A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF RESISTANCE TRAINING VERSUS WEIGHT BEARING EXERCISES ON BONE MASS DENSITY, MUSCLE STRENGTH AND QUALITY OF LIFE IN POST-MENOPAUSAL WOMEN
Main Article Content
Keywords
weight bearing exercises, Resistance Training exercises, WHOQOL-BREF, Bone mineral Density
Abstract
Background:
Osteoporosis is prevalent in Indian post-menopausal women and contribute to decreased BMD, muscle strength and Quality of Life (QOL). Osteoporosis is the most common cause of stress fractures, low bone strength and becomes a cause of frequent visits to the physiotherapy OPD’s among post-menopausal women. The study compared the effect of resistance training versus weight bearing exercise on Bone Mineral Density (BMD), muscle strength and QOL in post-menopausal women. Purpose of the study was to calculate T score (BMD), muscle strength and BREF score and to compare whether these outcome measures changes with 12 weeks of exercise intervention through Weight bearing (WB) and Resistance Training (RT) exercises
Study Design:
Non - Randomized experimental study.
Method:
Assessment of BMD was done on post-menopausal women ( ≥5 years of menopause) and women having T score between -1 to -4 were included in the study.
WHO-QOL BREF score and muscle strength was analysed. Participants were divided in 3 groups by lottery method. 1 group received weight bearing exercises. Second group continued with resistance training exercises and the last group was control group which was asked to maintain daily physical activity. Pre and post exercise intervention, data was recorded. Paired , unpaired T test and annova was used to analyse the data.
Result:
The WB group expressed better BMD score, whereas; muscle strength was improved in RT group. QOL physical domain showed better improvement in RT group as compared to WB group; whereas, psychological, social and environmental domains were improved in WB group.
Conclusion:
The result of the study indicates WB exercises are good to improve BMD at calcaneal site but WHOQOL-BREF indicated better score for psychological, social and environmental domain. The post-menopausal women, who took part in RT group showed significant strength improvement and statistically significant improvement in physical domain of quality of life. Further many evidences to date suggest that physical activity is associated with good HRQOL measured by WHOQOL-BREF. The larger randomized control studies are needed to further evaluate the effect of WB exercises at various sites of peripheral ultrasonic bone densitometry like wrist and calcaneum. Definitely physical activity in any form would enhance physical domain in post menopausal women.
References
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41. Rev. Bras. Reumatol : Resistance training versus weight bearing aquatic exercise: a cross- sectional analysis of bone mineral density in post menopausal women; vol 53 no.2,2013
42. Dinc H, Savci G, Demirci A, Sadikoglu MY, Tuncel E, Yavuz H. Quantitative computed tomography for measuring bone mineral density in athletes. Calcif Tissue Int. 1996;58(6):398-401.
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45. Cosimo Roberto Russo, MD: The effects of exercise on bone. Basic concepts and implications for the prevention of fractures; Clinical cases in mineral and bone metabolism; 2009:sep-dec; 6(3): 223-228.
46. Currey JD. Bone strength: what are we trying to measure? Calcified Tissue International. 2001;68:205–210. [PubMed]
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52. Rubin CT, Lanyon LE. Regulation of bone formation by applied dynamic loads. J Bone Joint Surg. 1984;66A:397–402. [PubMed]
53. Lanyon LE, Rubin CT. Static vs. dynamic loads as an influence on bone remodelling. J Biomech. 1984;17:897–905. [PubMed]
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60. Wosie KS, Binkley T, Fahrenwald NL, et al. High bone mass in a female hutterite population. JBMR. 2000;15:1429–1436.
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65. Kerr D, Ackland T, Maslen B, Morton A, Prince R. Resistance training over 2 years increases bone mass in calcium-replete postmenopausal women. J Bone Miner Res. 2001;16:175–81.
66. Blain H, Vuillemin A, Teissier A, Hanesse B, Guillemin F, Jeandel C. Influence of muscle strength and body weight and composition on regional bone mineral density in healthy women aged 60 years and over. Gerontology. 2001;47:207–12.
67. Vincent KR, Braith RW. Resistance exercise and bone turnover in elderly men and women. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002;34:17–23.
68. Taaffe DR, Cauley JA, Danielson M, Nevitt MC, Lang TF, Bauer DC, et al. Race and sex effects on the association between muscle strength, soft tissue, and bone mineral density in healthy elders: The Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study. J Bone Miner Res. 2001;16:1343–52.
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2. Unni J, Kadam N, Chiplonkar S, Khadilkar A. Bone mineral density at the lumbar spine in Indian women: Unpublished Data: Presented at the 12th World Congress on Menopause, Madrid, Spain.
