Prevalence and Risk Factors of Hypertension in Urban: A Cross-Sectional Study
Main Article Content
Keywords
.
Abstract
Hypertension remains a significant public health concern and a critical area of investigation due to its high prevalence and status as a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and other health complications. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of hypertension and its associated factors, as well as to estimate the awareness, treatment, and control rates among the urban population . A community-based cross-sectional study with a multistage sampling design was conducted, involving 640 subjects aged 25–64 years. A modified WHO STEPS interview schedule was used for data collection. The findings revealed a hypertension prevalence of 32.9% (40.9% in males and 26.0% in females). Male gender, older age, marital status, higher socioeconomic status, lower education level, retirement status, tobacco and alcohol use, overweight, obesity, and abdominal obesity were identified as associated risk factors for hypertension. However, only 38.4% of hypertensive individuals were aware of their condition, with 70.4% of those seeking treatment and 35.08% achieving adequate blood pressure control. These results underscore the substantial burden of hypertension and highlight the low levels of awareness, treatment, and control within this population.
References
1. Erem, C., Hacihasanoglu, A., Kocak, M., Deger, O., & Topbas, M. (2009). Prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension and associated risk factors among Turkish adults: trabzon hypertension study. Journal of Public Health, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 47–58, 2009.
2. Ahmed, A., Rahman, M., Hasan et al. (2014). Hypertension and associated risk factors in some selected rural areas of Bangladesh. International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, vol. 2, no. 3, p. 925, 2014.
3. Mishra, C. P., & Kumar, S. (2011). Risk factors of hypertension in a rural area of Varanasi. Indian Journal of Preventive and Social Medicine, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 101–111, 2011.
4. Abebe, S. M., Berhane, Y., Worku, A., & Getachew, A. (2015). Prevalence and associated factors of hypertension: a crossectional community based study in Northwest Ethiopia. PLoS ONE, vol. 10, no. 4, Article ID e0125210, 2015.
5. Mendis, S. (2010). Global status report on non-communicable diseases 2010. Tech. Rep., World Health Organisation, 2010, http://www.who.int/nmh/publications/ncd report2010/en/.
6. Tabrizi, J. S., Sadeghi-Bazargani, H., Farahbakhsh, M., Nikniaz, L., & Nikniaz, Z. (2016). Prevalence and associated factors of prehypertension and hypertension in Iranian population: the lifestyle promotion project (LPP). PLoS ONE, vol. 11, no. 10, Article ID e0165264, 2016.
7. Kumar, M. R., Shankar, R., & Singh, S. (2016). Hypertension among the adults in rural Varanasi: a cross-sectional study on prevalence and health seeking behavior. Indian Journal of Preventive and Social Medicine, vol. 47, no. 1-2, pp. 78–83, 2016.
8. Chobanian, A. V., Bakris, G. L., Black, H. R. et al. (2003). Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure. Hypertension, vol. 42, no. 6, pp. 1206–1252, 2003.
9. Wikipedia. Hypertension. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertension.
10. Prabakaran, J., Vijayalakshmi, N., & VenkataRao, E. (2013). Prevalence of hypertension among urban adult population (25–64 years) of Nellore. International Journal of Research & Development of Health, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 42–49, 2013.
11. Fisher, N. D., & Williams, G. H. (2005). Hypertensive vascular disease. In Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine, D. L. Kasper, E. Braunwald, A. S. Fauci et al., Eds., pp. 1463–1481, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, USA, 16th edition, 2005.
12. Rani, R., Mengi, V., Gupta, R. K., & Sharma, H. K. (2015). Hypertension and its risk factors—a cross sectional study in an urban population of a North Indian District. Public Health Research, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 67–72, 2015.
13. World Health Organization. Urbanization and health. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, vol. 88, no. 4, pp. 245-246, 2010.
14. Angkurawaranon, C., Wattanatchariya, N., Doyle, P., & Nitsch, D. (2013). Urbanization and Non-communicable disease mortality in Thailand: an ecological correlation study. Tropical Medicine & International Health, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 130–140, 2013.
15. International Institute for Population Sciences. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. National family Health Survey (NFHS-4) 2015-16 Factsheet, India. http://rchiips.org/NFHS/pdf/NFHS4/India.pdf.
16. World Health Organization (WHO). Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. WHO Technical Report Series 894, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 1998.
