"CARTHAMUS TINCTORIUS (SAFFLOWER): A HOLISTIC REVIEW OF ITS THERAPEUTIC SIGNIFICANCE AND PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
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Keywords
.
Abstract
The plant Carthamus tinctorius L., commonly known as Safflower or false saffron, belongs to the Compositae or Asteraceae family and is characterized by its thistle-like appearance (1).
References
1. Shirwaikar A, Khan S, Kamariya YH, Patel BD, Gajera FP. Medicinal plants for the management of post menopausal osteoporosis: A review. The Open Bone Journal. 2010;2(1).
2. Zhao G, Zheng X-W, Gai Y, Chu W-J, Qin G-W, Guo L-H. Safflower extracts functionally regulate monoamine transporters. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2009;124(1):116-24.
3. Mozaffarian V. A dictionary of Iranian plant names. Tehran: Farhang Moaser. 1996;396(2):396-8.
4. Asgary S, Rahimi P, Mahzouni P, Madani H. Antidiabetic effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Carthamus tinctorius L. in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Journal of research in medical sciences: the official journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. 2012;17(4):386.
5. Bae C-S, Park C-H, Cho H-J, Han H-J, Kang S-S, Choi S-H, et al. Therapeutic effects of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) seed powder on osteoporosis. Applied Microscopy. 2002;32(3):285-90.
6. Knowles P. Centers of plant diversity and conservation of crop germ plasm: Safflower. Economic Botany. 1969;23(4):324-9.
7. Kumar SP, Kumari BR. Factors affecting on somatic embryogenesis of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L) at morphological and biochemical levels. World J Agric Sci. 2011;7(2):197-205.
8. Asgarpanah J, Kazemivash N. Phytochemistry, pharmacology and medicinal properties of Carthamus tinctorius L. Chinese journal of integrative medicine. 2013;19:153-9.
9. Punjanon T, Arpornsuwan T, Klinkusoom N. The pharmacological properties of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L). Bulletin of Health Science and Technology. 2004;7:51-63.
10. Jun MS, Ha YM, Kim HS, Jang HJ, Kim YM, Lee YS, et al. Anti-inflammatory action of methanol extract of Carthamus tinctorius involves in heme oxygenase-1 induction. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2011;133(2):524-30.
11. Cervantes-Martinez J. Safflower production and research in México: status and prospects. CABI Database. 2001.
12. Zhou X, Tang L, Xu Y, Zhou G, Wang Z. Towards a better understanding of medicinal uses of Carthamus tinctorius L. in traditional Chinese medicine: a phytochemical and pharmacological review. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2014;151(1):27-43.
13. Gautam S, Bhagyawant SS, Srivastava N. Detailed study on therapeutic properties, uses and pharmacological applications of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). International Journal of Ayurveda and Pharma Research. 2014;2(3):1-12.
14. Singh V, Nimbkar N. Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Chapter. 2006;6:167-94.
15. Emongor V. Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) the underutilized and neglected crop: a review. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences. 2010;9(6):299-306.
16. Zhang L-L, Tian K, Tang Z-H, Chen X-J, Bian Z-X, Wang Y-T, et al. Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Carthamus tinctorius L. The American journal of Chinese medicine. 2016;44(02):197-226.
17. Weiss E. Castor, sesame and safflower. 1971:901.
18. Mohamadpour M, Khorsandi L, Mirhoseini M. Toxic effect of Carthamus Tinctorius L.(Safflower) Extract in the Mouse Testis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FERTILITY AND STERILITY 2012;6(Supplement 1):66-.
19. Dajue L, Mündel H. Safflower, Carthamus tinctorius L1996.
20. Guarrera PM. Household dyeing plants and traditional uses in some areas of Italy. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 2006;2:1-7.
21. Boonyaprapas N, Chokchaijareonporn O. SamoonPrai Maipeunban (Herbal plants, in Thai). Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Thailand. 1996.
