Overconsumption of sugar-sweetened beverages: why is it difficult to control?
Main Article Content
Keywords
Sugar, Phosphate, Health risks, Metabolic diseases, Cardiovascular diseases
Abstract
The consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages is a known contributory factor of childhood obesity that is documented around the globe. More importantly, reducing the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages could reduce weight gain among overweight or obese children. Although sugar is present in many natural foods, artificial sugar is added into sugar-sweetened beverages, which has little or no nutritional value. However, the calories obtained from the sugar-sweetened beverages are linked to overweight and obesity, and an increase serving sizes of sugar-sweetened beverages over the years partly contributed to the alarming rise of childhood obesity around the globe. The sugar-sweetened beverages not only contain a high amount of sugar, but also contain a high amount of phosphate, and the possibility exists for an enhancing dual adverse health effects of sugar and phosphate. Increasing health awareness and limiting marketing approaches targeted towards the younger population are essential to reduce long-term health burdens that are linked to the overconsumption of sugar-sweetened beverages.
References
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31. Brown RB, Razzaque MS. Phosphate toxic-ity and tumorigenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2018;1869(2):303–9. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.bbcan.2018.04.007
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33. Osuka S, Razzaque MS. Can features of phos-phate toxicity appear in normophosphatemia? J Bone Miner Metab 2012;30(1):10–18. https://doi. org/10.1007/s00774-011-0343-z
34. Chankanka O, Levy SM, Marshall TA, et al. The associations between dietary intakes from 36 to 60 months of age and primary dentition non-cavitated caries and cavitated caries. J Public Health Dent 2015; 75(4):265–73. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1752-7325.2012.00376.x
35. Goodson JM, Shi P, Mumena CH, Haq A, Razzaque MS. Dietary phosphorus burden increases cariogenesis independent of vita-min D uptake. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017;167:33–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb. 2016.10.006
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2. Wang Y, Lobstein T. Worldwide trends in child-hood overweight and obesity. Int J Pediatr Obes 2006;1(1):11–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/174771 60600586747
3. Field AE, Cook NR, Gillman MW. Weight status in childhood as a predictor of becoming over-weight or hypertensive in early adulthood. Obes Res 2005;13(1):163–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/ oby.2005.21
4. Juonala M, Juhola J, Magnussen CG, et al. Childhood environmental and genetic predictors of adulthood obesity: The cardiovascular risk in young Finns study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;96(9):E1542–9. https:// doi.org/10.1210/jc.2011-1243
5. Hu FB. Resolved: There is sufficient scientific evi-dence that decreasing sugar-sweetened beverage consumption will reduce the prevalence of obesity and obesity-related diseases. Obes Rev 2013;14(8): 606–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12040
6. Weed DL, Althuis MD, Mink PJ. Quality of reviews on sugar-sweetened beverages and health outcomes: A systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr 2011;94(5):1340–7. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.111.015875
7. Malik VS, Hu FB. Sweeteners and risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes: The role of sugar-sweetened beverages. Curr Diab Rep 2012;12:195–203. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-012-0259-6
8. Yang Q, Zhang Z, Gregg EW, Flanders WD, Merritt R, Hu FB. Added sugar intake and car-diovascular diseases mortality among US adults. JAMA Intern Med 2014;174(4):516–24. https:// doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.13563
9. Schmidt LA. New unsweetened truths about sugar. JAMA Intern Med 2014;174(4):525–6. https://doi. org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.12991
10. Kearns CE, Schmidt LA, Glantz SA. Sugar indus-try and coronary heart disease research: A histori-cal analysis of internal industry documents. JAMA Intern Med 2016;176(11):1680–5. https:// doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.5394
11. Taylor FC, Satija A, Khurana S, Singh G, Ebrahim S. Pepsi and Coca Cola in Delhi, India: Availability, price and sales. Public Health Nutr 2011;14(4): 653–60. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980010002442
12. Kleiman S, Ng SW, Popkin B. Drinking to our health: Can beverage companies cut calories while maintaining profits? Obes Rev 2012;13(3):258–74. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2011.00949.x
13. Vergara-Castaneda A, Castillo-Martinez L, Colin-Ramirez E, Orea-Tejeda A. Overweight, obesity, high blood pressure and lifestyle factors among Mexican children and their parents. Environ Health Prev Med 2010;15(6):358–66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12199-010-0151-4
14. Pabayo R, Spence JC, Cutumisu N, Casey L, Storey K. Sociodemographic, behavioural and environmental correlates of sweetened beverage consumption among pre-school children. Public Health Nutr 2012;15(8):1338–46. https://doi. org/10.1017/S1368980011003557
15. Ratnayake N, Ekanayake L. Soft drink consump-tion in Sri Lankan adolescents. Public Health Nutr 2012;15(8):1333–7. https://doi.org/10.1017/ S1368980012001061
