A SIMULATION OPTIMIZATION APPROACH FOR INTEGRATED RESOURCE ALLOCATION IN AN EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT, PHARMACY, AND LAB
Main Article Content
Keywords
.
Abstract
Background: Integrated personal health records (PHRs) offer significant potential to stimulate transformational changes in health care delivery and self-care by patients. In 2006, an invitational roundtable sponsored by Kaiser Permanente Institute, the American Medical Informatics Association, and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality was held to identify the transformative potential of PHRs, as well as barriers to realizing this potential and a framework for action to move them closer to the health care mainstream. This paper highlights and builds on the insights shared during the roundtable.
Discussion: While there is a spectrum of dominant PHR models, (standalone, tethered, integrated), the authors state that only the integrated model has true transformative potential to strengthen consumers' ability to manage their own health care. Integrated PHRs improve the quality, completeness, depth, and accessibility of health information provided by patients; enable facile communication between patients and providers; provide access to health knowledge for patients; ensure portability of medical records and other personal health information; and incorporate auto-population of content. Numerous factors impede widespread adoption of integrated PHRs: obstacles in the health care system/culture; issues of consumer confidence and trust; lack of technical standards for interoperability; lack of HIT infrastructure; the digital divide; uncertain value realization/ROI; and uncertain market demand. Recent efforts have led to progress on standards for integrated PHRs, and government agencies and private companies are offering different models to consumers, but substantial obstacles remain to be addressed. Immediate steps to advance integrated PHRs should include sharing existing knowledge and expanding knowledge about them, building on existing efforts, and continuing dialogue among public and private sector stakeholders.
Summary: Integrated PHRs promote active, ongoing patient collaboration in care delivery and decision making. With some exceptions, however, the integrated PHR model is still a theoretical framework for consumer-centric health care. The authors pose questions that need to be answered so that the field can move forward to realize the potential of integrated PHRs. How can integrated PHRs be moved from concept to practical application? Would a coordinating body expedite this progress? How can existing initiatives and policy levers serve as catalysts to advance integrated PHRs?
References
1. American Medical Informatics Association and the American Health Information Management Association: Joint Position Statement for Consumers of Health Care: The Value of Personal Health Records. 2007 [http://www.amia.org/files/ahima-amiaphrstate ment.pdf].
2. Sprague L: Personal Health Records: The People's Choice? National Health Policy Forum. Issue Brief 820 2006 [http:// www.nhpf.org/pdfs_ib/IB820_PHRs_11-30-06.pdf].
3. Sittig D: Personal health records on the internet: a snapshot of the pioneers at the end of the 20th Century. Int J Med Inform 2002, 65(1):1-6.
4. Tang PC, Ash JS, Bates DW, Overhage JM, Sands DZ: Personal Health Records: Definition, Benefits, and Strategies for Overcoming Barriers to Adoption. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2006, 13(2):121-6. Epub 2005 Dec 15.
5. Masys D, Baker D, Butros A, Cowles KE: Giving patients access to their medical records via the internet: the PCASSO experi- ence. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2002, 9(2):181-91.
6. National Committee on Vital and Health Statistics: Personal Health Records and Personal Health Record Systems: A Report and Recommendations. 2006 [http://www.ncvhs.hhs.gov/ 0602nhiirpt. pdf]. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
7. Gearon CJ: Perspectives on the Future of Personal Health Records. California. Health Care Foundation 2007 [http:// www.chcf.org/documents/chronicdisease/PHRPerspectives.pdf].
8. Altarum Institute: Environmental Scan of the Personal Health Record (PHR) Market DRAFT. [http://www.hhs.gov/healthit/ ahic/materials/meeting11/ce/EnvScan_PHRmarket.pdf]. Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology (ONC) October 31, 2006.
9. Smith J: Sea change? The personal health record and consum- erism. Healthcare Information Management and Communications Can- ada 2000, 14(3):.
10. Steinbrook R: Personally Controlled Online Health Data The Next Big Thing in Medical Care? N Engl J Med 2008, 358(16):1653-6.
11. Pagliari C, Detmer DE, Singleton P: Potential of personal health records. BMJ 335(7615):330-3. 2007, Aug 18;
12. Hassol A, Walker JM, Kidder D, Rokita K, Young D, Pierdon S, Deitz D, Kuck S, Ortiz E: Patient experiences and attitudes about access to a patient electronic health care record and linked web messaging. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2004, 11(6):505-13. Epub 2004 Aug 6.