22. Shahsavari S. An overview of the most important medicinal plants used in iranian traditional medicine for the treatment of kidney stones: A mini-review article. Plant Biotechnology Persa. 2021;3(1):37-8.
23. Esmaeili S, Ghiaee A, Naghibi F, Mosaddegh M. Antiplasmodial activity and cytotoxicity of plants used in traditional medicine of Iran for the treatment of fever. Iranian journal of pharmaceutical research: IJPR. 2015;14(Suppl):103.
24. Tu Y, Xue Y, Guo D, Sun L, Guo M. Carthami flos: a review of its ethnopharmacology, pharmacology and clinical applications. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia. 2015;25:553-66.
25. Yang J, Wang R, Feng Q, Wang Y-X, Zhang Y-Y, Wu W-H, et al. Safflower polysaccharide induces cervical cancer cell apoptosis via inhibition of the PI3K/Akt pathway. South African journal of botany. 2018;118:209-15.
26. Zhou H, Yang J, Zhang C, Zhang Y, Wang R, Li X, et al. Safflower polysaccharide inhibits the development of tongue squamous cell carcinoma. World Journal of Surgical Oncology. 2018;16:1-7.
27. Shin M-K, Jeon Y-D, Hong S-H, Kang S-H, Kee J-Y, Jin J-S. In vivo and In vitro effects of Tracheloside on colorectal cancer cell proliferation and metastasis. Antioxidants. 2021;10(4):513.
28. Chen X, Wang Y, Zhang L, Gao Y. Hydroxysafflor yellow A of Carthamus Tinctorius L., represses the malignant development of esophageal cancer cells via regulating NF-κB signaling pathway. Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics. 2020;78(4):511-20.
29. Lin K, Qin Z, Qu C, Chen X, Jiang Q, Li M, et al. Hydroxyl safflower yellow B combined with doxorubicin inhibits the proliferation of human breast cancer MCF‑7 cells. Oncology letters. 2021;21(5):1-9.
30. Yar HS, Ismail DK, Alhmed MN. Hepatoprotective effect of Carthamus tinctorius L. against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Pharmacie Globale. 2012;3(9):1.
31. Wu S, Yue Y, Tian H, Li Z, Li X, He W, et al. Carthamus red from Carthamus tinctorius L. exerts antioxidant and hepatoprotective effect against CCl4-induced liver damage in rats via the Nrf2 pathway. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2013;148(2):570-8.
32. Turgumbayeva A, Ustenova G, Datkhayev U, Rahimov K, Abramavicius S, Kozhanova K, et al. Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) a potential source of drugs against cryptococcal infections, malaria and leishmaniasis. 2020.
33. Hamsidi R, Widyawaruyanti A, Hafid AF, Ekasari W, Kasmawati H. In Vitro antimalarial activity of chloroform, n-butanol, and ethyl acetate fractions of ethanol extracts of Carthamus tinctorius Linn. Flowers. IN VITRO. 2018;11(2).
34. Qazi N, Khan RA, Rizwani GH, Feroz Z. Effect of Carthamus tinctorius (Safflower) on fasting blood glucose and insulin levels in alloxan induced diabetic rabbits. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2014;27(2):377-80.
35. Paramesha M, Ramesh C, Krishna V, Parvathi K, Kuppast I. Antihyperglycemic activity of methanolic extract of Carthamus tinctorius L., Annigere-2. Asian J Exp Sci. 2009;23:01-6.
36. Zhang X, Shen D, Feng Y, Li Y, Liao H. Pharmacological actions, molecular mechanisms, pharmacokinetic progressions, and clinical applications of Hydroxysafflor Yellow A in antidiabetic research. Journal of Immunology Research. 2021;2021.
37. Khatimah K, Purwanti S, editors. The antibacterial activity of Kasumba turate (Carthamus tintorius L.) against Salmonella pullorum and Escherichia coli as an alternative feed additive for poultry. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science; 2021: IOP Publishing.
