EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF CORTICOSTEROID, PLATELET-RICH PLASMA, AND AUTOLOGOUS BLOOD INJECTIONS IN THE TREATMENT OF LATERAL EPICONDYLITIS: A RANDOMIZED, CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL
Main Article Content
Keywords
Corticosteroid Injection, Grip Strength, Lateral Epicondylitis, Platelet-Rich Plasma
Abstract
Background: Lateral epicondylitis is a common musculoskeletal disorder that affects a significant proportion of the adult population. This study aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of corticosteroid, platelet-rich plasma (PRP), and autologous blood injections in the treatment of lateral epicondylitis.
Methods: A randomized, controlled clinical trial was conducted with 54 patients diagnosed with unilateral chronic lateral epicondylitis. Participants were randomly allocated to three treatment groups: corticosteroid and local anesthetic, PRP, and autologous blood. Pain, function, and grip strength were assessed using a visual analogue scale, the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand questionnaire, and dynamometer testing at baseline and 1, 2, 4, 12, and 24 weeks post-injection.
Results: All treatment groups demonstrated significant improvements in pain, function, and grip strength from baseline. The corticosteroid group showed the most rapid improvement at 4 weeks, while the PRP group exhibited the greatest long-term benefits at 12 and 24 weeks. The autologous blood group had outcomes similar to the PRP group, but with a lower magnitude of improvement. Adverse events were minor and transient, with no serious complications reported.
Conclusion: PRP and autologous blood injections provided more sustained long-term benefits in the treatment of lateral epicondylitis compared to corticosteroids. While corticosteroids offered rapid short-term relief, PRP and autologous blood injections resulted in superior pain reduction, functional improvement, and patient satisfaction at 12 and 24 weeks post-injection. These findings support the use of PRP and autologous blood injections as effective and safe treatment options for chronic lateral epicondylitis.
References
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2. Arirachakaran, A., Sukthuayat, A., Sisayanarane, T., Laoratanavoraphong, S., Kanchanatawan, W., &Kongtharvonskul, J. (2016). Platelet-rich plasma versus autologous blood versus steroid injection in lateral epicondylitis: Systematic review and network meta-analysis. Journal of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, 17(2), 101-112. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10195-015-0376-5
3. Bisset, L., Paungmali, A., Vicenzino, B., &Beller, E. (2005). A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials on physical interventions for lateral epicondylalgia. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 39(7), 411-422. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2004.016170
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5. Coombes, B. K., Bisset, L., &Vicenzino, B. (2015). Management of lateral elbow tendinopathy: One size does not fit all. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 45(11), 938-949. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2015.5841
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7. Kraushaar, B. S., &Nirschl, R. P. (2001). Tendinosis of the elbow (tennis elbow). Clinical features and findings of histological, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopy studies. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume, 81(2), 259-278. https://doi.org/10.2106/00004623-199902000-00014
8. Mishra, A., &Pavelko, T. (2006). Treatment of chronic elbow tendinosis with buffered platelet-rich plasma. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 34(11), 1774-1778. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546506288850
9. Mishra, A., Woodall, J., Jr, & Vieira, A. (2009). Treatment of tendon and muscle using platelet-rich plasma. Clinics in Sports Medicine, 28(1), 113-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csm.2008.08.007
10. Nirschl, R. P., & Pettrone, F. A. (2001). Tennis elbow. The surgical treatment of lateral epicondylitis. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume, 61(6A), 832-839.