17. World Health Organization. WHO STEPS surveillance manual: the WHO STEP wise approach to chronic disease risk factor surveillance. Tech. Rep., World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2005.
18. Mangal, A., Kumar, V., Panesar, S., Talwar, R., Raut, D., & Singh, S. (2015). Updated BG Prasad socioeconomic classification, 2014: a commentary. Indian Journal of Public Health, vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 42–44, 2015.
19. Reddy, S. S., & Prabhu, G. R. (2005). Prevalence and risk factors of hypertension in adults in an Urban Slum, Tirupati, A. P. Indian Journal of Community Medicine, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 84–86, 2005.
20. Singh, R., Sinha, R. K., Mani, C., Singh, R., & Pal, R. (2013). Burden and vulnerability of hypertension in a rural population of Patna, Bihar, India. South East Asia Journal of Public Health, vol. 1, no. 1, 2013.
21. Costa et al., “Hypertension prevalence and its associated risk factors in adults: a population-based study in Pelotas,” Arq Bras Cardiol, vol. 88, no. 1, pp. 54–59, 2007.
22. Y. Gao, G. Chen, H. Tian et al., “Prevalence of hypertension in China: a cross-sectional study,” PLoS ONE, vol. 8, no. 6, Article ID e65938, 2013.
23. R. R. Dhungana, A. R. Pandey, B. Bista, S. Joshi, and S. Devkota, “Prevalence and associated factors of hypertension: a community-based cross-sectional study in municipalities of Kathmandu, Nepal,” International Journal of Hypertension, vol. 2016, Article ID 1656938, 2016.
24. A. Galav, R. Bhatanagar, S. Meghwal, and M. Jain, “Prevalence of hypertension among rural and urban population in Southern Rajasthan,” Indian Journal of Community Medicine, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 41–45, 2015.
25. World Health Organization, “Global Health Observatory data repository 2015,” Tech. Rep., 2015, http://apps.who.int/gho/data/view.main.2464EST?lang=en.
26. K. Thankappan, G. Mini, M. Daivadanam, G. Vijayakumar, P. Sarma, and M. Nichter, “Smoking cessation among diabetes patients: results of a pilot randomized controlled trial in Kerala, India,” BMC Public Health, vol. 13, no. 1, 2013.
27. A. Krishnan, B. Shah, V. Lal, D. K. Shukla, E. Paul, and S. K. Kapoor, “Prevalence of risk factors for non-communicable disease in a rural area of Faridabad district of Haryana.,” Indian Journal of Public Health, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 117–124, 2008.
28. A. Bhagyalaxmi, T. Atul, and J. Shikha, “Prevalence of risk factors of non-communicable diseases in a district of Gujarat, India,” Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 78–85, 2013.
29. J. Prabakaran, N. Vijayalakshmi, and N. Ananthaiah Chetty, “Risk Factors of Non-Communicable Diseases in an Urban Locality of Andhra Pradesh,” National Journal of Research in Community Medicine, vol. 2, no. 1, p. 28, 2013.
30. B. Everett and A. Zajacova, “Gender differences in hypertension and hypertension awareness among young adults,” Biodemography and Social Biology, vol. 61, no. 1, pp. 1–17, 2015.
31. M. Priya and C. Mishra, “Prevalence of hypertension in an area of urban Varanasi, India and its association with selected demographic factors,” International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health, pp. 1600–1605, 2016.
32. J. F. Wamala, Z. Karyabakabo, D. Ndungutse, and D. Guwatudde, “Prevalence factors associated with hypertension in Rukungiri District, Uganda—a community-based study,” African Health Sciences, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 153–160, 2009.
33. A. Vimala, S. A. Ranji, M. T. Jyosna, V. Chandran, S. R. Matthews, and J. M. Pappachan, “The prevalence, risk factors and awareness of hypertension in an urban population of Kerala (South India),” Saudi Journal of Kidney Diseases and Transplantation, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 685–689, 2009.
34. A. S. Ingale and J. V. Dixit, “Prevalence of hypertension, awareness & health seeking behaviour among adults residing in field practice area of urban health training centre, government medical college Aurangabad,” National Journal of Community Medicine, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 31–36, 2017.
