Changes in Dietary Habits and Physical Activity of School going children due to COVID-19 imposed restrictions in Pakistan
Main Article Content
Keywords
Covid-19, food frequency, meal intake, positive negative trends, School age children
Abstract
Balanced diet improves school performance, mental health, brain capacity and cognitive capabilities. However, COVID-19 led to changes in dietary patterns and physical activity among school age children. This study aims to explore and assess changes in dietary habits and physical activity of school-aged children (6-11 years) due to COVID-19 lockdowns. Questionnaire-based survey was conducted to capture dietary intake and physical activity pattern of school-aged children for about 286 families. Several dimensions regarding children’s food intake and physical activity pattern were assessed revealing some positive and some negative changes in dietary habits. Among the positive findings are; increase in intake of breakfast (84% daily), meat (44% occasionally), salad (30% frequently), lentils& beans(40% daily), fruits (44% daily), milkshakes/smoothies (11% daily), homemade chapattis (69% daily) and decrease intake of market Naan (45%occassionally), packet juices (36% daily),processed foods (4% daily) and flavoured milk (3.7% daily). Negative trends are; increased mid-night meals (43% frequently), desserts (46% occasionally), cream (3.4% daily), cakes (6.4% daily), chips (17% daily), sweets (3%), savory products (46% occasionally), soda drinks (4.4% daily) and tea (16% daily).An alarming decrease in physical activity was observed too. In addition, significant relationship between certain variables such as, mothers’ education with breakfast compliance, mothers work with more home cooked foods, screen eating and weight gain was also observed. Nutrition education should focus to help children continue positive trends and alleviate the negative trends to prevent present and long-term undesired health outcomes.
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Boston, 677 Huntington Avenue, and Harvard. 2012. “Protein.” The Nutrition Source. Retrieved June 30, 2021 (https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/what-should-you-eat/protein/).
Carducci, Bianca, Jai Das, Nadia Akseer, Shagufta Zareen, and Zulfiqar Bhutta. 2020. “Protocol: Dietary Intake and Nutritional Status of School-Aged Children in Sindh and Punjab, Pakistan.” Current Developments in Nutrition 4(Supplement_2):1384–1384. doi: 10.1093/cdn/nzaa061_012.
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Choe, Young June, and Jong-Koo Lee. 2020. “The Impact of Social Distancing on the Transmission of Influenza Virus, South Korea, 2020.” Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives 11(3):91–92. doi: 10.24171/j.phrp.2020.11.3.07.
Deschasaux-Tanguy, Mélanie, Nathalie Druesne-Pecollo, Younes Esseddik, Fabien Szabo de Edelenyi, Benjamin Allès, Valentina A. Andreeva, Julia Baudry, Hélène Charreire, Valérie Deschamps, Manon Egnell, Leopold K. Fezeu, Pilar Galan, Chantal Julia, Emmanuelle Kesse-Guyot, Paule Latino-Martel, Jean-Michel Oppert, Sandrine Péneau, Charlotte Verdot, Serge Hercberg, and Mathilde Touvier. 2021. “Diet and Physical Activity during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Lockdown (March–May 2020): Results from the French NutriNet-Santé Cohort Study.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 113(4):924–38. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa336.
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Esther Ellis. 2021. “Protein Foods for Your Vegetarian Child.” Retrieved June 30, 2021 (https://www.eatright.org/food/nutrition/vegetarian-and-special-diets/protein-foods-for-your-vegetarian-child).
FAO. 2018. Dietary Assessment: A Resource Guide to Method Selection and Application in Low Resource Settings.
Ghosh, Ritwik, Mahua Dubey, Subhankar Chatterjee, and Souvik Dubey. 2020. “Impact of COVID-19 on Children: Special Focus on Psychosocial Aspect.” Minerva Pediatrica 72. doi: 10.23736/S0026-4946.20.05887-9.
Girdhar, Sangeeta, Sarit Sharma, Anurag Chaudhary, Priya Bansal, and Mahesh Satija. 2016. “An Epidemiological Study of Overweight and Obesity Among Women in an Urban Area of North India.” Indian Journal of Community Medicine 41:154–57. doi: 10.4103/0970-0218.173492.
