SHOCK: EVALUATION AND INITIAL MANAGEMENT
Main Article Content
Keywords
Shock, management, assessment, IV fluids
Abstract
Shock is characterized by inadequate oxygen supply to cells and tissues. A Patient experiencing shock may have high blood pressure, normal blood pressure, or low blood pressure. At the beginning, the consequences of shock can be reversed, but if not managed promptly and effectively, they can result in irreversible failure of multiple organs and ultimately lead to death. This review will explore the most recent evidence regarding the optimal initial approach for managing a patient experiencing suspected undifferentiated shock.
References
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31. Asfar P, Meziani F, Hamel J-F, et al.: High versus low blood-pressure target in patients with septic shock. New England Journal of Medicine. 2014, 370:1583-1593.
2. De Backer D, Biston P, Devriendt J, et al.: Comparison of dopamine and norepinephrine in the treatment of shock. New England Journal of Medicine. 2010, 362:779-789.
3. Kheng CP, Rahman NH: The use of end-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring in patients with hypotension in the emergency department. International journal of emergency medicine. 2012, 5:1-.
4. Jones AE, Craddock PA, Tayal VS, Kline JA: Diagnostic accuracy of left ventricular function for identifying sepsis among emergency department patients with nontraumatic symptomatic undifferentiated hypotension. Shock. 2005, 24:513-517.
5. Churpek MM, Zadravecz FJ, Winslow C, Howell MD, Edelson DP: Incidence and prognostic value of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome and organ dysfunctions in ward patients. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine. 2015, 192:958-964.
6. Seymour CW, Liu VX, Iwashyna TJ, et al.: Assessment of clinical criteria for sepsis: for the Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3). Jama. 2016, 315:762-774.
7. Ingelfinger JR, Kraut J, Madias N: Lactic acidosis. N Engl J Med. 2014, 371:2309-2319.
8. Liu VX, Morehouse JW, Marelich GP, et al.: Multicenter implementation of a treatment bundle for patients with sepsis and intermediate lactate values. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine. 2016, 193:1264-1270.
9. Cardenas‐Garcia J, Schaub KF, Belchikov YG, Narasimhan M, Koenig SJ, Mayo PH: Safety of peripheral intravenous administration of vasoactive medication. Journal of hospital medicine. 2015, 10:581-585.
10. Walkey AJ, Wiener RS, Ghobrial JM, Curtis LH, Benjamin EJ: Incident stroke and mortality associated with new-onset atrial fibrillation in patients hospitalized with severe sepsis. Jama. 2011, 306:2248-2254.
11. Cavallazzi R, Bennin C-L, Hirani A, Gilbert C, Marik PE: Review of a large clinical series: is the band count useful in the diagnosis of infection? an accuracy study in critically ill patients. Journal of intensive care medicine. 2010, 25:353-357.
12. Levraut J, Ciebiera J-P, Chave S, et al.: Mild hyperlactatemia in stable septic patients is due to impaired lactate clearance rather than overproduction. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine. 1998, 157:1021-1026.
13. Del Portal DA, Shofer F, Mikkelsen ME, et al.: Emergency department lactate is associated with mortality in older adults admitted with and without infections. Academic Emergency Medicine. 2010, 17:260-268.
14. Perera P, Mailhot T, Riley D, Mandavia D: The RUSH exam: Rapid Ultrasound in SHock in the evaluation of the critically lll. Emergency Medicine Clinics. 2010, 28:29-56.
15. Labovitz AJ, Noble VE, Bierig M, et al.: Focused cardiac ultrasound in the emergent setting: a consensus statement of the American Society of Echocardiography and American College of Emergency Physicians. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography. 2010, 23:1225-1230.
16. Atkinson P, McAuley D, Kendall R, et al.: Abdominal and Cardiac Evaluation with Sonography in Shock (ACES): an approach by emergency physicians for the use of ultrasound in patients with undifferentiated hypotension. Emergency Medicine Journal. 2009, 26:87-91.
17. Shokoohi H, Boniface KS, Pourmand A, et al.: Bedside ultrasound reduces diagnostic uncertainty and guides resuscitation in patients with undifferentiated hypotension. Critical care medicine. 2015, 43:2562-2569.
18. Soldati G, Testa A, Sher S, Pignataro G, La Sala M, Silveri NG: Occult traumatic pneumothorax: diagnostic accuracy of lung ultrasonography in the emergency department. Chest. 2008, 133:204-211.
