. Substance use in pregnancy: identifying stigma and improving care. Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation. 2021:105-21.
65. Tavella RA, De Abreu VO, Muccillo-Baisch AL, DA SILVA FM. Prevalence of illicit drug use during pregnancy: A global perspective. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias. 2020;92(4):e20200302.
66. Neri M, Bello S, Turillazzi E, Riezzo I. Drugs of abuse in pregnancy, poor neonatal development, and future neurodegeneration. Is oxidative stress the culprit? Current pharmaceutical design. 2015;21(11):1358-68.
67. Coutts DR. Effects of In Utero Exposure to Methamphetamine on Brain Development: University of Otago; 2022.
68. Šlamberová R. Review of long-term consequences of maternal methamphetamine exposure. Physiological research. 2019;68:S219-S31.
69. Kiblawi ZN, Smith LM, Diaz SD, LaGasse LL, Derauf C, Newman E, et al. Prenatal methamphetamine exposure and neonatal and infant neurobehavioral outcome: results from the IDEAL study. Substance Abuse. 2014;35(1):68-73.
70. Sankaran D, Lakshminrusimha S, Manja V. Methamphetamine: burden, mechanism and impact on pregnancy, the fetus, and newborn. Journal of Perinatology. 2022;42(3):293-9.
71. Zhang Y, Gong F, Liu P, He Y, Wang H. Effects of prenatal methamphetamine exposure on birth outcomes, brain structure, and neurodevelopmental outcomes. Developmental Neuroscience. 2021;43(5):271-80.
72. Harst L, Deckert S, Haarig F, Reichert J, Dinger J, Hellmund P, et al. Prenatal Methamphetamine Exposure: Effects on Child Development: A Systematic Review. Deutsches Ärzteblatt International. 2021;118(18):313.
2. de Castro HS. The drug policy in the Americas from a gender perspective. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics2020.
3. Wouldes TA, Woodward LJ. Neurobehavior of newborn infants exposed prenatally to methadone and identification of a neurobehavioral profile linked to poorer neurodevelopmental outcomes at age 24 months. PLoS One. 2020;15(10):e0240905.
4. Goasdoué K, Miller SM, Colditz PB, Björkman ST. The blood-brain barrier; protecting the developing fetal brain. Placenta. 2017;54:111-6.
5. Price HR, Collier AC. Analgesics in pregnancy: an update on use, safety and pharmacokinetic changes in drug disposition. Current Pharmaceutical Design. 2017;23(40):6098-114.
6. Barry JM, Birnbaum AK, Jasin LR, Sherwin CM. Maternal exposure and neonatal effects of drugs of abuse. The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2021;61:S142-S55.
7. Yao H, Wu W, Cerf I, Zhao HW, Wang J, Negraes PD, et al. Methadone interrupts neural growth and function in human cortical organoids. Stem Cell Research. 2020;49:102065.
8. Martin MM, Graham DL, McCarthy DM, Bhide PG, Stanwood GD. Cocaine‐induced neurodevelopmental deficits and underlying mechanisms. Birth Defects Research Part C: Embryo Today: Reviews. 2016;108(2):147-73.
9. Falsaperla R, Zaami S, Aguglia MG, Romano C, Suppiej A, Memo L. Neurophysiological monitoring in neonatal abstinence syndrome from cocaine. Annali dell'Istituto Superiore di Sanità. 2020;56(3):390-6.
10. Singer LT, Chambers C, Coles C, Kable J. Fifty years of research on prenatal substances: lessons learned for the opioid epidemic. Adversity and resilience science. 2020;1(4):223-34.
11. Li X-L, Guo Y-H, Wei S-T, Chen J, Wu Y-B. Research progress on the influence of opioids on fetal neurodevelopment during pregnancy. Life. 2020;3(2):69.
12. Corsi DJ, Donelle J, Sucha E, Hawken S, Hsu H, El-Chaâr D, et al. Maternal cannabis use in pregnancy and child neurodevelopmental outcomes. Nature medicine. 2020;26(10):1536-40.
13. Lee SJ, Bora S, Austin NC, Westerman A, Henderson JM. Neurodevelopmental outcomes of children born to opioid-dependent mothers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Academic pediatrics. 2020;20(3):308-18.
14. Eke AC. An update on the physiologic changes during pregnancy and their impact on drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenomics. Journal of basic and clinical physiology and pharmacology. 2022;33(5):581-98.