13. Kaiser Permanente Institute for Health Policy: Realizing the Trans- formative Potential of Personal Health Records. Focus 2007, Spring:.
14. Cronin C: Personal Health Records: An Overview of What Is Available To the Public. AARP 2006 [http://www.aarp.org/ research/health/carequality/2006_11_phr.html].
15. Endsley S, Kibbe DC, Linares A, Colorafi K: An introduction to personal health records. Fam Pract Manag 2006, 13(5):57-62.
16. Waegemann CP: Testimony to National Committee on Vital and Health Statistics Regarding Personal Health Records. . July 24, 2002.
17. Tang PC, Ash JS, Bates DW, Overhage JM, Sands DZ: Personal Health Records: Definition, Benefits, and Strategies for Overcoming Barriers to Adoption. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2006, 13(2):121-6. Epub 2005 Dec 15.
18. Kim MI, Johnson KB: Personal health records: evaluation of functionality and utility. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2002, 9(2):171-80.
19. Mandl KD, Kohane IS: Tectonic shifts in the health information economy. N Engl J Med 358(16):1732-7. 2008, Apr 17;
20. Bauer J: Creating a seamless IT enterprise: the rest of the story. J Healthc Inf Manag 2006, Summer; 20(3):6-8.
21. Bieliková M, Moravcik M: Modeling the Reusable Content of Adaptive Web-Based Applications Using an Ontology. In Advances in Semantic Media Adaptation and Personalization 2008. Studies in Computational Intelligence Volume 93. Edited by: Manolis W, Angelides MC, Phivos M. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer; 2008:307-327.
22. Wang M, Lau C, Matsen FA III, Kim Y: Patient-centered health record linked to a referral service. [http://depts.washing ton.edu/pettt/papers/Referrals.pdf].
23. Luo J: Personal health records. Prim psychiatry 2006, 13(4):19-21.
24. Kim E, Wang M, Lau C, Kim Y: Application and Evaluation of Personal Health Information Management System. Engineer- ing in Medicine and Biology Society 2004. IEMBS 04. 26th Annual Interna- tional Conference of the IEEE 2004, 2:3159-3162 [http:ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?tp=&arnum ber=1403891&isnumber=30463].
25. Joslyn JS: Healthcare e-commerce: connecting with patients. J Healthc Inf Manag 2001, Spring, 15(1):73-84.
26. Tang PC, Lansky D: The missing link: bridging the patient-pro- vider health information gap. Health Aff (Millwood) 2005, 24(5):1290-5.
27. The American College of Physicians: Personal Health Records Policy Statements. 2006 [http://www.acponline.org/advocacy/ where_we_stand/health_information_technology/phr.pdf].
28. American College of Physicians: The Advanced Medical Home: Patient-Centered, Medical Home Overview. Policy Monograph [http://www.hhs.gov/healthit/ahic/materials/meeting03/cc/ ACP_Initiative.pdf]. January 22, 2006.
29. American Academy of Family Physicians, American Academy of Pedi- atrics, American College of Physicians, American Osteopathic Asso- ciation: Joint Principles of the Patient-Centered Medical Home. 2007 [http://www.medicalhomeinfo.org/].
30. The American College of Physicians: Personal Health Records Policy Statements. 2006 [http://www.acponline.org/advocacy/ where_we_stand/health_information_technology/phr.pdf].
31. Halamka JD, Mandl KD, Tang PC: Early experiences with per- sonal health records. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2008, 15(1):1-7.
32. Institute of Medicine, Committee on Quality of Health Care in Amer- ica: To Err is Human: Building A Safer Health System. Edited by: Kohn L, Corrigan JM, Donaldson MS. Washington: The National Academies Press; 2000.
33. Delbanco T, Sands DZ: Electrons in flight–e-mail between doc- tors and patients. N Engl J Med 350(17):1705-7. 2004, Apr 22;
34. Pagliari C, Detmer DE, Singleton P: Potential of personal health records. BMJ 335(7615):330-3. 2007, Aug 18;
35. Markle Foundation: Attitudes of Americans Regarding Per- sonal Health Records and Nationwide Electronic Health Information Exchange. 2005 [http://www.phrconference.org/ 2005/assets/research_release_101105.pdf].
36. Lafky DB: Putting the consumer in the driver's seat: a user- driven approach to PHR design. Testimony before the American Health Information Committee, Consumer Empowerment Workgroup [http://www.hhs.gov/healthit/ahic/consumer/ce_archive.html#07]. 2006 July 27.