38. Chaudhary M, Verma V, Srivastava N. In vitro antiacne and antidandruff activity of extracted stigmasterol from seed waste of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Plant Science Today. 2019;6(sp1):568-74.
39. Baek SC, Lee BS, Yi SA, Lee J, Kim KH. Carthamusuchuric acid, an enolic glucoside of phenylpyruvic acid from the florets of Carthamus tinctorius and anti-adipogenic phenolic compounds. Tetrahedron Letters. 2020;61(34):152237.
40. Baek SC, Lee BS, Yi SA, Yu JS, Lee J, Ko Y-J, et al. Discovery of dihydrophaseic acid glucosides from the florets of Carthamus tinctorius. Plants. 2020;9(7):858.
41. Baek SC, Yi SA, Lee BS, Yu JS, Kim J-C, Pang C, et al. Anti-adipogenic polyacetylene glycosides from the florets of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius). Biomedicines. 2021;9(1):91.
42. Koriem KMM. Review on Flos Arnicae: Phytochemical Screening, Chemical Constituents, and Pharmacological Applications. 2021.
43. Al-Snafi AE. Cardiovascular effects of Carthamus tinctorius: A mini-review. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2015;5(3):199-209.
44. Yu G, Luo Z, Zhou Y, Zhang L, Wu Y, Ding L, et al. Uncovering the pharmacological mechanism of Carthamus tinctorius L. on cardiovascular disease by a systems pharmacology approach. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy. 2019;117:109094.
45. Meng Q, Liu H, Wu H, Tang C, Fu X, Fang X, et al. A Network Pharmacology Study to Explore the Underlying Mechanism of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) in the Treatment of Coronary Heart Disease. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2022;2022.
46. Audomkasok S, Singpha W, Chachiyo S, Somsak V. Antihemolytic activities of green tea, safflower, and mulberry extracts during Plasmodium berghei infection in mice. Journal of Pathogens. 2014;2014.
47. Zemour K, Labdelli A, Adda A, Dellal A, Talou T, Merah O. Phenol content and antioxidant and antiaging activity of safflower seed oil (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Cosmetics. 2019;6(3):55.
48. Qi Z, Yan F, Shi W, Zhang C, Dong W, Zhao Y, et al. AKT-related autophagy contributes to the neuroprotective efficacy of hydroxysafflor yellow A against ischemic stroke in rats. Translational stroke research. 2014;5:501-9.
49. Zhao X, He Y, Zhang Y, Wan H, Wan H, Yang J. Inhibition of oxidative stress: an important molecular mechanism of Chinese herbal medicine (Astragalus membranaceus, Carthamus tinctorius L., radix salvia miltiorrhizae, etc.) in the treatment of ischemic stroke by regulating the antioxidant system. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity. 2022;2022.
50. Kim YO, Lee SW, Yang SO, Na SW, Kim SK, Chung JH. Neuroprotective effects of the extracts from the aerial parts of Carthamus tinctorius L. on transient cerebral global ischemia in rats. Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science. 2014;22(1):46-52.
51. Hagaggi NSA, Abdul-Raouf UM. The endophyte Stenotrophomonas maltophilia EPS modulates endogenous antioxidant defense in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) under cadmium stress. Archives of Microbiology. 2022;204(7):431.
52. Wang L, Botchway BO, Liu X. The repression of the HMGB1-TLR4-NF-κB signaling pathway by safflower yellow may improve spinal cord injury. Frontiers in Neuroscience. 2021;15:803885.
53. Ismail A, Handayany GN, Surwanti B. Uji Efek Imunomodulator Kombinasi Ekstrak Etanol Kasumba Turate (Carthamus Tinctorius L.) Dan Ekstrak Etanol Jintan Hitam (Nigella Sativa). Jurnal farmasi UIN Alauddin Makassar. 2015;3(4):187-92.