Goldschmidt, Karen. 2020. “The COVID-19 Pandemic: Technology Use to Support the Wellbeing of Children.” Journal of Pediatric Nursing 53:88–90. doi: 10.1016/j.pedn.2020.04.013.
Gopalan, Hema S., and Anoop Misra. 2020. “COVID-19 Pandemic and Challenges for Socio-Economic Issues, Healthcare and National Health Programs in India.” Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews14(5):757–59. doi: 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.05.041.
Grechyna, Daryna. 2020. Health Threats Associated with Children Lockdown in Spain during COVID-19. SSRN Scholarly Paper. ID 3567670. Rochester, NY:
Allabadi, Hala, Jennifer Dabis, Varsen Aghabekian, Amer Khader, and Umaiyah Khammash. n.d. “Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown on Dietary and Lifestyle Behaviours among Adolescents in Palestine.” 11.
Altamimi, Eyad. 2020. “Effect of COVID-19 Pandemic and Lockdown on Children with Gastrointestinal Disorders.” Gastroenterology Research 13(3):125-128–128. doi: 10.14740/gr.v0i0.1290.
Ammal M. Metwally. 2020. “Vulnerability and Weaknesses of Eating Habits of Overweight School Children as an Entry Risk for COVID-19 | Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences.”
Ammar, Achraf, Michael Brach, Khaled Trabelsi, Hamdi Chtourou, Omar Boukhris, Liwa Masmoudi, Bassem Bouaziz, Ellen Bentlage, Daniella How, Mona Ahmed, Patrick Mueller, Notger Mueller, Asma Aloui, Omar Hammouda, Laisa Liane Paineiras-Domingos, Annemarie Braakman-jansen, Christian Wrede, Sophia Bastoni, Carlos Soares Pernambuco, Leonardo Mataruna, Morteza Taheri, Khadijeh Irandoust, Aïmen Khacharem, Nicola L. Bragazzi, Karim Chamari, Jordan M. Glenn, Nicholas T. Bott, Faiez Gargouri, Lotfi Chaari, Hadj Batatia, Gamal Mohamed Ali, Osama Abdelkarim, Mohamed Jarraya, Kais El Abed, Nizar Souissi, Lisette Van Gemert-Pijnen, Bryan L. Riemann, Laurel Riemann, Wassim Moalla, Jonathan Gómez-Raja, Monique Epstein, Robbert Sanderman, Sebastian Schulz, Achim Jerg, Ramzi Al-Horani, Taysir Mansi, Mohamed Jmail, Fernando Barbosa, Fernando Santos, Boštjan Šimunič, Rado Pišot, Donald Cowan, Andrea Gaggioli, Stephen J. Bailey, Jürgen Steinacker, Tarak Driss, and Anita Hoekelmann. 2020. “Effects of COVID-19 Home Confinement on Physical Activity and Eating Behaviour Preliminary Results of the ECLB-COVID19 International Online-Survey.” MedRxiv 2020.05.04.20072447. doi: 10.1101/2020.05.04.20072447.
Ammar, Achraf, Michael Brach, Khaled Trabelsi, Hamdi Chtourou, Omar Boukhris, Liwa Masmoudi, Bassem Bouaziz, Ellen Bentlage, Daniella How, Mona Ahmed, Patrick Müller, Notger Müller, Asma Aloui, Omar Hammouda, Laisa Liane Paineiras-Domingos, Annemarie Braakman-Jansen, Christian Wrede, Sofia Bastoni, Carlos Soares Pernambuco, Leonardo Mataruna, Morteza Taheri, Khadijeh Irandoust, Aïmen Khacharem, Nicola L. Bragazzi, Karim Chamari, Jordan M. Glenn, Nicholas T. Bott, Faiez Gargouri, Lotfi Chaari, Hadj Batatia, Gamal Mohamed Ali, Osama Abdelkarim, Mohamed Jarraya, Kais El Abed, Nizar Souissi, Lisette Van Gemert-Pijnen, Bryan L. Riemann, Laurel Riemann, Wassim Moalla, Jonathan Gómez-Raja, Monique Epstein, Robbert Sanderman, Sebastian V. W. Schulz, Achim Jerg, Ramzi Al-Horani, Taiysir Mansi, Mohamed Jmail, Fernando Barbosa, Fernando Ferreira-Santos, Boštjan Šimunič, Rado Pišot, Andrea Gaggioli, Stephen J. Bailey, Jürgen M. Steinacker, Tarak Driss, Anita Hoekelmann, and On Behalf of the ECLB-COVID19 Consortium. 2020. “Effects of COVID-19 Home Confinement on Eating Behaviour and Physical Activity: Results of the ECLB-COVID19 International Online Survey.” Nutrients 12(6):1583. doi: 10.3390/nu12061583.
