CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION OF DIAGNOSTIC BIOMARKERS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY
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Keywords
Diabetic kidney disease, Signaling cascades, Reactive oxygen species, Glutathione, Tumor necrosis factor Alpha, Superoxide Dismutase
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic syndrome marked by an absolute and relative lack of insulin secretion and abnormalities in the metabolism of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates. Diabetic kidney damage is the most frequent and common consequence of diabetes mellitus (DM). According to an evidence-based study, oxidative stress caused by weakened antioxidant defences and/or increased production of free radicals plays a role in diabetic disease causation. Fifty patients with diabetic nephropathy were enrolled in this trial from Jinnah Hospital in Lahore. The following oxidative stress biomarkers were identified using spectrophotometric methods: SOD, GSH, Catalase, AOPPs, NO, and MDA. Using commercially available Elisa kits, vitamins (C, E, A, and D) and inflammatory markers (TNF- and IL-6) were examined. Using SPSS version 16, the T-test was used to analyze the results. Patients with diabetic nephropathy had their hematological profiles examined. Unusual alterations were discovered in the platelet count and lymphocytes, which indicate internal inflammation and coagulation. Vitamins A, E, C, and D, as well as antioxidants (SOD, CAT, and GSH-GPx), were reduced. Increases were observed in oxidative and inflammatory markers, including MDA, MPO, and AOPPs. Based on the information available, it is evident that hyperglycemia triggers several signaling pathways and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which in turn triggers additional signaling cascades that lead to structural and functional changes in the kidney that worsen the complications of diabetic nephropathy.
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Sara Zahid
Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), The University of Lahore, Pakistan.
Sampath Chinnam
Department of Chemistry, M.S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560054, India.
Basappa C Yallur
Department of Chemistry, M.S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560054, India.
Ayesha Zubair
Department of Biochemistry, CMH Lahore Medical College and Institute of Dentistry. National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Islamabad.
Maria Fareed
Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.
Maryam Pervaiz
Microbiology & Biotechnology Research Lab., Department of Biotechnology, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi, 46000, Pakistan.
Zeeshan Akbar
Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.
Fatima Zahid
Ibadat International University (IIUI), Islamabad, Pakistan.