11. Scutt, N., Rolf, C. G., &Scutt, A. (2006). Glucocorticoids inhibit tenocyte proliferation and tendon progenitor cell recruitment. Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 24(2), 173-182. https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.20030
12. Shiri, R., &Viikari-Juntura, E. (2011). Lateral and medial epicondylitis: Role of occupational factors. Best Practice & Research. Clinical Rheumatology, 25(1), 43-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.berh.2011.01.013
13. Shiri, R., Viikari-Juntura, E., Varonen, H., &Heliövaara, M. (2006). Prevalence and determinants of lateral and medial epicondylitis: A population study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 164(11), 1065-1074. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwj325
14. Smidt, N., Assendelft, W. J., Arola, H., Malmivaara, A., Greens, S., Buchbinder, R., van der Windt, D. A., &Bouter, L. M. (2002). Effectiveness of physiotherapy for lateral epicondylitis: A systematic review. Annals of Medicine, 34(1), 51-62. https://doi.org/10.1080/078538902317338634
15. Vaquero-Picado, A., Barco, R., &Antuña, S. A. (2016). Lateral epicondylitis of the elbow. EFORT Open Reviews, 1(11), 391-397. https://doi.org/10.1302/2058-5241.1.000049
16. Vicenzino, B., Brooksbank, J., Minto, J., Offord, S., &Paungmali, A. (2003). Initial effects of elbow taping on pain-free grip strength and pressure pain threshold. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 33(7), 400-407. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2003.33.7.400
17. Waseem, M., Nuhmani, S., Ram, C. S., & Sachin, Y. (2012). Lateral epicondylitis: A review of the literature. Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation, 25(2), 131-142. https://doi.org/10.3233/BMR-2012-0328
18. Zhang, J., Wang, J. H., Rodeo, S. A., &Cugat, R. (2013). Platelet-rich plasma for the treatment of tendon and ligament injuries. Operative Techniques in Orthopaedics, 23(1), 54-60. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.oto.2013.03.001
19. Chen, Y., Hu, C. L., Hong, C. K., Hsu, K. L., Kuan, F. C., Chen, W. L., ... & Hwang, I. S. (2023). Deficits in neuromuscular control of increasing force in patients with chronic lateral epicondylitis. Frontiers in Physiology, 14, 1178557. frontiersin.org
20. Ahmad, Z., Siddiqui, N., Malik, S. S., Abdus-Samee, M., Tytherleigh-Strong, G., & Rushton, N. (2013). Lateral epicondylitis: A review of pathology and management. Bone & Joint Journal, 95-B(9), 1158-1164. https://doi.org/10.1302/0301-620X.95B9.29285
21. Arirachakaran, A., Sukthuayat, A., Sisayanarane, T., Laoratanavoraphong, S., Kanchanatawan, W., &Kongtharvonskul, J. (2016). Platelet-rich plasma versus autologous blood versus steroid injection in lateral epicondylitis: Systematic review and network meta-analysis. Journal of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, 17(2), 101-112. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10195-015-0376-5
22. Bisset, L., Beller, E., Jull, G., Brooks, P., Darnell, R., &Vicenzino, B. (2006). Mobilisation with movement and exercise, corticosteroid injection, or wait and see for tennis elbow: Randomised trial. BMJ, 333(7575), 939. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.38961.584653.AE
23. Bisset, L., Paungmali, A., Vicenzino, B., &Beller, E. (2005). A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials on physical interventions for lateral epicondylalgia. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 39(7), 411-422. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2004.016170
24. Coombes, B. K., Bisset, L., Brooks, P., Khan, A., &Vicenzino, B. (2013). Effect of corticosteroid injection, physiotherapy, or both on clinical outcomes in patients with unilateral lateral epicondylalgia: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 309(5), 461-469. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.129
25. Coombes, B. K., Bisset, L., &Vicenzino, B. (2010). Efficacy and safety of corticosteroid injections and other injections for management of tendinopathy: A systematic review of randomised controlled trials. The Lancet, 376(9754), 1751-1767. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61160-9
26. Creaney, L., Wallace, A., Curtis, M., & Connell, D. (2011). Growth factor-based therapies provide additional benefit beyond physical therapy in resistant elbow tendinopathy: A prospective, single-blind, randomised trial of autologous blood injections versus platelet-rich plasma injections. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 45(12), 966-971. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2010.082503