3. 3.Neelam Aggarwal, Ainharan Raveendran, Niranjan Khandelwal, Ramesh Kumar Sen, J.S.Thakur, Lakhbir Kaur Dhaliwal, Veenu Singla, and Sakthivel Rajaram Manoharan, Chandigarh India:2011. Prevalence and related risk factors of osteoporosis in peri- and postmenopausal Indian women, Midlife health, 81-85.
4. 4.Rao H, Rao N, Sharma L R. A clinical study of bone mineral density using heel ultra-densitometer in Southern Maharashtra. Indian J Orthop 2003;37:9
5. Behnaz Vanaky, Heydar Sadeghi and Nasrin Ramezani, Iran:August2014. The Effect of 12 weeks weight bearing water training on the bone density of middle age sedentary women. Vol. 11(2), 931-936
6. Linda Denise Fernandes Moreira, Monica Longo de Oliveira, Brazil: Physical exercise and osteoporosis: effects of different tyes of exercises on bone and physical function of postmenopausal women.
7. Muscle strength, physical fitness, and weight but not age predict femoral neck bone mass. Pocock N, Eisman J, Gwinn T, Sambrook P, Kelly P, Freund J, Yeates M-J. Bone Miner.Res, - June 1, 1989;4 (3); 441-8
8. Anuradha V Khadilkar and Rubina M Mandlik, Pune,India: 2015. Epidemiology and treatment of osteoporosis in women: an Indian perspective. International Journal of Women’s Health; 7:841-850.
9. Valeria Bonganha, Denis Marcelo Modenezze, Vera Aparecida Madruga, Roberto Vilarta, Brazil:2011. Effects of resistance training(RT) on body composition, muscle strength and quality of life(QOL) in postmenopausal life; Archives of Gerontology and Geratrics,361-365.
10. Ed McNeely,July 2010: Training to Improve Bone Density in Adults: A Review and Recommendations
11. Shetty S, Kapoor N, Naik D, Asha HS, Thomas N, Paul TV. The impact of the Hologic vs the ICMR database in diagnosis of osteoporosis among South Indian subjects. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2014;81(4):519–522.
12. Pande K, Pande S, Tripathi S, Kanoi R, Thakur A, Patle S. Poor knowledge about osteoporosis in learned Indian women. J Assoc Physicians India. 2005;53:433–436.
13. 13.Visva-Bharti, Santiniketan, West Bengal,India:2014. Effects of ExerciseTraining on Bone Mineral Density of Different Aged Postmenopausal Women in India.International J. of Healthcare and Biomedical Research, Volume 2, Issue:3, pg 180-185
14. M.Dena Gardiner The Principles of Exercise Therapy. 4th edition,2005
15. 15 Carolyn Kisner, lynn Allen Colby.Therapeutic Exercise, 5th edition,2007.
16. ACSM’s Resource Manual For Guidelines For Exercise Testing And Prescription.
17. 5th edition,2001
18. WB Saunders, R Sapsford. Women’s health: A text book for physiotherapists
19. 18. Carrie M Hall, Lori Thein Brody,1999 Therapeutic Exercise Moving Towards Function, 2nd edition.
20. Susan B O’Sullivan, Thomas J Schmitz Physical Rehabilitation, 5th edition
21. Pluskiewicz W, Adamczyk P, Drodzzowska B, Pyrkosz A, Halaba Z.: Quantitative ultrasound and peripheral bone densitometry in patients with genetic disorders.
22. Sergio Ragi Eis; E. Michael Lewiecki: Peripheral bone densitometry – clinical applications; On-line version ISSN 1677-9487
23. Carolyn M Hicks; Research Methods for Clinical Therapists: applied project design and analysis; 3rd edition,1999.
24. Alsayed A. Shanb and Enas F. Youssef: The impact of adding weight – bearing exercise versus non – weight bearing programs to the medical treatment of elderly patients with osteoporosis: Journal of family and community medicine;2014 sep-dec;21(3):176-181
25. Roberto Hernandez – Rauda and Sandra Martinez – Garcia: Osteoporosis related life habits and knowledge about osteoporosis among women in El Salvador: A cross-sectional study; BMC Musculoskeletal Disorder 2004; 5: 29
26. Sadat- Ali M, AlElq A: Osteoporosis among male Saudi Arabs : A pilot study; Ann Saudi Med, 2006 Nov –Dec;26 (6):450-4.[Pubmed]
27. Sheryl F Vondracek and Sunny A Linnebur : Diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in the older senior; 2009; 4: 121-136
28. Fuchs RK, Bauer JJ, Snow CM: Jumping improves hip and lumbar spine bone mass in prepubescent children: a randomized controlled trial; 2001 Jan; 16 (1): 148-56. [Pubmed]
29. Winters KM, Snow CM: Detraining reverses positive effects of exercise on the musculoskeletal system in premenopausal women; 2000 Dec;15 (12): 2495-503. [Pubmed]
30. Herbert Muncie and Leanne L. Leblanc: Monitoring Osteoporosis Treatment:DXA should not be routinely Reapeated; 2010 oct 1;82(7): 752-754.