15. Feghali M, Venkataramanan R, Caritis S, editors. Pharmacokinetics of drugs in pregnancy. Seminars in perinatology; 2015: Elsevier.
16. Abduljalil K, Badhan RKS. Drug dosing during pregnancy—opportunities for physiologically based pharmacokinetic models. Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. 2020;47(4):319-40.
17. Pinheiro EA, Stika CS, editors. Drugs in pregnancy: pharmacologic and physiologic changes that affect clinical care. Seminars in perinatology; 2020: Elsevier.
18. Chisolm M, Payne J. Management of psychotropic drugs during pregnancy. Bmj, h5918. 2016.
19. Kokras N, Sotiropoulos MG, Poulogiannopoulou E, Dalla C. Maternal and infant pharmacokinetics of psychotropic medications during pregnancy and lactation. Perinatal Psychopharmacology. 2019:17-35.
20. Rossheim ME, Loparco CR, Henry D, Trangenstein PJ, Walters ST. Delta-8, Delta-10, HHC, THC-O, THCP, and THCV: what should we call these products? : Rutgers University; 2023. p. 357-60.
21. McCartney D, Arkell TR, Irwin C, McGregor IS. Determining the magnitude and duration of acute Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC)-induced driving and cognitive impairment: A systematic and meta-analytic review. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 2021;126:175-93.
22. Jarlenski M, Koma JW, Zank J, Bodnar LM, Bogen DL, Chang JC. Trends in perception of risk of regular marijuana use among US pregnant and nonpregnant reproductive-aged women. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2017;217(6):705-7.
23. Monfort A, Ferreira E, Leclair G, Lodygensky GA. Pharmacokinetics of cannabis and its derivatives in animals and humans during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2022;13:919630.
24. Grant KS, Petroff R, Isoherranen N, Stella N, Burbacher TM. Cannabis use during pregnancy: pharmacokinetics and effects on child development. Pharmacology & therapeutics. 2018;182:133-51.
25. Feinshtein V, Erez O, Ben-Zvi Z, Eshkoli T, Sheizaf B, Sheiner E, et al. Cannabidiol enhances xenobiotic permeability through the human placental barrier by direct inhibition of breast cancer resistance protein: an ex vivo study. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 2013;209(6):573. e1-. e15.
26. Lucas CJ, Galettis P, Schneider J. The pharmacokinetics and the pharmacodynamics of cannabinoids. British journal of clinical pharmacology. 2018;84(11):2477-82.
27. Metz TD, Stickrath EH. Marijuana use in pregnancy and lactation: a review of the evidence. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 2015;213(6):761-78.
28. Gilman JM, Kuster JK, Lee S, Lee MJ, Kim BW, Makris N, et al. Cannabis use is quantitatively associated with nucleus accumbens and amygdala abnormalities in young adult recreational users. Journal of Neuroscience. 2014;34(16):5529-38.
29. Gunn J, Rosales C, Center K, Nuñez A, Gibson S, Christ C, et al. Prenatal exposure to cannabis and maternal and child health outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ open. 2016;6(4):e009986.
30. Leemaqz SY, Dekker GA, McCowan LM, Kenny LC, Myers JE, Simpson NA, et al. Maternal marijuana use has independent effects on risk for spontaneous preterm birth but not other common late pregnancy complications. Reproductive Toxicology. 2016;62:77-86.
31. McGowan EC, Hofheimer JA, O'Shea TM, Carter BS, Helderman J, Neal CR, et al. Sociodemographic and medical influences on neurobehavioral patterns in preterm infants: a multi-center study. Early human development. 2020;142:104954.
32. Radwan E, Radwan A, Radwan W, Pandey D. Prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study among Palestinian students (10–18 years). BMC psychology. 2021;9:1-12.
33. Beal ML, Frew JR. Perinatal Cannabis Use: A Clinical Review. Advances in Psychiatry and Behavioral Health. 2023.
34. Taormina MK. MSMA Should Embrace Scientific Cannabis Education. Missouri Medicine. 2020;117(6):529.
35. Reece AS, Hulse GK. Canadian cannabis consumption and patterns of congenital anomalies: an ecological geospatial analysis. Journal of addiction medicine. 2020;14(5):e195-e210.