27. Edwards, S. G., &Calandruccio, J. H. (2003). Autologous blood injections for refractory lateral epicondylitis. The Journal of Hand Surgery, 28(2), 272-278. https://doi.org/10.1053/jhsu.2003.50041
28. Gosens, T., Peerbooms, J. C., van Laar, W., & den Oudsten, B. L. (2011). Ongoing positive effect of platelet-rich plasma versus corticosteroid injection in lateral epicondylitis: A double-blind randomized controlled trial with 2-year follow-up. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 39(6), 1200-1208. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546510397173
29. Kraushaar, B. S., &Nirschl, R. P. (2001). Tendinosis of the elbow (tennis elbow). Clinical features and findings of histological, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopy studies. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume, 81(2), 259-278. https://doi.org/10.2106/00004623-199902000-00014
30. Krogh, T. P., Bartels, E. M., Ellingsen, T., Stengaard-Pedersen, K., Buchbinder, R., Fredberg, U., Bliddal, H., & Christensen, R. (2013). Comparative effectiveness of injection therapies in lateral epicondylitis: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 41(6), 1435-1446. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546512458237
31. Lebiedzinski, R., Synder, M., Buchcic, P., Polguj, M., Grzegorzewski, A., &Sibinski, M. (2015). A randomized study of autologous conditioned plasma and steroid injections in the treatment of lateral epicondylitis. International Orthopaedics, 39(11), 2199-2203. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00264-015-2861-0
32. Mishra, A., &Pavelko, T. (2006). Treatment of chronic elbow tendinosis with buffered platelet-rich plasma. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 34(11), 1774-1778. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546506288850
33. Mishra, A., Woodall, J., Jr, & Vieira, A. (2009). Treatment of tendon and muscle using platelet-rich plasma. Clinics in Sports Medicine, 28(1), 113-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csm.2008.08.007
34. Moher, D., Hopewell, S., Schulz, K. F., Montori, V., Gøtzsche, P. C., Devereaux, P. J., Elbourne, D., Egger, M., & Altman, D. G. (2010). CONSORT 2010 explanation and elaboration: Updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. BMJ, 340, c869. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c869
35. Nilsson, P., Baigi, A., Swärd, L., &Möller, M. (2008). Lateral epicondylalgia: A quantitative and qualitative analysis of interdisciplinary cooperation and treatment choice in the Swedish health care system. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 22(4), 644-650. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6712.2007.00575.x
36. Peerbooms, J. C., Sluimer, J., Bruijn, D. J., &Gosens, T. (2010). Positive effect of an autologous platelet concentrate in lateral epicondylitis in a double-blind randomized controlled trial: Platelet-rich plasma versus corticosteroid injection with a 1-year follow-up. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 38(2), 255-262. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546509355445
37. Rompe, J. D., Overend, T. J., &MacDermid, J. C. (2007). Validation of the Patient-rated Tennis Elbow Evaluation Questionnaire. Journal of Hand Therapy, 20(1), 3-10. https://doi.org/10.1197/j.jht.2006.10.003
38. Sayegh, E. T., &Strauch, R. J. (2015). Does nonsurgical treatment improve longitudinal outcomes of lateral epicondylitis over no treatment? A meta-analysis. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, 473(3), 1093-1107. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11999-014-4022-y
39. Schulz, K. F., Altman, D. G., & Moher, D. (2010). CONSORT 2010 statement: Updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. BMJ, 340, c332. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c332
40. Shiri, R., &Viikari-Juntura, E. (2011). Lateral and medial epicondylitis: Role of occupational factors. Best Practice & Research. Clinical Rheumatology, 25(1), 43-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.berh.2011.01.013
41. Shiri, R., Viikari-Juntura, E., Varonen, H., &Heliövaara, M. (2006). Prevalence and determinants of lateral and medial epicondylitis: A population study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 164(11), 1065-1074. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwj325
42. Smidt, N., Assendelft, W. J., Arola, H., Malmivaara, A., Greens, S., Buchbinder, R., van der Windt, D. A., &Bouter, L. M. (2002). Effectiveness of physiotherapy for lateral epicondylitis: A systematic review. Annals of Medicine, 34(1), 51-62. https://doi.org/10.1080/078538902317338634