19. Zhang M, Liu Z-H, Yang J-X, et al.: Rapid detection of pneumothorax by ultrasonography in patients with multiple trauma. Critical Care. 2006, 10:1-7.
20. Knudtson JL, Dort JM, Helmer SD, Smith RS: Surgeon-performed ultrasound for pneumothorax in the trauma suite. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery. 2004, 56:527-530.
21. Sartori S, Tombesi P, Trevisani L, Nielsen I, Tassinari D, Abbasciano V: Accuracy of transthoracic sonography in detection of pneumothorax after sonographically guided lung biopsy: prospective comparison with chest radiography. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2007, 188:37-.
22. Rozycki GS, Feliciano DV, Ochsner MG, et al.: The role of ultrasound in patients with possible penetrating cardiac wounds: a prospective multicenter study. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery. 1999, 46:543-552.
23. Mandavia DP, Hoffner RJ, Mahaney K, Henderson SO: Bedside echocardiography by emergency physicians. Annals of emergency medicine. 2001, 38:377-382.
24. Marbach JA, Almufleh A, Di Santo P, et al.: Comparative accuracy of focused cardiac ultrasonography and clinical examination for left ventricular dysfunction and valvular heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of internal medicine. 2019, 171:264-272.
25. Connors AF, Speroff T, Dawson NV, et al.: The effectiveness of right heart catheterization in the initial care of critically III patients. Jama. 1996, 276:889-897.
26. Harvey S, Harrison DA, Singer M, et al.: Assessment of the clinical effectiveness of pulmonary artery catheters in management of patients in intensive care (PAC-Man): a randomised controlled trial. The Lancet. 2005, 366:472-477.
27. Shah MR, Hasselblad V, Stevenson LW, et al.: Impact of the pulmonary artery catheter in critically ill patients: meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Jama. 2005, 294:1664-1670.
28. Mimoz O, Rauss A, Rekik N, Brun-Buisson C, Lemaire F, Brochard L: Pulmonary artery catheterization in critically ill patients: a prospective analysis of outcome changes associated with catheter-prompted changes in therapy. Critical care medicine. 1994, 22:573-579.
29. Mathieu Hylands M, Moller MH, Pierre Asfar M, et al.: A systematic review of vasopressor blood pressure targets in critically ill adults with hypotension. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia. 2017, 64:703.
30. Gamper G, Havel C, Arrich J, et al.: Vasopressors for hypotensive shock. Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 2016.
31. Asfar P, Meziani F, Hamel J-F, et al.: High versus low blood-pressure target in patients with septic shock. New England Journal of Medicine. 2014, 370:1583-1593.
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Published
May 10, 2019
Article Details
How to Cite
Talal Mohammed Alshammari, Alaa Essa Almulla, Manal Ahmed Alsuwailim, Nadia Abdullatif Aldossary, Ali Ghanem Ali Haqawi, Moteea Abduladhim Alhaddad, Salma ebrahim alquhaidan, Wadha Hamad Manee Alanazi, Fatimah Ali Ebrahim Alzaher, Dalal Ahmed Ali Albandri, Ahmed Salah Alnujaim, Abdullah Saeed Alshehri, Fahad Ibrahim Alotaibi, & Salman Mohammed Harthi. (2019). SHOCK: EVALUATION AND INITIAL MANAGEMENT. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 26(2), 63–70. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v26i2.6339
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Author Biographies
Talal Mohammed Alshammari
Primary Healthcare - National Guard – Dammam
Alaa Essa Almulla
Primary Healthcare - National Guard – Dammam
Manal Ahmed Alsuwailim
Primary Healthcare - National Guard – Dammam
Nadia Abdullatif Aldossary
Primary Healthcare - National Guard – Dammam
Ali Ghanem Ali Haqawi
Primary Healthcare - National Guard – Dammam
Moteea Abduladhim Alhaddad
Primary Healthcare - National Guard – Dammam
Salma ebrahim alquhaidan
Primary Healthcare - National Guard – Dammam
Wadha Hamad Manee Alanazi
Primary Healthcare - National Guard – Dammam
Fatimah Ali Ebrahim Alzaher
Primary Healthcare - National Guard – Dammam
Dalal Ahmed Ali Albandri
Primary Healthcare - National Guard – Dammam
Ahmed Salah Alnujaim
Primary Healthcare - National Guard – Dammam
Abdullah Saeed Alshehri
Primary Healthcare - National Guard – Dammam
Fahad Ibrahim Alotaibi
Primary Healthcare - National Guard – Dammam
Salman Mohammed Harthi
Primary Healthcare - National Guard – Dammam