PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTRESS AS A MEDIATED-MODERATOR BETWEEN QUALITY OF LIFE AND SEVERITY OF PANIC DISORDER (PD)
Main Article Content
Keywords
panic, panic disorder, pakistani population, quality of life, psychological distress, anxiety
Abstract
The current study focused on Severity of Panic Disorder and its relationship to psychological distress and Quality of life in Pakistani Muslim clinical population diagnosed with Panic Disorder (PD). A sample of 308 adults having a current diagnoses of panic disorder was recruited from government hospitals of Lahore. Age range of the population was 18-35years. The instruments that were used to collect the data included Severity Measure for Panic Disorder—Adult (SMPD) 8, WHO Quality of Life-BREF 21 and The Kessler Psychological Distress Scale 15. Mediation analysis suggested significant correlations among all three variables of Panic disorder, distress and quality of life. The model fit analysis showed the model to be a good fit with Psychological distress to be a mediating moderator between Panic disorder and quality of life. Covariates such as previous psychological disorder, the duration of current episode, family history of psychological disorder and seeking help from religious scholars first rather than coming to physician contributed majorly in the model as well.
Keywords: SMPD; panic disorder; panic attack; Urdu; Pakistan, Psychological distress, Quality of Life
References
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25. Noreen A, Iqbal N, Hassan B, Ali SA. Relationship between psychological distress, quality of life and resilience among medical and non-medical students. J Pak Med Assoc. 2021 Sep 1;71(9):2181-5.
26. Olatunji BO, Cisler JM, Tolin DF. Quality of life in the anxiety disorders: a meta-analytic review. Clinical psychology review. 2007 Jun 1;27(5):572-81.
27. Oussi A, Hamid K, Bouvet C. Managing emotions in panic disorder: A systematic review of studies related to emotional intelligence, alexithymia, emotion regulation, and coping. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. 2023 Jan 11:101835.
28. Panayiotou G, Karekla M. Perceived social support helps, but does not buffer the negative impact of anxiety disorders on quality of life and perceived stress. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology. 2013 Feb;48:283-94.
29. Pereira-Morales AJ, Adan A, Lopez-Leon S, Forero DA. Personality traits and health-related quality of life: the mediator role of coping strategies and psychological distress. Annals of general psychiatry. 2018 Dec;17:1-9.
30. Roy-Byrne PP, Stang P, Wittchen HU, Ustun B, Walters EE, Kessler RC. Lifetime panic–depression comorbidity in the National Comorbidity Survey: Association with symptoms, impairment, course and help-seeking. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 2000 Mar;176(3):229-35.
31. Sareen J, Jacobi F, Cox BJ, Belik SL, Clara I, Stein MB. Disability and poor quality of life associated with comorbid anxiety disorders and physical conditions. Archives of internal medicine. 2006 Oct 23;166(19):2109-16.
32. Satici B, Kayis AR, Griffiths MD. Exploring the association between social media addiction and relationship satisfaction: psychological distress as a mediator. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. 2023 Aug;21(4):2037-51.
33. Tulucu F, Anasori E, Kinali Madanoglu G. How does mindfulness boost work engagement and inhibit psychological distress among hospital employees during the COVID-19 pandemic? The mediating and moderating role of psychological resilience. The Service Industries Journal. 2022 Mar 12;42(3-4):131-47.
34. Van Ameringen M, Mancini C, Farvolden P. The impact of anxiety disorders on educational achievement. Journal of anxiety disorders. 2003 Jan 1;17(5):561-71.
35. Winning A, Glymour MM, McCormick MC, Gilsanz P, Kubzansky LD. Psychological distress across the life course and cardiometabolic risk: findings from the 1958 British Birth Cohort Study. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2015 Oct 6;66(14):1577-86.
2. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). 2013.
3. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed., revised). 1987.
4. Baernholdt M, Hinton I, Yan G, Rose K, Mattos M. Factors associated with quality of life in older adults in the United States. Quality of life research. 2012 Apr;21:527-34.