36. Chen C, Lin L. Alkaloids in diet. Handbook of Dietary Phytochemicals: Springer; 2021. p. 1595-629.
37. Etemadi-Aleagha A, Akhgari M. Psychotropic drug abuse in pregnancy and its impact on child neurodevelopment: A review. World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics. 2022;11(1):1.
38. Monnelly VJ, Anblagan D, Quigley A, Cabez MB, Cooper ES, Mactier H, et al. Prenatal methadone exposure is associated with altered neonatal brain development. NeuroImage: Clinical. 2018;18:9-14.
39. Monnelly VJ, Hamilton R, Chappell FM, Mactier H, Boardman JP. Childhood neurodevelopment after prescription of maintenance methadone for opioid dependency in pregnancy: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology. 2019;61(7):750-60.
40. Nørgaard M, Nielsson MS, Heide-Jørgensen U. Birth and neonatal outcomes following opioid use in pregnancy: a Danish population-based study. Substance abuse: research and treatment. 2015;9:SART. S23547.
41. Yazdy MM, Mitchell AA, Tinker SC, Parker SE, Werler MM. Periconceptional use of opioids and the risk of neural tube defects. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2013;122(4):838-44.
42. Caritis SN, Panigrahy A. Opioids affect the fetal brain: reframing the detoxification debate. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 2019;221(6):602-8.
43. Heller NA, Logan BA, Morrison DG, Paul JA, Brown MS, Hayes MJ. Neonatal abstinence syndrome: neurobehavior at 6 weeks of age in infants with or without pharmacological treatment for withdrawal. Developmental psychobiology. 2017;59(5):574-82.
44. Vestal-Laborde AA, Eschenroeder AC, Bigbee JW, Robinson SE, Sato-Bigbee C. The opioid system and brain development: effects of methadone on the oligodendrocyte lineage and the early stages of myelination. Developmental neuroscience. 2014;36(5):409-21.
45. Stoetzer C, Kistner K, Stüber T, Wirths M, Schulze V, Doll T, et al. Methadone is a local anaesthetic-like inhibitor of neuronal Na+ channels and blocks excitability of mouse peripheral nerves. British journal of anaesthesia. 2015;114(1):110-20.
46. Levine TA, Davie‐Gray A, Kim HM, Lee SJ, Woodward LJ. Prenatal methadone exposure and child developmental outcomes in 2‐year‐old children. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology. 2021;63(9):1114-22.
47. Andersen JM, Høiseth G, Nygaard E. Prenatal exposure to methadone or buprenorphine and long-term outcomes: a meta-analysis. Early human development. 2020;143:104997.
48. Sorribes-Soriano A, Esteve-Turrillas FA, Armenta S, Amorós P, Herrero-Martínez JM. Amphetamine-type stimulants analysis in oral fluid based on molecularly imprinting extraction. Analytica chimica acta. 2019;1052:73-83.
49. Govindarasu P. Illicit drugs: environmental occurrence, fate and toxicity. Newcastle University of Newcastle, Faculty of Science & Information Technology, Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, University of Newcastle Research Higher Degree Thesis. 2016.
50. Simão AY, Antunes M, Marques H, Rosado T, Soares S, Gonçalves J, et al. Amphetamine in biological specimens: impact and implications for public health. Handbook of Substance Misuse and Addictions: From Biology to Public Health: Springer; 2022. p. 2003-27.
51. Čechová B, Šlamberová R. Methamphetamine, neurotransmitters and neurodevelopment. Physiological research. 2021;70(Suppl 3):S301.
52. Bertol E, Favretto D. Pharmacokinetics: Drug Absorption, Distribution, and Elimination. Karch's Drug Abuse Handbook: CRC Press; 2022. p. 133-78.
53. Li Y, Kong D, Bi K, Luo H. Related effects of methamphetamine on the intestinal barrier via cytokines, and potential mechanisms by which methamphetamine may occur on the brain-gut Axis. Frontiers in medicine. 2022;9:783121.
54. Meyer MM, Maurer HH. Toxicokinetics/Toxicogenomics. Handbook of Forensic Medicine. 2022;2:1155-65.
55. Moratalla R, Ares-Santos S, Granado N. Neurotoxicity of methamphetamine. Handbook of Neurotoxicity: Springer; 2022. p. 1-30.
56. Davis DL, Metzger DB, Vann PH, Wong JM, Subasinghe KH, Garlotte IK, et al. Sex differences in neurobehavioral consequences of methamphetamine exposure in adult mice. Psychopharmacology. 2022;239(7):2331-49.