16. Finkelstein EA, Trogdon JG, Cohen JW, Dietz W. Annual medical spending attributable to obesity: Payer-and service-specific estimates. Health Aff (Millwood) 2009;28(5):w822–31. https://doi. org/10.1377/hlthaff.28.5.w822
17. Falbe J, Thompson HR, Patel A, Madsen KA. Potentially addictive properties of sugar-sweetened beverages among adolescents. Appetite 2019;133:130–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet. 2018.10.032
18. Forshee RA, Anderson PA, Storey ML. Sugar-sweetened beverages and body mass index in chil-dren and adolescents: A meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr.2008;87(6):1662–71. https://doi.org/10.1093/ ajcn/87.6.1662
19. Kaiser KA, Shikany JM, Keating KD, Allison DB. Will reducing sugar-sweetened beverage con-sumption reduce obesity? Evidence supporting conjecture is strong, but evidence when testing effect is weak. Obes Rev 2013;14(8):620–33. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12048
20. Lee JG, Messer LB. Intake of sweet drinks and sweet treats versus reported and observed caries experience. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2010;11(1): 5–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03262704
21. Johansson AK, Johansson A, Birkhed D, Omar R, Baghdadi S, Carlsson GE. Dental erosion, soft-drink intake, and oral health in young Saudi men, and the development of a system for assessing erosive anterior tooth wear. Acta Odontol Scand 1996;54(6):369–78. https://doi. org/10.3109/00016359609003554
22. Shutto Y, Shimada M, Kitajima M, Yamabe H, Razzaque MS. Lack of awareness among future medical professionals about the risk of consum-ing hidden phosphate-containing processed food and drinks. PLoS One 2011;6(12):e29105. https:// doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0029105
23. Shutto Y, Shimada M, Kitajima M, et al. Inadequate awareness among chronic kidney disease patients regarding food and drinks con-taining artificially added phosphate. PLoS One 2013;8(11):e78660. https://doi.org/10.1371/jour-nal.pone.0078660
24. Chang AR, Lazo M, Appel LJ, Gutierrez OM, Grams ME. High dietary phosphorus intake is associated with all-cause mortality: Results from NHANES III. Am J Clin Nutr 2014;99(2):320–7. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.113.073148
25. Erem S, Razzaque MS. Dietary phosphate toxicity: An emerging global health concern. Histochem Cell Biol 2018;150(6):711–19. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s00418-018-1711-8
26. Roma-Giannikou E, Adamidis D, Gianniou M, Nikolara R, Matsaniotis N. Nutritional survey in Greek children: Nutrient intake. Eur J Clin Nutr 1997;51(5):273–85. https://doi.org/10.1038/ sj.ejcn.1600388
27. Goodson JM, Shi P, Razzaque MS. Dietary phos-phorus enhances inflammatory response: A study of human gingivitis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019;188:166–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb. 2019.01.023
28. Gregor MF, Hotamisligil GS. Inflammatory mechanisms in obesity. Annu Rev Immunol 2011;29:415–45. https://doi.org/10.1146/ annurev-immunol-031210-101322
29. Razzaque MS. The FGF23-Klotho axis: Endocrine regulation of phosphate homeostasis. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2009;5(11):611–19. https:// doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2009.196
30. Razzaque MS. Phosphate toxicity: New insights into an old problem. Clin Sci (Lond) 2011;120(3): 91–7. https://doi.org/10.1042/CS20100377
31. Brown RB, Razzaque MS. Phosphate toxic-ity and tumorigenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2018;1869(2):303–9. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.bbcan.2018.04.007
32. Brown RB, Razzaque MS. Phosphate toxicity: A stealth biochemical stress factor? Med Mol Morphol 2016;49(1):1–4. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s00795-015-0122-3
33. Osuka S, Razzaque MS. Can features of phos-phate toxicity appear in normophosphatemia? J Bone Miner Metab 2012;30(1):10–18. https://doi. org/10.1007/s00774-011-0343-z
34. Chankanka O, Levy SM, Marshall TA, et al. The associations between dietary intakes from 36 to 60 months of age and primary dentition non-cavitated caries and cavitated caries. J Public Health Dent 2015; 75(4):265–73. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1752-7325.2012.00376.x
35. Goodson JM, Shi P, Mumena CH, Haq A, Razzaque MS. Dietary phosphorus burden increases cariogenesis independent of vita-min D uptake. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017;167:33–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb. 2016.10.006
36. Key TJ, Schatzkin A, Willett WC, Allen NE, Spencer EA, Travis RC. Diet, nutrition and the prevention of cancer. Public Health Nutr 2004;7(1A):187–200. https://doi.org/10.1079/ PHN2003588
37. Srinath Reddy K, Katan MB. Diet, nutri-tion and the prevention of hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. Public Health Nutr 2004;7(1A):167–86. https://doi.org/10.1079/ PHN2003587
38. Steyn NP, Mann J, Bennett PH, et al. Diet, nutri-tion and the prevention of type 2 diabetes. Public Health Nutr 2004;7(1A):147–65. https://doi. org/10.1079/PHN2003586
39. Bleich SN, Vercammen KA, Koma JW, Li Z. Trends in beverage consumption among children and adults, 2003–2014. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2018;26(2): 432–41. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.22056
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May 20, 2020
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How to Cite
Razzaque, M. S. (2020). Overconsumption of sugar-sweetened beverages: why is it difficult to control?. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 27(2), e51-e57. https://doi.org/10.15586/jptcp.v27i2.678
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