31. Iwamoto J, Takeda T, Sato Y: Effect of treadmill exercise on bone mass in female rats; 2005 Jan;54 (1): 1-6 [Pubmed]
32. Huang TH, Lin SC, et al: Effects of different exercise modes on mineralization, structure and biomechanical properties of growing bone; 2003 Jul;95 (1): 300-7. [Pubmed]
33. Tolomio S, et al: Effects of combined weight- bearing and non- weight – bearing (warm water) exercise program on bone mass and quality in postmenopausal women with low bone – mineral density; 2009; 160(2): 105-9. [Pubmed]
34. Brown JP,et al: 2002 clinical practice guidlines for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in Canada; 2002 Nov 12; 167:S1-34. [Pubmed]
35. Mishra N et al: Exercise beyond menopause : Do’s and Dont’s; 2011 July;2(2):51-6. [Pubmed]
36. Safoura Ghasemi et al: The Effect of Weight Bearing Exercise on Bone Mineral Density of Premenopausal Women; Journal of clinical Physiotherapy research. 2017;2(3): 104-109.
37. Korpelainen R, Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi S, Heikkinen J, Vaananen K,Korpelainen J. Effect of impact exercise on bone mineral density in elderly women with low BMD: a population-based randomized controlled 30-month intervention. Osteoporosis international.2006;17(1):109-18.
38. Gusi N, Raimundo A, Leal A. Low-frequency vibratory exercise reduces the risk of bone fracture more than walking: a randomized controlled trial. BMC musculoskeletal disorders. 2006;7(1):92.
39. Bravo G, Gauthier P, Roy PM, Payette H, Gaulin P, Harvey M, et al. Impact of a 12 Month Exercise Program on the Physical and Psychological Health of Osteopenic Women. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 1996;44(7):756-62.
40. Nichols JF, Nelson KP, Peterson KK, Sartoris DJ. Bone mineral density responses to high-intensity strength training in active older women. Journal of aging and physical activity.1995;3(1):26-38.
41. Rev. Bras. Reumatol : Resistance training versus weight bearing aquatic exercise: a cross- sectional analysis of bone mineral density in post menopausal women; vol 53 no.2,2013
42. Dinc H, Savci G, Demirci A, Sadikoglu MY, Tuncel E, Yavuz H. Quantitative computed tomography for measuring bone mineral density in athletes. Calcif Tissue Int. 1996;58(6):398-401.
43. Karlsson MK, Johnell O, Obrant KJ. Bone mineral density in weight lifters. Calcif Tissue Int. 1993;52(3):212-15.
44. Nelson ME, Rejeski WJ, Blair SN, Duncan PW, Judge JO, King AC, et al. Physical activity and public health in older adults: recommendation from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2007;116(9):1094-105.
45. Cosimo Roberto Russo, MD: The effects of exercise on bone. Basic concepts and implications for the prevention of fractures; Clinical cases in mineral and bone metabolism; 2009:sep-dec; 6(3): 223-228.
46. Currey JD. Bone strength: what are we trying to measure? Calcified Tissue International. 2001;68:205–210. [PubMed]
47. Ruff CB, Hayes WC. Subperiosteal expansion and cortical remodeling of the human femur and tibia with aging. Science. 1982;217:945–8. [PubMed]
48. Russo CR, Lauretani F, Bandinelli S, et al. Aging bone in men and women: beyond changes in bone mineral density. Osteoporos Int. 2003;14:531–8. [PubMed]
49. Russo CR, Lauretani F, Seeman E, et al. Structural adaptations to bone loss in aging men and women. Bone. 2006;38:112–8. [PubMed]
50. Morse CI, Thom JM, Birch KM, et al. Changes in triceps surae muscle architecture with sarcopenia. Acta Physiol Scand. 2005;183:291–8. [PubMed]
51. Rubin CT, Lanyon LE. Regulation of bone mass by mechanical strain magnitude. Calcif Tissue Int. 1985;37:411–417. [PubMed]
52. Rubin CT, Lanyon LE. Regulation of bone formation by applied dynamic loads. J Bone Joint Surg. 1984;66A:397–402. [PubMed]
53. Lanyon LE, Rubin CT. Static vs. dynamic loads as an influence on bone remodelling. J Biomech. 1984;17:897–905. [PubMed]
54. Burd NA, Tang JE, Moore DR, et al. Exercise training and protein metabolism: influences of contraction, protein intake, and sexbased differences . J Appl Physiol. 2009;106:1692–701. [PubMed]
55. Koopman R, van Loon JC. Aging, exercise, and muscle protein metabolism. J Appl Physiol. 2009;106:2040–8. [PubMed]
56. Amy t. Harding,Belinda R Beck:Exercises, Osteoporosis and bone geometry. April2007
57. Oden, A.; McCloskey, E.V.; Kanis, J.A.; Harvey, N.C.; Johansson, H. Burden of high fracture probability worldwide: Secular increases 2010–2040. Osteoporosis Int. 2015, 26, 2243–2248.