37. Harris Interactive®: Many U.S. Adults are Satisfied with Use of Their Personal Health Information. The Harris Poll #27 [http:// www.harrisinteractive.com/harris_poll/index.asp?PID=743]. 2007 March 26.
38. Lake Research Partners and American Viewpoint: Survey Finds Americans Want Electronic Personal Health Information to Improve Own Health Care. 2006 [http://www.phrconfer ence.org/index.php].
39. Westin AF: How the Public Views Privacy and Health Research. Institute of Medicine 2007 [http://www.iom.edu/CMS/ 3740/43729/48528.aspx].
40. Rowlands D: Report on ISO TC215 (Health Informatics) standards development meetings, Montreal. Standards Aus- tralia s Health Informatics Technical Committee (IT-014) 2007 [http:// www.e-health.standards.org.au/default.asp].
41. Markle Foundation: Working Group on Policies for Electronic Information Sharing Between Doctors and Patients: Final Report: Connecting Americans To Their Healthcare. 2004 [http://www.connectingforhealth.org/resources/ wg_eis_final_report_ 0704.pdf].
42. Lee AC, Leung M, So KT: Managing patients with identical names in the same ward. Int J Health Care Qual Assur Inc Leadersh Health Serv 2005, 18:15-23.
43. Gray JE, Suresh G, Ursprung R, Edwards WH, Nickerson J, Shiono PH, Plsek P, Goldmann DA, Horbar J: Patient misidentification in the neonatal intensive care unit: quantification of risk. Pediat- rics 2006, 117:e43-e47.
44. Bittle MJ, Charache P, Wassilchalk DM: Registration-associated patient misidentification in an academic medical center: causes and corrections. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf 2007, 33(1):25-33.
45. McDonald CJ: Computerization can create safety hazards: a bar-coding near miss. Ann Intern Med 2006, 144:510-516.
46. Markle Foundation: Working Group on Policies for Electronic Information Sharing Between Doctors and Patients: Final Report: Connecting Americans To Their Healthcare. 2004 [http://www.connectingforhealth.org/resources/ wg_eis_final_report_0704. pdf].
47. Simons WW, Halamka JD, Kohane IS, Nigrin D, Finstein N, Mandl KD: Integration of the personally controlled electronic med- ical record into regional inter-regional data exchanges: a national demonstration. AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings 2006, 1099:.
48. Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society (HIMSS): 2004 National Health Information Infrastructure Survey. 2004 [http://www.himss.org/content/files/ 2004HealthInfoInfrastructureSurvey.pdf].
49. Institute for Alternative Futures: Health Information Systems Background Report. [http://www.altfutures.com/BFP/ Health_Information_Systems_2015.pdf]. 2006 March 23.
50. Fairlie RW: Race and the Digital Divide: Joint Center for Pov- erty Research Working Paper. 2006 [http://www.eric.ed.gov/ ERICDocs/data/ericdocs2sql/content_storage_01/0000 019b/80/1a/ 63/33.pdf].
51. Gustafson DH, McTavish FM, Stengle W, Ballard D, Hawkins R, Shaw BR, Jones E, Julesberg K, McDowell H, Chen WC, Volrathongchai K, Landucci G: Use and impact of ehealth systems by low-income women with breast cancer. J Health Commun 2005, 10(Suppl 1):195-218.
52. Institute of Medicine. Committee on Health Literacy: Health Liter- acy: A Prescription to End Confusion. Edited by: Nielsen-Bohl- man L, Panzer AM, Kindig, DA. Washington: The National Academies Press; 2004.
53. Moiduddin A, Gaylin DS: Health Information Technology Adop- tion Among Health Centers: A Digital Divide in the Making? National Health Policy Forum Background Paper [http://www.nhpf.org/ pdfs_bp/BP_HealthCenterIT_07-23-07.pdf]. 2007 July 23.
54. Accenture: Majority of Consumers Believe Electronic Medical Records Can Improve Medical Care, Accenture Survey Finds. [http://newsroom.accenture.com/ article_print. cfm? article_id=4236]. 2005 July 20.
55. Accenture: Consumers See Electronic Health Records as Important Factor When Choosing a Physician and Are Will- ing to Pay for the Service, Accenture Research Finds. [http://newsroom.accenture.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=4509]. 2007 February 26.
