PREVALENCE AND ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS OF STRESS AMONG THE UNDERGRADUATE UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA PROVINCE PAKISTAN
Main Article Content
Keywords
stress, logistic regression, too many examination/assessments, lack of financial support, poor time management, lack of adequate physical, love relationship.
Abstract
In the present study the prevalence and its associated risk factors of stress are investigated among undergraduate students of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa universities. For this purpose, the cluster random sampling method is used. All universities in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are considered as clusters, from which seven universities are randomly selected. In the second stage, faculties are selected from selected clusters (universities). Then, from the given faculties’ students are identified, and a structure questionnaire is distributed among them. Total of 863 comprising 543 male and 320 female undergraduate students returned the questionnaires. The data entered to Minitab version 19 for descriptive and inferential analysis. In descriptive analysis, the number of students having various levels of stress and factors responsible for producing stress among undergraduate university students are presented. In order to assess the significant risk factors of the prevalence of stress among undergraduate students’ ordinal logistic regression model is used. The reason behind using this model is as that response variable is categorical, that is, various levels of stress. The levels of stress have an order from no stress to potentially dangerous stress. The fitted ordinal logistic model also shows that too many examination/assessments, lack of financial support, poor time management, lack of adequate physical activities and love relationship are significantly (P<0.05) related to the response variable which is log odds of the prevalence of stress.
References
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31. Radcliffe, C. and Lester, H. “Perceived stress during undergraduate medical training: a qualitative study” Medical Education, 37(1), 32–38 (2018).
32. Lee, J. Jeong, H. J. and Kim, S. “Stress, anxiety, and depression among undergraduate students during the COVID-19 pandemic and their use of mental health services” Innovative Higher Education, 46(5), 519-538 (2018).
33. Satpathy, K. L. Sharma, D. K. “Prevalence of stress and its management among college studentents” J Med Stud Res, 1(1), 1-5 (2018).
34. Khatib, S. A. “Exploring the relationship among loneliness, self-esteem, self-efficacy and gender in United Arab Emirates college students” Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 8(1), 159-181. (2018).
35. Kaplan, H. I. and Sadock, B. J. “Learning theory, in: Synopsis of Psychiatry: Behavioral Sciences/Clinical Psychiatry” 8th Education, 4(2) 148–154 (2018).
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37. Abro, S. U. Saleem, Q. Begum, A. Ara, J. Khan, N. & Hameed, T. “Factors associated with perceived stress in students appearing for medical university entrance test: A cross-sectional study” Journal of Rawalpindi Medical College, 26(3), 426-430 (2018).
38. Saleem, Q. Begum, A. Ara, J. Khan, N. & Hameed, T. “Factors associated with perceived stress in students appearing for medical university entrance test: A cross-sectional study” Journal of Rawalpindi Medical College, 26(3), 426-430 (2018).
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49. Khan, S. Abbas, M. Habib, F. Khattak, I. A. and Iqbal, N. “Prevalence of diabetes mellitus in mirpur and kotli districts of Azad Jammu & Kashmir (AJ&K)” Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, 23(4), 1141 (2007).
50. Schwarz, G. “Estimating the dimension of a model” The Annals of Statistics. 6, 461-464 (2007).
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53. Mofatteh, M. “Risk factors associated with stress, anxiety, and depression among university undergraduate students. AIMS Public Health, 8(1), 36-43 (2006).
54. Joo, S. H. Durband, D. B. and Grable, J. “The academic impact of financial stress on college students” Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory and Practice, 10(3), 287-305 (2006).
55. Trombitas, K. S. Fox, J. J. and Bartholomae, S. Evaluating financial education programs. In Student financial literacy: Campus-based program development, Boston, MA: Springer US (2005).
56. Wharton, T. Chakales, P. A. and Locklear “The Effects of equine-assisted activities and therapies on stress and depression in medical students” Journal of Medicine and Horsemanship, 12(2), 1-12 (2005).
57. Zaid, Z. A. Chan, S. C. and Ho, J. J. “Emotional disorders among medical students in a Malaysian private medical school” Singapore Medical Journal, 48(10), 895-902 (2005).