35. S. S. Todkar, V. V. Gujarathi, and V. S. Tapare, “Period prevalence and sociodemographic factors of hypertension in rural Maharashtra: a cross-sectional study,” Indian Journal of Community Medicine, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 183–187, 2009.
36. J. Kishore, N. Gupta, C. Kohli, and N. Kumar, “Prevalence of hypertension and determination of its risk factors in rural Delhi,” International Journal of Hypertension, vol. 2016, Article ID 7962595, 6 pages, 2016.
2. Ahmed, A., Rahman, M., Hasan et al. (2014). Hypertension and associated risk factors in some selected rural areas of Bangladesh. International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, vol. 2, no. 3, p. 925, 2014.
3. Mishra, C. P., & Kumar, S. (2011). Risk factors of hypertension in a rural area of Varanasi. Indian Journal of Preventive and Social Medicine, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 101–111, 2011.
4. Abebe, S. M., Berhane, Y., Worku, A., & Getachew, A. (2015). Prevalence and associated factors of hypertension: a crossectional community based study in Northwest Ethiopia. PLoS ONE, vol. 10, no. 4, Article ID e0125210, 2015.
5. Mendis, S. (2010). Global status report on non-communicable diseases 2010. Tech. Rep., World Health Organisation, 2010, http://www.who.int/nmh/publications/ncd report2010/en/.
6. Tabrizi, J. S., Sadeghi-Bazargani, H., Farahbakhsh, M., Nikniaz, L., & Nikniaz, Z. (2016). Prevalence and associated factors of prehypertension and hypertension in Iranian population: the lifestyle promotion project (LPP). PLoS ONE, vol. 11, no. 10, Article ID e0165264, 2016.
7. Kumar, M. R., Shankar, R., & Singh, S. (2016). Hypertension among the adults in rural Varanasi: a cross-sectional study on prevalence and health seeking behavior. Indian Journal of Preventive and Social Medicine, vol. 47, no. 1-2, pp. 78–83, 2016.
8. Chobanian, A. V., Bakris, G. L., Black, H. R. et al. (2003). Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure. Hypertension, vol. 42, no. 6, pp. 1206–1252, 2003.
9. Wikipedia. Hypertension. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertension.
10. Prabakaran, J., Vijayalakshmi, N., & VenkataRao, E. (2013). Prevalence of hypertension among urban adult population (25–64 years) of Nellore. International Journal of Research & Development of Health, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 42–49, 2013.
11. Fisher, N. D., & Williams, G. H. (2005). Hypertensive vascular disease. In Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine, D. L. Kasper, E. Braunwald, A. S. Fauci et al., Eds., pp. 1463–1481, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, USA, 16th edition, 2005.
12. Rani, R., Mengi, V., Gupta, R. K., & Sharma, H. K. (2015). Hypertension and its risk factors—a cross sectional study in an urban population of a North Indian District. Public Health Research, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 67–72, 2015.
13. World Health Organization. Urbanization and health. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, vol. 88, no. 4, pp. 245-246, 2010.
14. Angkurawaranon, C., Wattanatchariya, N., Doyle, P., & Nitsch, D. (2013). Urbanization and Non-communicable disease mortality in Thailand: an ecological correlation study. Tropical Medicine & International Health, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 130–140, 2013.
15. International Institute for Population Sciences. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. National family Health Survey (NFHS-4) 2015-16 Factsheet, India. http://rchiips.org/NFHS/pdf/NFHS4/India.pdf.
16. World Health Organization (WHO). Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. WHO Technical Report Series 894, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 1998.
17. World Health Organization. WHO STEPS surveillance manual: the WHO STEP wise approach to chronic disease risk factor surveillance. Tech. Rep., World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2005.
18. Mangal, A., Kumar, V., Panesar, S., Talwar, R., Raut, D., & Singh, S. (2015). Updated BG Prasad socioeconomic classification, 2014: a commentary. Indian Journal of Public Health, vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 42–44, 2015.
19. Reddy, S. S., & Prabhu, G. R. (2005). Prevalence and risk factors of hypertension in adults in an Urban Slum, Tirupati, A. P. Indian Journal of Community Medicine, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 84–86, 2005.
20. Singh, R., Sinha, R. K., Mani, C., Singh, R., & Pal, R. (2013). Burden and vulnerability of hypertension in a rural population of Patna, Bihar, India. South East Asia Journal of Public Health, vol. 1, no. 1, 2013.