56. Thornewill J, Baluch J: It takes a Whole Community of Caring to Improve Healthcare Quality and Contain Rising Health Costs. Greater Louisville eHealth Research Report 2007 [http:// www.louhie.org/].
57. Gearon CJ: Perspectives on the Future of Personal Health Records. California. HealthCare Foundation 2007 [http:// www.chcf.org/documents/chronicdisease/PHRPerspectives.pdf].
58. Markle Foundation. Connecting Consumers: Common Frame- work for Networked Personal Health Information. 2006 [http://www.connectingforhealth.org/commonframework/docs/ P9_NetworkedPHRs.pdf].
59. American National Standards Institute: Healthcare Information Technology Standards Panel. Undated [http:www.ansi.orstandards_activities/ standards_boards_panelhishitsp.aspx?men uid=3].
60. Health Level Seven, Inc: HL7 Continuity of Care Document, a Healthcare IT Interoperability Standard, is Approved by Bal- loting Process and Endorsed by Healthcare IT Standards Panel. [http://www.hl7.org/documentcenter/public/pressreleases/ 20070212.pdf]. 2007 February 12.
61. Health Level Seven, Inc: Health Level Seven's Personal Health Record Functional Model Approved as a Draft Standard for Trial Use. [http://www.hl7.org/documentcenter/public/pressre leases/HL7_PRESS_20071205.pdf]. 2007 December 12.
62. Adobe: Adobe to Release PDF for Industry Standardization. [http://www.adobe.com/de/aboutadobe/pressroom/pr/jan2007/ OpenPDF.pdf]. 2007 January 29.
63. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services: Medicare Testing Personal Health Records to Help Beneficiaries Better Man- age Own Health Care. [http://www.cms.hhs.gov/apps/media/ press/release.asp?Counter=2217]. 2007 June 20.
64. Dossia: Major U.S. Employers Join to Provide Lifelong Per- sonal Health Records for Employees. [http://www.dossia.org/ consumers/]. 2006 December 6.
65. Cowley S: Microsoft beats Google to consumer health mar- ket. ChannelWeb [http://www.crn.com/software/202201293]. 2007 October 4.
66. Shabo A: A Global socio-economic-medico-legal Model for the Sustainability of Longitudinal Electronic Health Records. Part 1 & 2. Methods Inf Med 2006, 45:240-5. 498–505
67. Gold JD, Ball MJ: The Health Record Banking Imperative: A Conceptual Model. IBM Systems J 2007, 46(1):43-55.
68. Protti D: Moving toward a Single Comprehensive Electronic Health Record for Every Citizen in Andalucía, Spain. Elec- tronic Healthcare 2007, 6(2114-123 [http://www.longwoods.com/ product.php?productid=19336].
69. NHS National Services Scotland: Emergency Care Summary marks 1 million patient consultations and national award commendations. [http://www.nhsnss.org/supplementary_pages/ news_detail.php?newsid=60]. 2008 April 25.
70. eHealthNews.eu: The Danish eHealth experience: One Portal for Citizens and Professionals. [http://www.ehealthnews.eu/ content/view/1041/62/]. 2007 March 15.
71. Kane B, Sands DZ: Guidelines for the clinical use of electronic mail with patients. The AMIA Internet Working Group, Task Force on Guidelines for the Use of Clinic-Patient Elec- tronic Mail. J Am Med Inform Assoc 1998, 5(1):104-11. [http://www.projecthealthdesign.org/media/file/ Common_Platform_Requirements.pdf].
72. Civan A, Skeels MM, Stolyar A, Pratt W: Personal health informa- tion management: consumers' perspectives. AMIA Annu Symp Proc 2006:156-60.
73. Markle Foundation. Connecting for Health: Americans Over- whelmingly Believe Electronic Personal Health Records Could Improve Their Health. 2008 [http://www.connectingfor health.org/resources/ResearchBrief-200806.pdf].
74. Markle Foundation: Personal Health Working Group: Final Report.
[http://www.connectingforhealth.org/resources/ final_phwg_report1.pdf]. July 1, 2003.
75. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation: Expert Teams to Design New Solutions for Personal Health Records to Help Con- sumers Manage Their Health.
[http://www.rwjf.org/newsroom/ newsreleasesdetail.jsp?productid=21905]. 2006 December 7.
76. Privacilla.org: Privacy Survey Design is Often Flawed.
[http:// www.privacilla.org/fundamentals/surveyqs.html]. July 19, 2001.