43. Thanasas, C., Papadimitriou, G., Charalambidis, C., Paraskevopoulos, I., &Papanikolaou, A. (2011). Platelet-rich plasma versus autologous whole blood for the treatment of chronic lateral elbow epicondylitis: A randomized controlled clinical trial. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 39(10), 2130-2134. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546511417113
2. Arirachakaran, A., Sukthuayat, A., Sisayanarane, T., Laoratanavoraphong, S., Kanchanatawan, W., &Kongtharvonskul, J. (2016). Platelet-rich plasma versus autologous blood versus steroid injection in lateral epicondylitis: Systematic review and network meta-analysis. Journal of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, 17(2), 101-112. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10195-015-0376-5
3. Bisset, L., Paungmali, A., Vicenzino, B., &Beller, E. (2005). A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials on physical interventions for lateral epicondylalgia. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 39(7), 411-422. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2004.016170
4. Coombes, B. K., Bisset, L., &Vicenzino, B. (2010). Efficacy and safety of corticosteroid injections and other injections for management of tendinopathy: A systematic review of randomised controlled trials. The Lancet, 376(9754), 1751-1767. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61160-9
5. Coombes, B. K., Bisset, L., &Vicenzino, B. (2015). Management of lateral elbow tendinopathy: One size does not fit all. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 45(11), 938-949. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2015.5841
6. deVos, R. J., Windt, J., & Weir, A. (2014). Strong evidence against platelet-rich plasma injections for chronic lateral epicondylar tendinopathy: A systematic review. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 48(12), 952-956. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-093281
7. Kraushaar, B. S., &Nirschl, R. P. (2001). Tendinosis of the elbow (tennis elbow). Clinical features and findings of histological, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopy studies. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume, 81(2), 259-278. https://doi.org/10.2106/00004623-199902000-00014
8. Mishra, A., &Pavelko, T. (2006). Treatment of chronic elbow tendinosis with buffered platelet-rich plasma. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 34(11), 1774-1778. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546506288850
9. Mishra, A., Woodall, J., Jr, & Vieira, A. (2009). Treatment of tendon and muscle using platelet-rich plasma. Clinics in Sports Medicine, 28(1), 113-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csm.2008.08.007
10. Nirschl, R. P., & Pettrone, F. A. (2001). Tennis elbow. The surgical treatment of lateral epicondylitis. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume, 61(6A), 832-839.
11. Scutt, N., Rolf, C. G., &Scutt, A. (2006). Glucocorticoids inhibit tenocyte proliferation and tendon progenitor cell recruitment. Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 24(2), 173-182. https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.20030
12. Shiri, R., &Viikari-Juntura, E. (2011). Lateral and medial epicondylitis: Role of occupational factors. Best Practice & Research. Clinical Rheumatology, 25(1), 43-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.berh.2011.01.013
13. Shiri, R., Viikari-Juntura, E., Varonen, H., &Heliövaara, M. (2006). Prevalence and determinants of lateral and medial epicondylitis: A population study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 164(11), 1065-1074. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwj325
14. Smidt, N., Assendelft, W. J., Arola, H., Malmivaara, A., Greens, S., Buchbinder, R., van der Windt, D. A., &Bouter, L. M. (2002). Effectiveness of physiotherapy for lateral epicondylitis: A systematic review. Annals of Medicine, 34(1), 51-62. https://doi.org/10.1080/078538902317338634
15. Vaquero-Picado, A., Barco, R., &Antuña, S. A. (2016). Lateral epicondylitis of the elbow. EFORT Open Reviews, 1(11), 391-397. https://doi.org/10.1302/2058-5241.1.000049
16. Vicenzino, B., Brooksbank, J., Minto, J., Offord, S., &Paungmali, A. (2003). Initial effects of elbow taping on pain-free grip strength and pressure pain threshold. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 33(7), 400-407. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2003.33.7.400
