BACTERIOPHAGE SURVEILLANCE IN EGG FARMS: IMPLICATIONS FOR SALMONELLA MANAGEMENT AND BIOSECURITY
Main Article Content
Keywords
Pesticides, Salmonella Ser, Gallinarum, Bacteriophages
Abstract
Background: Biosafety regulations are crucial in agri-food systems to mitigate risks associated with pathogens. Bacteriophages, viruses targeting bacteria, proliferate by lysing bacterial cells, releasing infectious viral particles.
Objective: To investigate the presence of bacteriophages in guano capable of combating Salmonella Gallinarum (SG) and Salmonella ser. Enteritidis (SE), indicating simultaneous presence of these bacteria.
Methods: Samples were collected from seven egg-laying bird farms in Luján and Mercedes districts. Four farms employed automatic shed openings, while three utilized manual methods. Various microbiological techniques were applied to detect Salmonella spp., and a spot test method was used to identify lytic phages targeting SG and SE.
Results: Sampling began from the first row of cages, 2 meters from the cone's initiation, extending to three subsequent rows in a zigzag pattern. Automatic farms utilized guano evacuation belts for regular sampling. Salmonella spp. was found in one automatic farm. SG phages were detected in two conventional and three automatic farms, while SE phages were present in four automatic and two manual farms.
Conclusion: Identifying bacteriophages presents a valuable tool for biosecurity and sanitation strategies, aiding health monitoring by alerting potential infections.
References
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35. Raut, R., Maharjan, P., & Fouladkhah, A. C. (2023). Practical preventive considerations for reducing the public health burden of poultry-related salmonellosis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(17), 6654.
36. Sain, A., Sharma, D. K., Singathia, R., Gaurav, A., Patidar, C., Suthar, P., . . . Juneja, R. (2024). Antibiotic resistance and virulence genes profile of typhoidal Salmonella species isolated from poultry enteritis in India. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 56(2), 91.
37. Sang, Y., Ren, J., & Yao, Y.-F. (2024). Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi Molecular Medical Microbiology (pp. 1173-1205): Elsevier.
38. Sarrami, Z., Sedghi, M., Mohammadi, I., Bedford, M., Miranzadeh, H., & Ghasemi, R. (2023). Effects of bacteriophage on Salmonella Enteritidis infection in broilers. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 12198.
39. Shaji, S., Selvaraj, R. K., & Shanmugasundaram, R. (2023). Salmonella Infection in Poultry: A Review on the Pathogen and Control Strategies. Microorganisms, 11(11), 2814.
40. Thu, N., Lan, L., Linh, N., Dang, C., Phuc, N., Tuan, T., & Ngu, N. (2023). Effects of a bacteriophage cocktail to prevent salmonella enteritidis in native broiler chickens. Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci, 11(8), 1218-1227.
41. Tufail, A., & Ashfaq, Y. (2024). Role of Birds in Salmonellosis.
42. Watler, S., Toka, F. N., Lardé, H., Johnson, A., & Butaye, P. (2024). Epidemiology of Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serotypes, isolated from imported, farmed and feral poultry in the Cayman Islands. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 11, 1331916.
2. Allam, T. S., Saleh, N., Tarabees, R., Talkhan, O. F., Elfrmawy, S. T., & Omran, A. M. (2024). Salmonella typhimurium Infection in Broiler Chickens: An Overview with Special Reference to The Use of Dietary Selenium Nanoparticles for Prevention. Alexandria Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 80(1).
3. Alves, V. V., Arantes, L. C. R. V., Lages da Silva, D. H., Oliveira, E. S., Figueiredo de Souza, J., Teixeira da Silva, M., . . . Camargos Lara, L. J. (2024). Effects of in ovo injection of bacterial peptides and CpG-ODN on Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg infection in specific pathogen-free (SPF) chicks. Avian Pathology, 53(3), 182-193.
4. Araújo, D., Silva, A. R., Fernandes, R., Serra, P., Barros, M. M., Campos, A. M., . . . Castro, J. (2024). Emerging Approaches for Mitigating Biofilm-Formation-Associated Infections in Farm, Wild, and Companion Animals. Pathogens, 13(4), 320.
5. Asrore, M. S. M., Sieo, C. C., Wie, C. C., Hun, T. G., Omar, A. R., Ming, G. H., & Ho, Y. W. (2023). Effects of Phage Cocktail, Probiotics and Their Combinations on Growth Performance and Gut Microbiota of Broiler Chickens.
6. Barrow, P. (2024). New Approaches to Tackling Intractable Issues in Infectious Disease. Microorganisms, 12(3), 421.
7. Bianchessi, L., De Bernardi, G., Vigorelli, M., Dall’Ara, P., & Turin, L. (2024). Bacteriophage Therapy in Companion and Farm Animals. Antibiotics, 13(4), 294.