2. Sprague L: Personal Health Records: The People's Choice? National Health Policy Forum. Issue Brief 820 2006 [http:// www.nhpf.org/pdfs_ib/IB820_PHRs_11-30-06.pdf].
3. Sittig D: Personal health records on the internet: a snapshot of the pioneers at the end of the 20th Century. Int J Med Inform 2002, 65(1):1-6.
4. Tang PC, Ash JS, Bates DW, Overhage JM, Sands DZ: Personal Health Records: Definition, Benefits, and Strategies for Overcoming Barriers to Adoption. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2006, 13(2):121-6. Epub 2005 Dec 15.
5. Masys D, Baker D, Butros A, Cowles KE: Giving patients access to their medical records via the internet: the PCASSO experi- ence. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2002, 9(2):181-91.
6. National Committee on Vital and Health Statistics: Personal Health Records and Personal Health Record Systems: A Report and Recommendations. 2006 [http://www.ncvhs.hhs.gov/ 0602nhiirpt. pdf]. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
7. Gearon CJ: Perspectives on the Future of Personal Health Records. California. Health Care Foundation 2007 [http:// www.chcf.org/documents/chronicdisease/PHRPerspectives.pdf].
8. Altarum Institute: Environmental Scan of the Personal Health Record (PHR) Market DRAFT. [http://www.hhs.gov/healthit/ ahic/materials/meeting11/ce/EnvScan_PHRmarket.pdf]. Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology (ONC) October 31, 2006.
9. Smith J: Sea change? The personal health record and consum- erism. Healthcare Information Management and Communications Can- ada 2000, 14(3):.
10. Steinbrook R: Personally Controlled Online Health Data The Next Big Thing in Medical Care? N Engl J Med 2008, 358(16):1653-6.
11. Pagliari C, Detmer DE, Singleton P: Potential of personal health records. BMJ 335(7615):330-3. 2007, Aug 18;
12. Hassol A, Walker JM, Kidder D, Rokita K, Young D, Pierdon S, Deitz D, Kuck S, Ortiz E: Patient experiences and attitudes about access to a patient electronic health care record and linked web messaging. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2004, 11(6):505-13. Epub 2004 Aug 6.
13. Kaiser Permanente Institute for Health Policy: Realizing the Trans- formative Potential of Personal Health Records. Focus 2007, Spring:.
14. Cronin C: Personal Health Records: An Overview of What Is Available To the Public. AARP 2006 [http://www.aarp.org/ research/health/carequality/2006_11_phr.html].
15. Endsley S, Kibbe DC, Linares A, Colorafi K: An introduction to personal health records. Fam Pract Manag 2006, 13(5):57-62.
16. Waegemann CP: Testimony to National Committee on Vital and Health Statistics Regarding Personal Health Records. . July 24, 2002.
17. Tang PC, Ash JS, Bates DW, Overhage JM, Sands DZ: Personal Health Records: Definition, Benefits, and Strategies for Overcoming Barriers to Adoption. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2006, 13(2):121-6. Epub 2005 Dec 15.
18. Kim MI, Johnson KB: Personal health records: evaluation of functionality and utility. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2002, 9(2):171-80.
19. Mandl KD, Kohane IS: Tectonic shifts in the health information economy. N Engl J Med 358(16):1732-7. 2008, Apr 17;
20. Bauer J: Creating a seamless IT enterprise: the rest of the story. J Healthc Inf Manag 2006, Summer; 20(3):6-8.
21. Bieliková M, Moravcik M: Modeling the Reusable Content of Adaptive Web-Based Applications Using an Ontology. In Advances in Semantic Media Adaptation and Personalization 2008. Studies in Computational Intelligence Volume 93. Edited by: Manolis W, Angelides MC, Phivos M. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer; 2008:307-327.
22. Wang M, Lau C, Matsen FA III, Kim Y: Patient-centered health record linked to a referral service. [http://depts.washing ton.edu/pettt/papers/Referrals.pdf].
23. Luo J: Personal health records. Prim psychiatry 2006, 13(4):19-21.
24. Kim E, Wang M, Lau C, Kim Y: Application and Evaluation of Personal Health Information Management System. Engineer- ing in Medicine and Biology Society 2004. IEMBS 04. 26th Annual Interna- tional Conference of the IEEE 2004, 2:3159-3162 [http:ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?tp=&arnum ber=1403891&isnumber=30463].