5. Bandelow B, Michaelis S. Epidemiology of anxiety disorders in the 21st century. Dialogues in clinical neuroscience. 2015 Sep 30;17(3):327-35.
6. Bérenger V, Verdier-Chouchane A. Multidimensional measures of well-being: Standard of living and quality of life across countries. World Development. 2007 Jul 1;35(7):1259-76.
7. Black N, Stockings E, Campbell G, Tran LT, Zagic D, Hall WD, Farrell M, Degenhardt L. Cannabinoids for the treatment of mental disorders and symptoms of mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Psychiatry. 2019 Dec 1;6(12):995-1010.
8. Craske M, Wittchen U, Bogels S, Stein M, Andrews G, Lebeu R. Severity Measure for Panic Disorder—Adult. American Psychiatric Association. 2013.
9. Edge R, Mills R, Tennant A, Diggle PJ, Young CA, TONiC study group Ammar Al-Chalabi Timothy L. Williams David J. Dick Kevin Talbot Georgina Burke Tahir Majeed John Ealing Christopher J. McDermott Ashwin Pinto Carolyn A. Young Siddharthan Chandran Jannette Walsh Oliver Hanemann Timothy Harrower. Do pain, anxiety and depression influence quality of life for people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neuron disease? A national study reconciling previous conflicting literature. Journal of neurology. 2020 Mar;267:607-15.
10. Eskin M, Baydar N, El-Nayal M, Asad N, Noor IM, Rezaeian M, Abdel-Khalek AM, Al Buhairan F, Harlak H, Hamdan M, Mechri A. Associations of religiosity, attitudes towards suicide and religious coping with suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in 11 muslim countries. Social Science & Medicine. 2020 Nov 1;265:113390..
11. Horwitz AV. Distinguishing distress from disorder as psychological outcomes of stressful social arrangements. Health:. 2007 Jul;11(3):273-89.
12. Huang CW, Wee PH, Low LL, Koong YL, Htay H, Fan Q, Foo WY, Seng JJ. Prevalence and risk factors for elevated anxiety symptoms and anxiety disorders in chronic kidney disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. General Hospital Psychiatry. 2021 Mar 1;69:27-40.
13. Inam SN, Saqib A, Alam E. Prevalence of anxiety and depression among medical students of private university. Journal-Pakistan Medical Association. 2003 Feb 1;53(2):44-6.
14. Jenkinson C. Quality of life. Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc; 2020.
15. Kessler RC, Andrews G, Colpe LJ, Hiripi E, Mroczek DK, Normand SL, Walters EE, Zaslavsky AM. Short screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in non-specific psychological distress. Psychological medicine. 2002 Aug;32(6):959-76.
16. Kinley DJ, Walker JR, Enns MW, Sareen J. Panic attacks as a risk for later psychopathology: results from a nationally representative survey. Depression and anxiety. 2011 May;28(5):412-9.
17. Koenig HG, Al-Zaben F, VanderWeele TJ. Religion and psychiatry: Recent developments in research. BJPsych advances. 2020 Sep;26(5):262-72.
18. Leichsenring F, Steinert C, Rabung S, Ioannidis JP. The efficacy of psychotherapies and pharmacotherapies for mental disorders in adults: an umbrella review and meta‐analytic evaluation of recent meta‐analyses. World Psychiatry. 2022 Feb;21(1):133-45.
19. Leon-Quismondo L, Rodriguez Pedraza E, Fernandez Liria A, Lahera G. Predictors of efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy in patients with panic disorder. European Psychiatry. 2020 Jul 2;63.
20. Liu CH, Stevens C, Conrad RC, Hahm HC. Evidence for elevated psychiatric distress, poor sleep, and quality of life concerns during the COVID-19 pandemic among US young adults with suspected and reported psychiatric diagnoses. Psychiatry research. 2020 Oct 1;292:113345.