17. Waseem, M., Nuhmani, S., Ram, C. S., & Sachin, Y. (2012). Lateral epicondylitis: A review of the literature. Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation, 25(2), 131-142. https://doi.org/10.3233/BMR-2012-0328
18. Zhang, J., Wang, J. H., Rodeo, S. A., &Cugat, R. (2013). Platelet-rich plasma for the treatment of tendon and ligament injuries. Operative Techniques in Orthopaedics, 23(1), 54-60. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.oto.2013.03.001
19. Chen, Y., Hu, C. L., Hong, C. K., Hsu, K. L., Kuan, F. C., Chen, W. L., ... & Hwang, I. S. (2023). Deficits in neuromuscular control of increasing force in patients with chronic lateral epicondylitis. Frontiers in Physiology, 14, 1178557. frontiersin.org
20. Ahmad, Z., Siddiqui, N., Malik, S. S., Abdus-Samee, M., Tytherleigh-Strong, G., & Rushton, N. (2013). Lateral epicondylitis: A review of pathology and management. Bone & Joint Journal, 95-B(9), 1158-1164. https://doi.org/10.1302/0301-620X.95B9.29285
21. Arirachakaran, A., Sukthuayat, A., Sisayanarane, T., Laoratanavoraphong, S., Kanchanatawan, W., &Kongtharvonskul, J. (2016). Platelet-rich plasma versus autologous blood versus steroid injection in lateral epicondylitis: Systematic review and network meta-analysis. Journal of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, 17(2), 101-112. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10195-015-0376-5
22. Bisset, L., Beller, E., Jull, G., Brooks, P., Darnell, R., &Vicenzino, B. (2006). Mobilisation with movement and exercise, corticosteroid injection, or wait and see for tennis elbow: Randomised trial. BMJ, 333(7575), 939. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.38961.584653.AE
23. Bisset, L., Paungmali, A., Vicenzino, B., &Beller, E. (2005). A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials on physical interventions for lateral epicondylalgia. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 39(7), 411-422. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2004.016170
24. Coombes, B. K., Bisset, L., Brooks, P., Khan, A., &Vicenzino, B. (2013). Effect of corticosteroid injection, physiotherapy, or both on clinical outcomes in patients with unilateral lateral epicondylalgia: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 309(5), 461-469. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.129
25. Coombes, B. K., Bisset, L., &Vicenzino, B. (2010). Efficacy and safety of corticosteroid injections and other injections for management of tendinopathy: A systematic review of randomised controlled trials. The Lancet, 376(9754), 1751-1767. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61160-9
26. Creaney, L., Wallace, A., Curtis, M., & Connell, D. (2011). Growth factor-based therapies provide additional benefit beyond physical therapy in resistant elbow tendinopathy: A prospective, single-blind, randomised trial of autologous blood injections versus platelet-rich plasma injections. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 45(12), 966-971. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2010.082503
27. Edwards, S. G., &Calandruccio, J. H. (2003). Autologous blood injections for refractory lateral epicondylitis. The Journal of Hand Surgery, 28(2), 272-278. https://doi.org/10.1053/jhsu.2003.50041
28. Gosens, T., Peerbooms, J. C., van Laar, W., & den Oudsten, B. L. (2011). Ongoing positive effect of platelet-rich plasma versus corticosteroid injection in lateral epicondylitis: A double-blind randomized controlled trial with 2-year follow-up. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 39(6), 1200-1208. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546510397173
29. Kraushaar, B. S., &Nirschl, R. P. (2001). Tendinosis of the elbow (tennis elbow). Clinical features and findings of histological, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopy studies. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume, 81(2), 259-278. https://doi.org/10.2106/00004623-199902000-00014
30. Krogh, T. P., Bartels, E. M., Ellingsen, T., Stengaard-Pedersen, K., Buchbinder, R., Fredberg, U., Bliddal, H., & Christensen, R. (2013). Comparative effectiveness of injection therapies in lateral epicondylitis: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 41(6), 1435-1446. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546512458237
31. Lebiedzinski, R., Synder, M., Buchcic, P., Polguj, M., Grzegorzewski, A., &Sibinski, M. (2015). A randomized study of autologous conditioned plasma and steroid injections in the treatment of lateral epicondylitis. International Orthopaedics, 39(11), 2199-2203. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00264-015-2861-0