2. Zhao G, Zheng X-W, Gai Y, Chu W-J, Qin G-W, Guo L-H. Safflower extracts functionally regulate monoamine transporters. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2009;124(1):116-24.
3. Mozaffarian V. A dictionary of Iranian plant names. Tehran: Farhang Moaser. 1996;396(2):396-8.
4. Asgary S, Rahimi P, Mahzouni P, Madani H. Antidiabetic effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Carthamus tinctorius L. in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Journal of research in medical sciences: the official journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. 2012;17(4):386.
5. Bae C-S, Park C-H, Cho H-J, Han H-J, Kang S-S, Choi S-H, et al. Therapeutic effects of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) seed powder on osteoporosis. Applied Microscopy. 2002;32(3):285-90.
6. Knowles P. Centers of plant diversity and conservation of crop germ plasm: Safflower. Economic Botany. 1969;23(4):324-9.
7. Kumar SP, Kumari BR. Factors affecting on somatic embryogenesis of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L) at morphological and biochemical levels. World J Agric Sci. 2011;7(2):197-205.
8. Asgarpanah J, Kazemivash N. Phytochemistry, pharmacology and medicinal properties of Carthamus tinctorius L. Chinese journal of integrative medicine. 2013;19:153-9.
9. Punjanon T, Arpornsuwan T, Klinkusoom N. The pharmacological properties of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L). Bulletin of Health Science and Technology. 2004;7:51-63.
10. Jun MS, Ha YM, Kim HS, Jang HJ, Kim YM, Lee YS, et al. Anti-inflammatory action of methanol extract of Carthamus tinctorius involves in heme oxygenase-1 induction. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2011;133(2):524-30.
11. Cervantes-Martinez J. Safflower production and research in México: status and prospects. CABI Database. 2001.
12. Zhou X, Tang L, Xu Y, Zhou G, Wang Z. Towards a better understanding of medicinal uses of Carthamus tinctorius L. in traditional Chinese medicine: a phytochemical and pharmacological review. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2014;151(1):27-43.
13. Gautam S, Bhagyawant SS, Srivastava N. Detailed study on therapeutic properties, uses and pharmacological applications of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). International Journal of Ayurveda and Pharma Research. 2014;2(3):1-12.
14. Singh V, Nimbkar N. Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Chapter. 2006;6:167-94.
15. Emongor V. Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) the underutilized and neglected crop: a review. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences. 2010;9(6):299-306.
16. Zhang L-L, Tian K, Tang Z-H, Chen X-J, Bian Z-X, Wang Y-T, et al. Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Carthamus tinctorius L. The American journal of Chinese medicine. 2016;44(02):197-226.
17. Weiss E. Castor, sesame and safflower. 1971:901.
18. Mohamadpour M, Khorsandi L, Mirhoseini M. Toxic effect of Carthamus Tinctorius L.(Safflower) Extract in the Mouse Testis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FERTILITY AND STERILITY 2012;6(Supplement 1):66-.
19. Dajue L, Mündel H. Safflower, Carthamus tinctorius L1996.
20. Guarrera PM. Household dyeing plants and traditional uses in some areas of Italy. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 2006;2:1-7.
21. Boonyaprapas N, Chokchaijareonporn O. SamoonPrai Maipeunban (Herbal plants, in Thai). Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Thailand. 1996.
22. Shahsavari S. An overview of the most important medicinal plants used in iranian traditional medicine for the treatment of kidney stones: A mini-review article. Plant Biotechnology Persa. 2021;3(1):37-8.
23. Esmaeili S, Ghiaee A, Naghibi F, Mosaddegh M. Antiplasmodial activity and cytotoxicity of plants used in traditional medicine of Iran for the treatment of fever. Iranian journal of pharmaceutical research: IJPR. 2015;14(Suppl):103.