Anon. 2019. “The Truth about Starchy Vegetables.” The Johns Hopkins Patient Guide to Diabetes. Retrieved June 25, 2021 (https://hopkinsdiabetesinfo.org/the-truth-about-starchy-vegetables/).
Anon. n.d. “Dietary Practices of School Children in Sindh, Pakistan | PDF | Malnutrition | Foods.” Scribd. Retrieved August 1, 2021 (https://www.scribd.com/document/441579467/Dietary-practices-of-school-children-in-Sindh-Pakistan).
Aziz, Ayesha, Mehak Pervaiz, Ayesha Khalid, Ayesha Zahid Khan, and Ghazala Rafique. 2018a. “Dietary Practices of School Children in Sindh, Pakistan.” Nutrition and Health 24(4):231–40. doi: 10.1177/0260106018791859.
Aziz, Ayesha, Mehak Pervaiz, Ayesha Khalid, Ayesha Zahid Khan, and Ghazala Rafique. 2018b. “Dietary Practices of School Children in Sindh, Pakistan.” Nutrition and Health 24(4):231–40. doi: 10.1177/0260106018791859.
Bennett, Grace, Elysia Young, Isabel Butler, and Shelly Coe. 2021. “The Impact of Lockdown During the COVID-19 Outbreak on Dietary Habits in Various Population Groups: A Scoping Review.” Frontiers in Nutrition 8. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2021.626432.
Birch, Dr Leann, Jennifer S. Savage, and Alison Ventura. 2007. “Influences on the Development of Children’s Eating Behaviours: From Infancy to Adolescence.” Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research : A Publication of Dietitians of Canada = Revue Canadienne de La Pratique et de La Recherche En Dietetique : Une Publication Des Dietetistes Du Canada 68(1):s1.
Boston, 677 Huntington Avenue, and Harvard. 2012. “Protein.” The Nutrition Source. Retrieved June 30, 2021 (https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/what-should-you-eat/protein/).
Carducci, Bianca, Jai Das, Nadia Akseer, Shagufta Zareen, and Zulfiqar Bhutta. 2020. “Protocol: Dietary Intake and Nutritional Status of School-Aged Children in Sindh and Punjab, Pakistan.” Current Developments in Nutrition 4(Supplement_2):1384–1384. doi: 10.1093/cdn/nzaa061_012.
Chaudhry, Khawar Abbas, Muhammad Ismail Tariq, Imran Yasin, Farukh Bashir, Mujtaba Hassan, and Zafar Iqbal Bhatti. n.d. “Dietary Habits of School Going Children in Lahore, Pakistan.” 3.
Chimera, Bernadette, Isabel Potani, Allison I. Daniel, and Humphrey Chatenga. 2020 “Clinical Nutrition Care Challenges in Low-Resource Settings during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Focus on Malawi.” Journal of Global Health 10(2):020363. doi: 10.7189/jogh.10.020363.
CHOC. 2021. “Nutrition for School-Age Kids | CHOC Clinical Nutrition & Lactation.” Children’s Health Orange County. Retrieved July 28, 2021 (https://www.choc.org/programs-services/nutrition/nutrition-school-age-children/).
Choe, Young June, and Jong-Koo Lee. 2020. “The Impact of Social Distancing on the Transmission of Influenza Virus, South Korea, 2020.” Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives 11(3):91–92. doi: 10.24171/j.phrp.2020.11.3.07.