8. Brenner, T. (2023). Formulating a broad-spectrum bacteriophage cocktail against pervasive poultry-associated Salmonella enterica serovars. University of British Columbia.
9. Chacón, R. D., Ramírez, M., Rodríguez-Cueva, C. L., Sánchez, C., Quispe-Rojas, W. U., Astolfi-Ferreira, C. S., & Piantino Ferreira, A. J. (2023). Genomic Characterization and Genetic Profiles of Salmonella Gallinarum Strains Isolated from Layers with Fowl Typhoid in Colombia. Genes, 14(4), 823.
10. Chen, J., Ji, Y., Mehmood, K., Rahman, M. M., Ozaydin, I., Zhang, H., & Li, K. (2024). Rising stars in comparative and clinical medicine. Rising Stars in Comparative and Clinical Medicine: 2022, 7.
11. Choi, Y., Lee, W., Kwon, J.-G., Kang, A., Kwak, M.-J., Eor, J.-Y., & Kim, Y. (2024). The current state of phage therapy in livestock and companion animals. Journal of Animal Science and Technology, 66(1), 57.
12. Choudhary, A., Midha, T., Gulati, I., & Baranwal, S. (2024). Isolation, Genomic Characterization of Shigella prophage fPSFA that effectively infects multi-drug resistant Shigella isolates from the Indian Poultry Sector. Microbial Pathogenesis, 188, 106538.
13. Curtiss III, R. (2024). Vaccines to control Salmonella in poultry. Avian Diseases, 67(4), 427-440.
14. da Costa, F. K., Carciofi, B. A., de Aragão, G. M., & Ienczak, J. L. (2024). Modelling the influence of propionic acid concentration and pH on the kinetics of Salmonella Typhimurium. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 416, 110662.
15. Dunislawska, A., Pietrzak, E., Bełdowska, A., & Siwek, M. (2024). Health in poultry, immunity, and microbiome is defined as one health. Physical Sciences Reviews, 9(1), 477-495.
16. EROL, H. B., & KASKATEPE, B. (2024). In vitro bacteriolytic activity of Salmonella specific novel isolated bacteriophage.
17. Farhat, M., Khayi, S., Berrada, J., Mouahid, M., Ameur, N., El-Adawy, H., & Fellahi, S. (2023). Salmonella enterica Serovar Gallinarum Biovars Pullorum and Gallinarum in Poultry: Review of Pathogenesis, Antibiotic Resistance, Diagnosis and Control in the Genomic Era. Antibiotics, 13(1), 23.
18. Gast, R. K., Dittoe, D. K., & Ricke, S. C. (2024). Salmonella in eggs and egg-laying chickens: Pathways to effective control. Critical Reviews in Microbiology, 50(1), 39-63.
19. Han, J., Aljahdali, N., Zhao, S., Tang, H., Harbottle, H., Hoffmann, M., . . . Foley, S. L. (2024). Infection biology of Salmonella enterica. EcoSal Plus, eesp-0001-2023.
20. Huang, H., & Naushad, S. (2024). Salmonella: Perspectives for Low-Cost Prevention, Control and Treatment: BoD–Books on Demand.
21. Inbaraj, S., Agrawal, R. K., Thomas, P., Chaudhuri, P., & Chaturvedi, V. (2023). Isolation and characterization of vB_SenS_Ib_psk2 bacteriophage against drug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Kentucky. Folia Microbiologica, 68(5), 771-779.
22. Jiang, A., Liu, Z., Lv, X., Zhou, C., Ran, T., & Tan, Z. (2024). Prospects and Challenges of Bacteriophage Substitution for Antibiotics in Livestock and Poultry Production. Biology, 13(1), 28.
23. Kabeta, T., Tolosa, T., Duchateau, L., Immerseel, F. V., & Antonissen, G. (2024). Prevalence and Serotype of Poultry Salmonellosis in Africa: a Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis. Avian Pathology(just-accepted), 1-61.
24. Kirti, N., Krishna, S. S., & Shukla, D. (2024). Salmonella Infections: An Update, Detection and Control Strategies.
25. Kong, Q., Bian, X., Liu, Q., Chen, Y., Zhang, W., Li, M., . . . Liao, Y. (2024). Immunogenicity and cross-protective efficacy induced by delayed attenuated Salmonella with the regulated length of lipopolysaccharide in mice.
26. Lamichhane, B., Mawad, A. M., Saleh, M., Kelley, W. G., Harrington, P. J., Lovestad, C. W., . . . Ramadan, H. (2024). Salmonellosis: An Overview of Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Innovative Approaches to Mitigate the Antimicrobial Resistant Infections. Antibiotics, 13(1), 76.