32. Mishra, A., &Pavelko, T. (2006). Treatment of chronic elbow tendinosis with buffered platelet-rich plasma. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 34(11), 1774-1778. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546506288850
33. Mishra, A., Woodall, J., Jr, & Vieira, A. (2009). Treatment of tendon and muscle using platelet-rich plasma. Clinics in Sports Medicine, 28(1), 113-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csm.2008.08.007
34. Moher, D., Hopewell, S., Schulz, K. F., Montori, V., Gøtzsche, P. C., Devereaux, P. J., Elbourne, D., Egger, M., & Altman, D. G. (2010). CONSORT 2010 explanation and elaboration: Updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. BMJ, 340, c869. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c869
35. Nilsson, P., Baigi, A., Swärd, L., &Möller, M. (2008). Lateral epicondylalgia: A quantitative and qualitative analysis of interdisciplinary cooperation and treatment choice in the Swedish health care system. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 22(4), 644-650. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6712.2007.00575.x
36. Peerbooms, J. C., Sluimer, J., Bruijn, D. J., &Gosens, T. (2010). Positive effect of an autologous platelet concentrate in lateral epicondylitis in a double-blind randomized controlled trial: Platelet-rich plasma versus corticosteroid injection with a 1-year follow-up. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 38(2), 255-262. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546509355445
37. Rompe, J. D., Overend, T. J., &MacDermid, J. C. (2007). Validation of the Patient-rated Tennis Elbow Evaluation Questionnaire. Journal of Hand Therapy, 20(1), 3-10. https://doi.org/10.1197/j.jht.2006.10.003
38. Sayegh, E. T., &Strauch, R. J. (2015). Does nonsurgical treatment improve longitudinal outcomes of lateral epicondylitis over no treatment? A meta-analysis. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, 473(3), 1093-1107. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11999-014-4022-y
39. Schulz, K. F., Altman, D. G., & Moher, D. (2010). CONSORT 2010 statement: Updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. BMJ, 340, c332. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c332
40. Shiri, R., &Viikari-Juntura, E. (2011). Lateral and medial epicondylitis: Role of occupational factors. Best Practice & Research. Clinical Rheumatology, 25(1), 43-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.berh.2011.01.013
41. Shiri, R., Viikari-Juntura, E., Varonen, H., &Heliövaara, M. (2006). Prevalence and determinants of lateral and medial epicondylitis: A population study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 164(11), 1065-1074. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwj325
42. Smidt, N., Assendelft, W. J., Arola, H., Malmivaara, A., Greens, S., Buchbinder, R., van der Windt, D. A., &Bouter, L. M. (2002). Effectiveness of physiotherapy for lateral epicondylitis: A systematic review. Annals of Medicine, 34(1), 51-62. https://doi.org/10.1080/078538902317338634
43. Thanasas, C., Papadimitriou, G., Charalambidis, C., Paraskevopoulos, I., &Papanikolaou, A. (2011). Platelet-rich plasma versus autologous whole blood for the treatment of chronic lateral elbow epicondylitis: A randomized controlled clinical trial. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 39(10), 2130-2134. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546511417113
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Dr. Ravindra Kumar Singh, Dr. Ajay Kumar Kundan, & Dr. Meenakshi Singh. (2019). EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF CORTICOSTEROID, PLATELET-RICH PLASMA, AND AUTOLOGOUS BLOOD INJECTIONS IN THE TREATMENT OF LATERAL EPICONDYLITIS: A RANDOMIZED, CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 26(2), 71–84. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v26i2.6672
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
All articles published in JPTCP are licensed under Copyright Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Author Biographies
Dr. Ravindra Kumar Singh
Assistant Professor, Department of Anaesthesia, Lord Buddha Koshi Medical College and Hospital, Saharsa, Bihar
Dr. Ajay Kumar Kundan
Assistant Professor, Department of Orthopaedics, IQ City Medical College, Durgapur, West Bengal
Dr. Meenakshi Singh
Assistant Professor, Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, MRA Medical College, Ambedkar Nagar, Uttar Pradesh