24. Tu Y, Xue Y, Guo D, Sun L, Guo M. Carthami flos: a review of its ethnopharmacology, pharmacology and clinical applications. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia. 2015;25:553-66.
25. Yang J, Wang R, Feng Q, Wang Y-X, Zhang Y-Y, Wu W-H, et al. Safflower polysaccharide induces cervical cancer cell apoptosis via inhibition of the PI3K/Akt pathway. South African journal of botany. 2018;118:209-15.
26. Zhou H, Yang J, Zhang C, Zhang Y, Wang R, Li X, et al. Safflower polysaccharide inhibits the development of tongue squamous cell carcinoma. World Journal of Surgical Oncology. 2018;16:1-7.
27. Shin M-K, Jeon Y-D, Hong S-H, Kang S-H, Kee J-Y, Jin J-S. In vivo and In vitro effects of Tracheloside on colorectal cancer cell proliferation and metastasis. Antioxidants. 2021;10(4):513.
28. Chen X, Wang Y, Zhang L, Gao Y. Hydroxysafflor yellow A of Carthamus Tinctorius L., represses the malignant development of esophageal cancer cells via regulating NF-κB signaling pathway. Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics. 2020;78(4):511-20.
29. Lin K, Qin Z, Qu C, Chen X, Jiang Q, Li M, et al. Hydroxyl safflower yellow B combined with doxorubicin inhibits the proliferation of human breast cancer MCF‑7 cells. Oncology letters. 2021;21(5):1-9.
30. Yar HS, Ismail DK, Alhmed MN. Hepatoprotective effect of Carthamus tinctorius L. against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Pharmacie Globale. 2012;3(9):1.
31. Wu S, Yue Y, Tian H, Li Z, Li X, He W, et al. Carthamus red from Carthamus tinctorius L. exerts antioxidant and hepatoprotective effect against CCl4-induced liver damage in rats via the Nrf2 pathway. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2013;148(2):570-8.
32. Turgumbayeva A, Ustenova G, Datkhayev U, Rahimov K, Abramavicius S, Kozhanova K, et al. Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) a potential source of drugs against cryptococcal infections, malaria and leishmaniasis. 2020.
33. Hamsidi R, Widyawaruyanti A, Hafid AF, Ekasari W, Kasmawati H. In Vitro antimalarial activity of chloroform, n-butanol, and ethyl acetate fractions of ethanol extracts of Carthamus tinctorius Linn. Flowers. IN VITRO. 2018;11(2).
34. Qazi N, Khan RA, Rizwani GH, Feroz Z. Effect of Carthamus tinctorius (Safflower) on fasting blood glucose and insulin levels in alloxan induced diabetic rabbits. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2014;27(2):377-80.
35. Paramesha M, Ramesh C, Krishna V, Parvathi K, Kuppast I. Antihyperglycemic activity of methanolic extract of Carthamus tinctorius L., Annigere-2. Asian J Exp Sci. 2009;23:01-6.
36. Zhang X, Shen D, Feng Y, Li Y, Liao H. Pharmacological actions, molecular mechanisms, pharmacokinetic progressions, and clinical applications of Hydroxysafflor Yellow A in antidiabetic research. Journal of Immunology Research. 2021;2021.
37. Khatimah K, Purwanti S, editors. The antibacterial activity of Kasumba turate (Carthamus tintorius L.) against Salmonella pullorum and Escherichia coli as an alternative feed additive for poultry. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science; 2021: IOP Publishing.
38. Chaudhary M, Verma V, Srivastava N. In vitro antiacne and antidandruff activity of extracted stigmasterol from seed waste of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Plant Science Today. 2019;6(sp1):568-74.
39. Baek SC, Lee BS, Yi SA, Lee J, Kim KH. Carthamusuchuric acid, an enolic glucoside of phenylpyruvic acid from the florets of Carthamus tinctorius and anti-adipogenic phenolic compounds. Tetrahedron Letters. 2020;61(34):152237.