57. Daiwile AP, Jayanthi S, Cadet JL. Sex differences in methamphetamine use disorder perused from pre-clinical and clinical studies: Potential therapeutic impacts. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 2022;137:104674.
58. Paulus MP, Stewart JL. Methamphetamine use disorder: the next addiction crisis. JAMA psychiatry. 2020;77(9):959.
59. Popescu A, Marian M, Drăgoi AM, Costea R-V. Understanding the genetics and neurobiological pathways behind addiction. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine. 2021;21(5):1-10.
60. Brown CR. Modulation Of Monoamine Transporters By Palmitoylation In Human Health And Disease: The University of North Dakota; 2022.
61. Kim B, Yun J, Park B. Methamphetamine-induced neuronal damage: neurotoxicity and neuroinflammation. Biomolecules & therapeutics. 2020;28(5):381.
62. Jayanthi S, Daiwile AP, Cadet JL. Neurotoxicity of methamphetamine: Main effects and mechanisms. Experimental neurology. 2021;344:113795.
63. Wu M, Su H, Zhao M. The role of α-synuclein in methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity. Neurotoxicity Research. 2021;39:1007-21.
64. Weber A, Miskle B, Lynch A, Arndt S, Acion L. Substance use in pregnancy: identifying stigma and improving care. Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation. 2021:105-21.
65. Tavella RA, De Abreu VO, Muccillo-Baisch AL, DA SILVA FM. Prevalence of illicit drug use during pregnancy: A global perspective. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias. 2020;92(4):e20200302.
66. Neri M, Bello S, Turillazzi E, Riezzo I. Drugs of abuse in pregnancy, poor neonatal development, and future neurodegeneration. Is oxidative stress the culprit? Current pharmaceutical design. 2015;21(11):1358-68.
67. Coutts DR. Effects of In Utero Exposure to Methamphetamine on Brain Development: University of Otago; 2022.
68. Šlamberová R. Review of long-term consequences of maternal methamphetamine exposure. Physiological research. 2019;68:S219-S31.
69. Kiblawi ZN, Smith LM, Diaz SD, LaGasse LL, Derauf C, Newman E, et al. Prenatal methamphetamine exposure and neonatal and infant neurobehavioral outcome: results from the IDEAL study. Substance Abuse. 2014;35(1):68-73.
70. Sankaran D, Lakshminrusimha S, Manja V. Methamphetamine: burden, mechanism and impact on pregnancy, the fetus, and newborn. Journal of Perinatology. 2022;42(3):293-9.
71. Zhang Y, Gong F, Liu P, He Y, Wang H. Effects of prenatal methamphetamine exposure on birth outcomes, brain structure, and neurodevelopmental outcomes. Developmental Neuroscience. 2021;43(5):271-80.
72. Harst L, Deckert S, Haarig F, Reichert J, Dinger J, Hellmund P, et al. Prenatal Methamphetamine Exposure: Effects on Child Development: A Systematic Review. Deutsches Ärzteblatt International. 2021;118(18):313.
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Dr Asna Malik, Dr Sana Bilal, Dr Zubaria Bashir, Dr Aiza Usman, Dr Hajra Mateen, & Dr Ayesha Malik. (2024). ROLE OF DRUG MISUSE IN PREGNANT WOMEN CAUSING CONGENITAL ANOMALIES IN CHILDREN. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(6), 2928-2937. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v31i6.7167
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
All articles published in JPTCP are licensed under Copyright Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Author Biographies
Dr Asna Malik
Pharmacology Department, Grand Asian University Sialkot, PakistanDr Sana Bilal
Pharmacology Department Grand Asian University Sialkot, PakistanDr Zubaria Bashir
Pharmacology Department, Grand Asian University Sialkot, PakistanDr Aiza Usman
Internal Medicine Department FMH Lahore (PG1), PakistanDr Hajra Mateen
Islam Medical College Sialkot, PakistanDr Ayesha Malik
University of Sialkot, PakistanHow to Cite
Dr Asna Malik, Dr Sana Bilal, Dr Zubaria Bashir, Dr Aiza Usman, Dr Hajra Mateen, & Dr Ayesha Malik. (2024). ROLE OF DRUG MISUSE IN PREGNANT WOMEN CAUSING CONGENITAL ANOMALIES IN CHILDREN. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(6), 2928-2937. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v31i6.7167