21. Costa et al., “Hypertension prevalence and its associated risk factors in adults: a population-based study in Pelotas,” Arq Bras Cardiol, vol. 88, no. 1, pp. 54–59, 2007.
22. Y. Gao, G. Chen, H. Tian et al., “Prevalence of hypertension in China: a cross-sectional study,” PLoS ONE, vol. 8, no. 6, Article ID e65938, 2013.
23. R. R. Dhungana, A. R. Pandey, B. Bista, S. Joshi, and S. Devkota, “Prevalence and associated factors of hypertension: a community-based cross-sectional study in municipalities of Kathmandu, Nepal,” International Journal of Hypertension, vol. 2016, Article ID 1656938, 2016.
24. A. Galav, R. Bhatanagar, S. Meghwal, and M. Jain, “Prevalence of hypertension among rural and urban population in Southern Rajasthan,” Indian Journal of Community Medicine, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 41–45, 2015.
25. World Health Organization, “Global Health Observatory data repository 2015,” Tech. Rep., 2015, http://apps.who.int/gho/data/view.main.2464EST?lang=en.
26. K. Thankappan, G. Mini, M. Daivadanam, G. Vijayakumar, P. Sarma, and M. Nichter, “Smoking cessation among diabetes patients: results of a pilot randomized controlled trial in Kerala, India,” BMC Public Health, vol. 13, no. 1, 2013.
27. A. Krishnan, B. Shah, V. Lal, D. K. Shukla, E. Paul, and S. K. Kapoor, “Prevalence of risk factors for non-communicable disease in a rural area of Faridabad district of Haryana.,” Indian Journal of Public Health, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 117–124, 2008.
28. A. Bhagyalaxmi, T. Atul, and J. Shikha, “Prevalence of risk factors of non-communicable diseases in a district of Gujarat, India,” Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 78–85, 2013.
29. J. Prabakaran, N. Vijayalakshmi, and N. Ananthaiah Chetty, “Risk Factors of Non-Communicable Diseases in an Urban Locality of Andhra Pradesh,” National Journal of Research in Community Medicine, vol. 2, no. 1, p. 28, 2013.
30. B. Everett and A. Zajacova, “Gender differences in hypertension and hypertension awareness among young adults,” Biodemography and Social Biology, vol. 61, no. 1, pp. 1–17, 2015.
31. M. Priya and C. Mishra, “Prevalence of hypertension in an area of urban Varanasi, India and its association with selected demographic factors,” International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health, pp. 1600–1605, 2016.
32. J. F. Wamala, Z. Karyabakabo, D. Ndungutse, and D. Guwatudde, “Prevalence factors associated with hypertension in Rukungiri District, Uganda—a community-based study,” African Health Sciences, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 153–160, 2009.
33. A. Vimala, S. A. Ranji, M. T. Jyosna, V. Chandran, S. R. Matthews, and J. M. Pappachan, “The prevalence, risk factors and awareness of hypertension in an urban population of Kerala (South India),” Saudi Journal of Kidney Diseases and Transplantation, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 685–689, 2009.
34. A. S. Ingale and J. V. Dixit, “Prevalence of hypertension, awareness & health seeking behaviour among adults residing in field practice area of urban health training centre, government medical college Aurangabad,” National Journal of Community Medicine, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 31–36, 2017.
35. S. S. Todkar, V. V. Gujarathi, and V. S. Tapare, “Period prevalence and sociodemographic factors of hypertension in rural Maharashtra: a cross-sectional study,” Indian Journal of Community Medicine, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 183–187, 2009.
36. J. Kishore, N. Gupta, C. Kohli, and N. Kumar, “Prevalence of hypertension and determination of its risk factors in rural Delhi,” International Journal of Hypertension, vol. 2016, Article ID 7962595, 6 pages, 2016.
Article Sidebar
Published
Dec 21, 2022
Article Details
How to Cite
Ghazi Jamaan S Aldhafeeri, Sanad Khemais Alshammari, Tami Hlail Hazmi Aldhafeeri, Hamoud Mukhlid Aldhafeeri. (2022). Prevalence and Risk Factors of Hypertension in Urban: A Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 29(03), 424–430. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v29i03.5404
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
All articles published in JPTCP are licensed under Copyright Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.