21. Lodhi FS, Raza O, Montazeri A, Nedjat S, Yaseri M, Holakouie-Naieni K. Psychometric properties of the Urdu version of the World Health Organization's quality of life questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF). Medical journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran. 2017;31:129.
22. Martini J, Beesdo-Baum K, Garthus-Niegel S, Wittchen HU. The course of panic disorder during the peripartum period and the risk for adverse child development: A prospective-longitudinal study. Journal of affective disorders. 2020 Apr 1;266:722-30.
23. McWilliams LA, Cox BJ, Enns MW. Mood and anxiety disorders associated with chronic pain: an examination in a nationally representative sample. Pain. 2003 Nov 1;106(1-2):127-33.
24. Meunier S, Bouchard L, Coulombe S, Doucerain M, Pacheco T, Auger E. The association between perceived stress, psychological distress, and job performance during the COVID-19 pandemic: The buffering role of health-promoting management practices. Trends in Psychology. 2022 Sep;30(3):549-69.
25. Noreen A, Iqbal N, Hassan B, Ali SA. Relationship between psychological distress, quality of life and resilience among medical and non-medical students. J Pak Med Assoc. 2021 Sep 1;71(9):2181-5.
26. Olatunji BO, Cisler JM, Tolin DF. Quality of life in the anxiety disorders: a meta-analytic review. Clinical psychology review. 2007 Jun 1;27(5):572-81.
27. Oussi A, Hamid K, Bouvet C. Managing emotions in panic disorder: A systematic review of studies related to emotional intelligence, alexithymia, emotion regulation, and coping. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. 2023 Jan 11:101835.
28. Panayiotou G, Karekla M. Perceived social support helps, but does not buffer the negative impact of anxiety disorders on quality of life and perceived stress. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology. 2013 Feb;48:283-94.
29. Pereira-Morales AJ, Adan A, Lopez-Leon S, Forero DA. Personality traits and health-related quality of life: the mediator role of coping strategies and psychological distress. Annals of general psychiatry. 2018 Dec;17:1-9.
30. Roy-Byrne PP, Stang P, Wittchen HU, Ustun B, Walters EE, Kessler RC. Lifetime panic–depression comorbidity in the National Comorbidity Survey: Association with symptoms, impairment, course and help-seeking. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 2000 Mar;176(3):229-35.
31. Sareen J, Jacobi F, Cox BJ, Belik SL, Clara I, Stein MB. Disability and poor quality of life associated with comorbid anxiety disorders and physical conditions. Archives of internal medicine. 2006 Oct 23;166(19):2109-16.
32. Satici B, Kayis AR, Griffiths MD. Exploring the association between social media addiction and relationship satisfaction: psychological distress as a mediator. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. 2023 Aug;21(4):2037-51.
33. Tulucu F, Anasori E, Kinali Madanoglu G. How does mindfulness boost work engagement and inhibit psychological distress among hospital employees during the COVID-19 pandemic? The mediating and moderating role of psychological resilience. The Service Industries Journal. 2022 Mar 12;42(3-4):131-47.
34. Van Ameringen M, Mancini C, Farvolden P. The impact of anxiety disorders on educational achievement. Journal of anxiety disorders. 2003 Jan 1;17(5):561-71.
35. Winning A, Glymour MM, McCormick MC, Gilsanz P, Kubzansky LD. Psychological distress across the life course and cardiometabolic risk: findings from the 1958 British Birth Cohort Study. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2015 Oct 6;66(14):1577-86.
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Published
Jul 16, 2024
Article Details
How to Cite
Ayesha Shahid Sheikh, & Dr Saima Dawood. (2024). PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTRESS AS A MEDIATED-MODERATOR BETWEEN QUALITY OF LIFE AND SEVERITY OF PANIC DISORDER (PD). Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(7), 659–669. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v31i7.6989
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Author Biographies
Ayesha Shahid Sheikh
PhD Student, Lahore, Pakistan
Dr Saima Dawood
Director, CCP, University of the Punjab