27. Leisner, J. J., & Larsen, J. L. (2024). Veterinary bacteriology in Denmark from the 1880s to 2022. APMIS, 132(1), 31-42.
28. Lublin, A., & Farnoushi, Y. (2023). Salmonella in Poultry and Other Birds Infectious Diseases (pp. 383-415): Springer.
29. Lupia, C., Castagna, F., Bava, R., Naturale, M. D., Zicarelli, L., Marrelli, M., . . . Britti, D. (2024). Use of Essential Oils to Counteract the Phenomena of Antimicrobial Resistance in Livestock Species. Antibiotics, 13(2), 163.
30. Martins, A. C., Contreras, M., Furian, T. Q., Borges, K. A., & do Nascimento, V. P. (2023). Cellular immune response after vaccination with Salmonella Gallinarum 9R in laying hens and adding aflatoxin and absorbent in the feed. Research in Veterinary Science, 154, 37-43.
31. Montoro-Dasi, L., Lorenzo-Rebenaque, L., Marco-Fuertes, A., Vega, S., & Marin, C. (2023). Holistic strategies to control Salmonella Infantis: An emerging challenge in the European broiler sector. Microorganisms, 11(7), 1765.
32. Pereira, A. O., Barros, N. M., Guerrero, B. R., Emencheta, S. C., Baldo, D. Â., Oliveira Jr, J. M., . . . Balcão, V. M. (2023). An edible biopolymeric microcapsular wrapping integrating lytic bacteriophage particles for Salmonella enterica: Potential for integration into poultry feed. Antibiotics, 12(6), 988.
33. Poudel, I., & Adhikari, P. (2024). Combating the persistence of Salmonella infections in laying hens: nutritional, managemental and vaccination strategies. World's Poultry Science Journal, 1-30.
34. Raheel, I. A., Abed, A. H., Mahmoud, M. M., Elbestawy, A. R., Abdel-Latif, M. A., El-Shemy, A. A., & Orabi, A. Molecular characterization, antimicrobial sensitivity testing of Salmonella Enteritidis and its immune compromising effect on Newcastle disease vaccinated broilers.
35. Raut, R., Maharjan, P., & Fouladkhah, A. C. (2023). Practical preventive considerations for reducing the public health burden of poultry-related salmonellosis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(17), 6654.
36. Sain, A., Sharma, D. K., Singathia, R., Gaurav, A., Patidar, C., Suthar, P., . . . Juneja, R. (2024). Antibiotic resistance and virulence genes profile of typhoidal Salmonella species isolated from poultry enteritis in India. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 56(2), 91.
37. Sang, Y., Ren, J., & Yao, Y.-F. (2024). Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi Molecular Medical Microbiology (pp. 1173-1205): Elsevier.
38. Sarrami, Z., Sedghi, M., Mohammadi, I., Bedford, M., Miranzadeh, H., & Ghasemi, R. (2023). Effects of bacteriophage on Salmonella Enteritidis infection in broilers. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 12198.
39. Shaji, S., Selvaraj, R. K., & Shanmugasundaram, R. (2023). Salmonella Infection in Poultry: A Review on the Pathogen and Control Strategies. Microorganisms, 11(11), 2814.
40. Thu, N., Lan, L., Linh, N., Dang, C., Phuc, N., Tuan, T., & Ngu, N. (2023). Effects of a bacteriophage cocktail to prevent salmonella enteritidis in native broiler chickens. Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci, 11(8), 1218-1227.
41. Tufail, A., & Ashfaq, Y. (2024). Role of Birds in Salmonellosis.
42. Watler, S., Toka, F. N., Lardé, H., Johnson, A., & Butaye, P. (2024). Epidemiology of Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serotypes, isolated from imported, farmed and feral poultry in the Cayman Islands. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 11, 1331916.
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Jun 1, 2024
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Shahzad Hussain, Dr. Haseeb Umar, Dr. Rehana Masood, Amina Farrukh Alavi, & Tariq Rafique. (2024). BACTERIOPHAGE SURVEILLANCE IN EGG FARMS: IMPLICATIONS FOR SALMONELLA MANAGEMENT AND BIOSECURITY. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(6), 2698–2706. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v31i6.7054
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Author Biographies
Shahzad Hussain
MPhil Scholar, Department of Microbiology, Abdul Wali Khan University, Gardan Campus, Mardan-23200, Pakistan
Dr. Haseeb Umar
Department of Forensic Medicine, Alnafees Medical College, Isra University, Islamabad, Pakistan
Dr. Rehana Masood
Assistant Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University Peshawar, Pakistan
Amina Farrukh Alavi
PhD Scholar, Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
Tariq Rafique
Assistant Professor Dadabhoy Institute of Higher Education, Karachi, Pakistan