Deschasaux-Tanguy, Mélanie, Nathalie Druesne-Pecollo, Younes Esseddik, Fabien Szabo de Edelenyi, Benjamin Allès, Valentina A. Andreeva, Julia Baudry, Hélène Charreire, Valérie Deschamps, Manon Egnell, Leopold K. Fezeu, Pilar Galan, Chantal Julia, Emmanuelle Kesse-Guyot, Paule Latino-Martel, Jean-Michel Oppert, Sandrine Péneau, Charlotte Verdot, Serge Hercberg, and Mathilde Touvier. 2021. “Diet and Physical Activity during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Lockdown (March–May 2020): Results from the French NutriNet-Santé Cohort Study.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 113(4):924–38. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa336.
Deschasaux-Tanguy, Melanie, Nathalie Druesne-Pecollo, Younes Esseddik, Fabien Szabo de Edelenyi, Benjamin Alles, Valentina A. Andreeva, Julia Baudry, Helene Charreire, Valerie Deschamps, Manon Egnell, Leopold K. Fezeu, Pilar Galan, Chantal Julia, Emmanuelle Kesse-Guyot, Paule Latino-Martel, Jean-Michel Oppert, Sandrine Peneau, Charlotte Verdot, Serge Hercberg, and Mathilde Touvier. 2020. “Diet and Physical Activity during the COVID-19 Lockdown Period (March-May 2020): Results from the French NutriNet-Sante Cohort Study.” MedRxiv 2020.06.04.20121855. doi: 10.1101/2020.06.04.20121855.
Di Renzo, Laura, Paola Gualtieri, Francesca Pivari, Laura Soldati, Alda Attinà, Giulia Cinelli, Claudia Leggeri, Giovanna Caparello, Luigi Barrea, Francesco Scerbo, Ernesto Esposito, and Antonino De Lorenzo. 2020. “Eating Habits and Lifestyle Changes during COVID-19 Lockdown: An Italian Survey.” Journal of Translational Medicine 18(1):229. doi: 10.1186/s12967-020-02399-5.
Donen, Harley. 2004. “The Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children (PAQ-C) and Adolescents (PAQ-A) Manual.” College of Kinesiology University of Saskatchewan Canada 38.
Esther Ellis. 2019. “Bison a Healthier Red Meat.” Retrieved August 9, 2021 (https://www.eatright.org/food/planning-and-prep/snack-and-meal-ideas/bison-a-healthier-red-meat).
Esther Ellis. 2021. “Protein Foods for Your Vegetarian Child.” Retrieved June 30, 2021 (https://www.eatright.org/food/nutrition/vegetarian-and-special-diets/protein-foods-for-your-vegetarian-child).
FAO. 2018. Dietary Assessment: A Resource Guide to Method Selection and Application in Low Resource Settings.
Ghosh, Ritwik, Mahua Dubey, Subhankar Chatterjee, and Souvik Dubey. 2020. “Impact of COVID-19 on Children: Special Focus on Psychosocial Aspect.” Minerva Pediatrica 72. doi: 10.23736/S0026-4946.20.05887-9.
Girdhar, Sangeeta, Sarit Sharma, Anurag Chaudhary, Priya Bansal, and Mahesh Satija. 2016. “An Epidemiological Study of Overweight and Obesity Among Women in an Urban Area of North India.” Indian Journal of Community Medicine 41:154–57. doi: 10.4103/0970-0218.173492.
Goldschmidt, Karen. 2020. “The COVID-19 Pandemic: Technology Use to Support the Wellbeing of Children.” Journal of Pediatric Nursing 53:88–90. doi: 10.1016/j.pedn.2020.04.013.
Gopalan, Hema S., and Anoop Misra. 2020. “COVID-19 Pandemic and Challenges for Socio-Economic Issues, Healthcare and National Health Programs in India.” Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews14(5):757–59. doi: 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.05.041.
Grechyna, Daryna. 2020. Health Threats Associated with Children Lockdown in Spain during COVID-19. SSRN Scholarly Paper. ID 3567670. Rochester, NY:
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Mar 24, 2024
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Sidra Raza, Abdul Rehman Aleemi, Ayesha Zahid Khan, Tayyab Raza Fraz, Muhammad Faisal Fahim. (2024). Changes in Dietary Habits and Physical Activity of School going children due to COVID-19 imposed restrictions in Pakistan. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(2), 992–1015. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v31i2.5252
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