INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE, PERINATAL DISTRESS, AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING OF THE URBAN AND RURAL FEMALES OF KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA
Main Article Content
Keywords
Intimate Partner Violence, Perinatal Care, Psychological Well-Being, Depression
Abstract
Background:
This study aimed to examine the occurrence of intimate partner violence, perinatal distress, and psychological well-being among rural and urban females in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and investigate the correlation between perinatal distress and psychological well-being.
Methodology:
This cross-sectional study was conducted from January to July 2023, a sample of 300 pregnant women aged 18 to 40 was obtained through purposive sampling from gynaecology and obstetrics wards in various teaching hospitals in Peshawar. Data were collected using various measures, including the Hurt, Insult, Threaten, and Scream (HITS) questionnaire, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) checklist (PCL-5), and the psychological well-being scale. The SPSS 23 version was used for analysis. The significance level was set at p ≤ 0.05.
Results:
There were no statistically significant differences in intimate partner violence or perinatal distress between the two groups. However, the mean scores for psychological well-being subscales, "Purpose in life" were significantly higher in urban women compared to rural women (p = 0.044). In urban women, positive correlations were observed between autonomy and perceived stress (r = 0.192, p = 0.019) and environmental mastery and perceived stress (r = 0.169, p = 0.039). A significant positive correlation was also found between purpose in life and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Anxiety (HADS-A) scores (r = 0.333, p < 0.001). In contrast, rural women showed a significant positive correlation between autonomy and perceived stress (r = 0.197, p = 0.016) and a significant negative correlation between purpose in life and PTSD (r = -0.194, p = 0.017).
Conclusion:
No significant differences were found in intimate partner violence and perinatal distress between urban and rural women in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. However, urban women scored higher in the psychological well-being subscale "Purpose in life," and certain psychological factors showed significant correlations with perceived stress in both settings.
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
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Zainab Waheed
Senior Lecturer, Kabir Medical College, Peshawar, Pakistan
Syed Muhammad Shahkar Ali
Medical Officer, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, Mufti Mehmood Memorial Teaching Hospital, KPK, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
Saima Pervez
Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University, Peshawar, Pakistan
Hoor Arif Kamal
4thYear MBBS, Kabir Medical College, Peshawar, Pakistan
Sher Azam Khan
4th Year MBBS, Kabir Medical College, Peshawar, Pakistan
Saqib Muhammad
4th Year MBBS, Kabir Medical College, Peshawar, Pakistan