25. Joslyn JS: Healthcare e-commerce: connecting with patients. J Healthc Inf Manag 2001, Spring, 15(1):73-84.
26. Tang PC, Lansky D: The missing link: bridging the patient-pro- vider health information gap. Health Aff (Millwood) 2005, 24(5):1290-5.
27. The American College of Physicians: Personal Health Records Policy Statements. 2006 [http://www.acponline.org/advocacy/ where_we_stand/health_information_technology/phr.pdf].
28. American College of Physicians: The Advanced Medical Home: Patient-Centered, Medical Home Overview. Policy Monograph [http://www.hhs.gov/healthit/ahic/materials/meeting03/cc/ ACP_Initiative.pdf]. January 22, 2006.
29. American Academy of Family Physicians, American Academy of Pedi- atrics, American College of Physicians, American Osteopathic Asso- ciation: Joint Principles of the Patient-Centered Medical Home. 2007 [http://www.medicalhomeinfo.org/].
30. The American College of Physicians: Personal Health Records Policy Statements. 2006 [http://www.acponline.org/advocacy/ where_we_stand/health_information_technology/phr.pdf].
31. Halamka JD, Mandl KD, Tang PC: Early experiences with per- sonal health records. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2008, 15(1):1-7.
32. Institute of Medicine, Committee on Quality of Health Care in Amer- ica: To Err is Human: Building A Safer Health System. Edited by: Kohn L, Corrigan JM, Donaldson MS. Washington: The National Academies Press; 2000.
33. Delbanco T, Sands DZ: Electrons in flight–e-mail between doc- tors and patients. N Engl J Med 350(17):1705-7. 2004, Apr 22;
34. Pagliari C, Detmer DE, Singleton P: Potential of personal health records. BMJ 335(7615):330-3. 2007, Aug 18;
35. Markle Foundation: Attitudes of Americans Regarding Per- sonal Health Records and Nationwide Electronic Health Information Exchange. 2005 [http://www.phrconference.org/ 2005/assets/research_release_101105.pdf].
36. Lafky DB: Putting the consumer in the driver's seat: a user- driven approach to PHR design. Testimony before the American Health Information Committee, Consumer Empowerment Workgroup [http://www.hhs.gov/healthit/ahic/consumer/ce_archive.html#07]. 2006 July 27.
37. Harris Interactive®: Many U.S. Adults are Satisfied with Use of Their Personal Health Information. The Harris Poll #27 [http:// www.harrisinteractive.com/harris_poll/index.asp?PID=743]. 2007 March 26.
38. Lake Research Partners and American Viewpoint: Survey Finds Americans Want Electronic Personal Health Information to Improve Own Health Care. 2006 [http://www.phrconfer ence.org/index.php].
39. Westin AF: How the Public Views Privacy and Health Research. Institute of Medicine 2007 [http://www.iom.edu/CMS/ 3740/43729/48528.aspx].
40. Rowlands D: Report on ISO TC215 (Health Informatics) standards development meetings, Montreal. Standards Aus- tralia s Health Informatics Technical Committee (IT-014) 2007 [http:// www.e-health.standards.org.au/default.asp].
41. Markle Foundation: Working Group on Policies for Electronic Information Sharing Between Doctors and Patients: Final Report: Connecting Americans To Their Healthcare. 2004 [http://www.connectingforhealth.org/resources/ wg_eis_final_report_ 0704.pdf].
42. Lee AC, Leung M, So KT: Managing patients with identical names in the same ward. Int J Health Care Qual Assur Inc Leadersh Health Serv 2005, 18:15-23.
43. Gray JE, Suresh G, Ursprung R, Edwards WH, Nickerson J, Shiono PH, Plsek P, Goldmann DA, Horbar J: Patient misidentification in the neonatal intensive care unit: quantification of risk. Pediat- rics 2006, 117:e43-e47.
44. Bittle MJ, Charache P, Wassilchalk DM: Registration-associated patient misidentification in an academic medical center: causes and corrections. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf 2007, 33(1):25-33.
45. McDonald CJ: Computerization can create safety hazards: a bar-coding near miss. Ann Intern Med 2006, 144:510-516.
46. Markle Foundation: Working Group on Policies for Electronic Information Sharing Between Doctors and Patients: Final Report: Connecting Americans To Their Healthcare. 2004 [http://www.connectingforhealth.org/resources/ wg_eis_final_report_0704. pdf].