58. Melton, L.J., III; Chriscilles, E.A.; Cooper, C.; Lane,W.A.; Riggs, B.L. Perspective: How many women have osteoporosis? J. Bone Miner. Res. 1992, 7, 1005–1010.
59. Beck, B.R.; Daly, R.M.; Singh, M.A.; Taaffe, D.R. Exercise and Sports Science Australia (ESSA) position statement on exercise prescription for the prevention and management of osteoporosis. J. Sci. Med. Sport 2016, 20, 438–445.
60. Wosie KS, Binkley T, Fahrenwald NL, et al. High bone mass in a female hutterite population. JBMR. 2000;15:1429–1436.
61. Nelson ME, Fiatarone MA, Morganti CM, et al. Effects of high-intensity strength training on multiple risk factors for osteoporotic fractures. JAMA. 1994;272:1909–14
62. Li WC, Chen YC, Yang RS, et al. Effects of exercise programmes on quality of life in osteoporotic and osteopenic postmenopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Rehabil. 2009
63. Rizzoli R, Bruyere O, Cannata-Andia JB, et al. Management of osteoporosis in the elderly. Curr. Med Res Opin. 2009 Aug 4;
64. Pfeifer M, Sinaki M, Geusens P, Boonen S, Preisinger E, Minne HW, et al. Musculoskeletal rehabilitation in osteoporosis: A review. J Bone Miner Res. 2004;19:1208–14.
65. Kerr D, Ackland T, Maslen B, Morton A, Prince R. Resistance training over 2 years increases bone mass in calcium-replete postmenopausal women. J Bone Miner Res. 2001;16:175–81.
66. Blain H, Vuillemin A, Teissier A, Hanesse B, Guillemin F, Jeandel C. Influence of muscle strength and body weight and composition on regional bone mineral density in healthy women aged 60 years and over. Gerontology. 2001;47:207–12.
67. Vincent KR, Braith RW. Resistance exercise and bone turnover in elderly men and women. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002;34:17–23.
68. Taaffe DR, Cauley JA, Danielson M, Nevitt MC, Lang TF, Bauer DC, et al. Race and sex effects on the association between muscle strength, soft tissue, and bone mineral density in healthy elders: The Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study. J Bone Miner Res. 2001;16:1343–52.
69. Burrows M, Nevill AM, Bird S, Simpson D. Physiological factors associated with low bone mineral density in female endurance runners. Br J Sports Med. 2003;37:67–71.
70. Nikander R, Sievänen H, Heinonen A, Daly RM, Uusi-Rasi K, Kannus P. Targeted exercise against osteoporosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis for optimising bone strength throughout life. BMC Med. 2010;8:47.
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Dec 20, 2022
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Dr.Harshada Agrawal, & Dr. Y. Pallavi. (2022). A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF RESISTANCE TRAINING VERSUS WEIGHT BEARING EXERCISES ON BONE MASS DENSITY, MUSCLE STRENGTH AND QUALITY OF LIFE IN POST-MENOPAUSAL WOMEN. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 29(04), 2055-2077. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v29i04.5083
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Author Biographies
Dr.Harshada Agrawal
Asst professor (Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Physiotherapy)
Dr. Y. Pallavi
Professor (VSPM’s College of Physiotherapy)
How to Cite
Dr.Harshada Agrawal, & Dr. Y. Pallavi. (2022). A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF RESISTANCE TRAINING VERSUS WEIGHT BEARING EXERCISES ON BONE MASS DENSITY, MUSCLE STRENGTH AND QUALITY OF LIFE IN POST-MENOPAUSAL WOMEN. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 29(04), 2055-2077. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v29i04.5083