40. Baek SC, Lee BS, Yi SA, Yu JS, Lee J, Ko Y-J, et al. Discovery of dihydrophaseic acid glucosides from the florets of Carthamus tinctorius. Plants. 2020;9(7):858.
41. Baek SC, Yi SA, Lee BS, Yu JS, Kim J-C, Pang C, et al. Anti-adipogenic polyacetylene glycosides from the florets of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius). Biomedicines. 2021;9(1):91.
42. Koriem KMM. Review on Flos Arnicae: Phytochemical Screening, Chemical Constituents, and Pharmacological Applications. 2021.
43. Al-Snafi AE. Cardiovascular effects of Carthamus tinctorius: A mini-review. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2015;5(3):199-209.
44. Yu G, Luo Z, Zhou Y, Zhang L, Wu Y, Ding L, et al. Uncovering the pharmacological mechanism of Carthamus tinctorius L. on cardiovascular disease by a systems pharmacology approach. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy. 2019;117:109094.
45. Meng Q, Liu H, Wu H, Tang C, Fu X, Fang X, et al. A Network Pharmacology Study to Explore the Underlying Mechanism of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) in the Treatment of Coronary Heart Disease. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2022;2022.
46. Audomkasok S, Singpha W, Chachiyo S, Somsak V. Antihemolytic activities of green tea, safflower, and mulberry extracts during Plasmodium berghei infection in mice. Journal of Pathogens. 2014;2014.
47. Zemour K, Labdelli A, Adda A, Dellal A, Talou T, Merah O. Phenol content and antioxidant and antiaging activity of safflower seed oil (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Cosmetics. 2019;6(3):55.
48. Qi Z, Yan F, Shi W, Zhang C, Dong W, Zhao Y, et al. AKT-related autophagy contributes to the neuroprotective efficacy of hydroxysafflor yellow A against ischemic stroke in rats. Translational stroke research. 2014;5:501-9.
49. Zhao X, He Y, Zhang Y, Wan H, Wan H, Yang J. Inhibition of oxidative stress: an important molecular mechanism of Chinese herbal medicine (Astragalus membranaceus, Carthamus tinctorius L., radix salvia miltiorrhizae, etc.) in the treatment of ischemic stroke by regulating the antioxidant system. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity. 2022;2022.
50. Kim YO, Lee SW, Yang SO, Na SW, Kim SK, Chung JH. Neuroprotective effects of the extracts from the aerial parts of Carthamus tinctorius L. on transient cerebral global ischemia in rats. Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science. 2014;22(1):46-52.
51. Hagaggi NSA, Abdul-Raouf UM. The endophyte Stenotrophomonas maltophilia EPS modulates endogenous antioxidant defense in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) under cadmium stress. Archives of Microbiology. 2022;204(7):431.
52. Wang L, Botchway BO, Liu X. The repression of the HMGB1-TLR4-NF-κB signaling pathway by safflower yellow may improve spinal cord injury. Frontiers in Neuroscience. 2021;15:803885.
53. Ismail A, Handayany GN, Surwanti B. Uji Efek Imunomodulator Kombinasi Ekstrak Etanol Kasumba Turate (Carthamus Tinctorius L.) Dan Ekstrak Etanol Jintan Hitam (Nigella Sativa). Jurnal farmasi UIN Alauddin Makassar. 2015;3(4):187-92.
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Dec 20, 2022
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Manish Agrawal, & Parul Mehta. (2022). "CARTHAMUS TINCTORIUS (SAFFLOWER): A HOLISTIC REVIEW OF ITS THERAPEUTIC SIGNIFICANCE AND PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 29(5), 9–19. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v29i5.6245
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Author Biographies
Manish Agrawal
School of Pharmacy, LNCT University, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India- 462042
Parul Mehta
School of Pharmacy, LNCT University, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India- 462042