47. Simons WW, Halamka JD, Kohane IS, Nigrin D, Finstein N, Mandl KD: Integration of the personally controlled electronic med- ical record into regional inter-regional data exchanges: a national demonstration. AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings 2006, 1099:.
48. Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society (HIMSS): 2004 National Health Information Infrastructure Survey. 2004 [http://www.himss.org/content/files/ 2004HealthInfoInfrastructureSurvey.pdf].
49. Institute for Alternative Futures: Health Information Systems Background Report. [http://www.altfutures.com/BFP/ Health_Information_Systems_2015.pdf]. 2006 March 23.
50. Fairlie RW: Race and the Digital Divide: Joint Center for Pov- erty Research Working Paper. 2006 [http://www.eric.ed.gov/ ERICDocs/data/ericdocs2sql/content_storage_01/0000 019b/80/1a/ 63/33.pdf].
51. Gustafson DH, McTavish FM, Stengle W, Ballard D, Hawkins R, Shaw BR, Jones E, Julesberg K, McDowell H, Chen WC, Volrathongchai K, Landucci G: Use and impact of ehealth systems by low-income women with breast cancer. J Health Commun 2005, 10(Suppl 1):195-218.
52. Institute of Medicine. Committee on Health Literacy: Health Liter- acy: A Prescription to End Confusion. Edited by: Nielsen-Bohl- man L, Panzer AM, Kindig, DA. Washington: The National Academies Press; 2004.
53. Moiduddin A, Gaylin DS: Health Information Technology Adop- tion Among Health Centers: A Digital Divide in the Making? National Health Policy Forum Background Paper [http://www.nhpf.org/ pdfs_bp/BP_HealthCenterIT_07-23-07.pdf]. 2007 July 23.
54. Accenture: Majority of Consumers Believe Electronic Medical Records Can Improve Medical Care, Accenture Survey Finds. [http://newsroom.accenture.com/ article_print. cfm? article_id=4236]. 2005 July 20.
55. Accenture: Consumers See Electronic Health Records as Important Factor When Choosing a Physician and Are Will- ing to Pay for the Service, Accenture Research Finds. [http://newsroom.accenture.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=4509]. 2007 February 26.
56. Thornewill J, Baluch J: It takes a Whole Community of Caring to Improve Healthcare Quality and Contain Rising Health Costs. Greater Louisville eHealth Research Report 2007 [http:// www.louhie.org/].
57. Gearon CJ: Perspectives on the Future of Personal Health Records. California. HealthCare Foundation 2007 [http:// www.chcf.org/documents/chronicdisease/PHRPerspectives.pdf].
58. Markle Foundation. Connecting Consumers: Common Frame- work for Networked Personal Health Information. 2006 [http://www.connectingforhealth.org/commonframework/docs/ P9_NetworkedPHRs.pdf].
59. American National Standards Institute: Healthcare Information Technology Standards Panel. Undated [http:www.ansi.orstandards_activities/ standards_boards_panelhishitsp.aspx?men uid=3].
60. Health Level Seven, Inc: HL7 Continuity of Care Document, a Healthcare IT Interoperability Standard, is Approved by Bal- loting Process and Endorsed by Healthcare IT Standards Panel. [http://www.hl7.org/documentcenter/public/pressreleases/ 20070212.pdf]. 2007 February 12.
61. Health Level Seven, Inc: Health Level Seven's Personal Health Record Functional Model Approved as a Draft Standard for Trial Use. [http://www.hl7.org/documentcenter/public/pressre leases/HL7_PRESS_20071205.pdf]. 2007 December 12.
62. Adobe: Adobe to Release PDF for Industry Standardization. [http://www.adobe.com/de/aboutadobe/pressroom/pr/jan2007/ OpenPDF.pdf]. 2007 January 29.
63. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services: Medicare Testing Personal Health Records to Help Beneficiaries Better Man- age Own Health Care. [http://www.cms.hhs.gov/apps/media/ press/release.asp?Counter=2217]. 2007 June 20.
64. Dossia: Major U.S. Employers Join to Provide Lifelong Per- sonal Health Records for Employees. [http://www.dossia.org/ consumers/]. 2006 December 6.
65. Cowley S: Microsoft beats Google to consumer health mar- ket. ChannelWeb [http://www.crn.com/software/202201293]. 2007 October 4.
66. Shabo A: A Global socio-economic-medico-legal Model for the Sustainability of Longitudinal Electronic Health Records. Part 1 & 2. Methods Inf Med 2006, 45:240-5. 498–505
67. Gold JD, Ball MJ: The Health Record Banking Imperative: A Conceptual Model. IBM Systems J 2007, 46(1):43-55.
68. Protti D: Moving toward a Single Comprehensive Electronic Health Record for Every Citizen in Andalucía, Spain. Elec- tronic Healthcare 2007, 6(2114-123 [http://www.longwoods.com/ product.php?productid=19336].
69. NHS National Services Scotland: Emergency Care Summary marks 1 million patient consultations and national award commendations. [http://www.nhsnss.org/supplementary_pages/ news_detail.php?newsid=60]. 2008 April 25.
70. eHealthNews.eu: The Danish eHealth experience: One Portal for Citizens and Professionals. [http://www.ehealthnews.eu/ content/view/1041/62/]. 2007 March 15.
71. Kane B, Sands DZ: Guidelines for the clinical use of electronic mail with patients. The AMIA Internet Working Group, Task Force on Guidelines for the Use of Clinic-Patient Elec- tronic Mail. J Am Med Inform Assoc 1998, 5(1):104-11. [http://www.projecthealthdesign.org/media/file/ Common_Platform_Requirements.pdf].
72. Civan A, Skeels MM, Stolyar A, Pratt W: Personal health informa- tion management: consumers' perspectives. AMIA Annu Symp Proc 2006:156-60.
73. Markle Foundation. Connecting for Health: Americans Over- whelmingly Believe Electronic Personal Health Records Could Improve Their Health. 2008 [http://www.connectingfor health.org/resources/ResearchBrief-200806.pdf].
74. Markle Foundation: Personal Health Working Group: Final Report.
[http://www.connectingforhealth.org/resources/ final_phwg_report1.pdf]. July 1, 2003.
75. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation: Expert Teams to Design New Solutions for Personal Health Records to Help Con- sumers Manage Their Health.
[http://www.rwjf.org/newsroom/ newsreleasesdetail.jsp?productid=21905]. 2006 December 7.
76. Privacilla.org: Privacy Survey Design is Often Flawed.
[http:// www.privacilla.org/fundamentals/surveyqs.html]. July 19, 2001.
Article Sidebar
Published
Oct 19, 2022
Article Details
How to Cite
Asim Sulaiman Olyan Alhazmi, Ahmed faisal radhi almuwallad, Abdullah Juraybia Samran Alsahli, Majed marshud shunayfis altarjami, FAHAD Abdullah ali Alshrif, Hatem mohanna jabr Alharbi, Abdullah Fatm Hilal almuttairi, & Abdullah Zuwaid Khudair Al-Mutairi. (2022). A SIMULATION OPTIMIZATION APPROACH FOR INTEGRATED RESOURCE ALLOCATION IN AN EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT, PHARMACY, AND LAB. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 29(04), 2236-2255. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v29i04.5334
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
All articles published in JPTCP are licensed under Copyright Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Author Biographies
Asim Sulaiman Olyan Alhazmi
Laboratory Technician, Alyatama Primary Health Center Almadinah city
Ahmed faisal radhi almuwallad
laboratory technician, Medina Khyber General Hospital
Abdullah Juraybia Samran Alsahli
Dental technology, Health Affairs, Medina
Majed marshud shunayfis altarjami
technician. Dental lap tech Al Yatma Health Center. Medina
FAHAD Abdullah ali Alshrif
Medical labs technician, Alyatma health centre Almadinah city
Hatem mohanna jabr Alharbi
Pharmacy technician, Alhano and Althamah health centre Almadinah city
Abdullah Fatm Hilal almuttairi
Pharmacy technician, AL Madinah AL Munawwarah, Ohd hospital======
Abdullah Zuwaid Khudair Al-Mutairi
Pharmacy technician. Al Yatma Health Center. Medina
How to Cite
Asim Sulaiman Olyan Alhazmi, Ahmed faisal radhi almuwallad, Abdullah Juraybia Samran Alsahli, Majed marshud shunayfis altarjami, FAHAD Abdullah ali Alshrif, Hatem mohanna jabr Alharbi, Abdullah Fatm Hilal almuttairi, & Abdullah Zuwaid Khudair Al-Mutairi. (2022). A SIMULATION OPTIMIZATION APPROACH FOR INTEGRATED RESOURCE ALLOCATION IN AN EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT, PHARMACY, AND LAB. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 29(04), 2236-2255. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v29i04.5334