2. Emon, M. H. Abtahi, A.T. and Jhuma, S.A., “Factors Influencing College Student’s Choice of a University in Bangladesh” Social Values and Society, 5(1), 1-3 (2023).
3. Qazi, M. “Prevalence of Depression, Anxiety Stress in College Students of Peshawar” Northwest Journal of Medical Sciences, 23(2), 1-7 (2022).
4. Seangpraw, N. Auttama, R. Kumar, R. Somrongthong, P. Tonchoy, P. and Panta, “Stress and associated risk factors among the elderly: A cross-sectional study from rural Thailand” F1000Research, 8(6), 1-11 (2012).
5. Essel, G. P. Owusu, “Causes of students’ stress, its effects on their academic success and stress management by students” Seinajoki university of applied Sciences, Finland, International business thesis. 2022.
6. Haq, B. U. Ullah, U. and Khan, Z. “Prevalence of Stress and its Risk Factors among the students in University of Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan,” Journal of Educational Research and Social Sciences Review, 2(4), 32-38, (2022).
7. Rois, R. Ray, M. and Rahman, S. K. “Prevalence and predicting factors of perceived stress among Bangladeshi university students using machine learning algorithms” Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition, 40(3), 1-12 (2022).
8. Asif, S. Mudassar, A. Shahzad, T. Z. Raouf, M. and Pervaiz, T. (2022). “Frequency of depression, anxiety and stress among university students” Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 36(5), 971-976.
9. Teh, C. K. Ngo, C. W. Zulkifli, R. A. Vellasamy, R. and Suresh, K. “Depression, anxiety and stress among undergraduate students: A cross sectional study” Open Journal of Epidemiology, 5(04), 251-260 (2022).
10. Sivan, S. and Rangasubhe, P. “Prevalence of stress and its associated factors” Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2(48), 9386-9395 (2021).
11. Yıldırım, N. Karaca, A. Ankaralı, H. Açıkgöz, F. and Akkuş, D. “Stress experienced by Turkish nursing students and related factors” Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences, 6(3), 121-128 (2021).
12. Yikealo, D. Yemane, B. and Karvinen, I. “The level of academic and environmental stress among college students: a case in the college of education” Open Journal of Social Sciences, 6(11), 30-40 (2021).
13. Lim, H. Heckman, S. Montalto, C.P. and Letkiewicz, J. Financial stress, self efficacy, and financial help-seeking behavior of college students. Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning, 25(2), 148-160 (2021).
14. Kolehmainen, M. A. and Sinha, R., 2014. “The effects of stress on physical activity and exercise” Sports Medicine, 44(3), 81-121 (2020).
15. Abdulghani, H. M. Irshad, M. Zunitan, M. A. Sulihem, A. A. Dehaim, M. A. Esefir, W. A. Rabiah, A. M. Kameshki, R. N. Alrowais, N. A. Sebiany, A. and Haque, S. “Prevalence of stress in junior doctors during their internship training: a cross-sectional study of three Saudi medical colleges’ hospitals” Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 10(3), 1867-1879 (2019).
16. Saipanish, R. “Stress among Medical Students in a Thai Medical School” Medical Teacher, 25(5), 502- 506 (2019).
17. Khero, M. Fatima, M. Shah, M.A.A. Tahir, A. and Siddiqui, A. “Comparison of the status of sleep quality in basic and clinical medical students” Cureus, 11(3), 56-67 (2019).
18. Hamdan, A. Thiagajaran, K. Roslee, A. and Mahat, N. A. “Prevalence of Stress and Its Impact on Academic Performance Among Undergraduate Medical Students in University of Cyberjaya. Turkish” Journal of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, 32 (3), 58-63 (2019).
19. Bashir, A. Amir, A. and Bajwa, K. M. “An investigation of stressors among university students: A qualitative approach” UCP Management Review, 3(1), 5-24 (2019).
20. Wahed, W. Y. A. and Hassan, S. K. “Prevalence and associated factors of stress, anxiety and depression among medical Fayoum University students” Alexandria Journal of Medicine, 53(1), 77- 84 (2019).
21. Eravianti, D. S. Bachtiar, A. and Maputra, Y. “Risk factors of stress in school of environments in teenager stunting” Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology, 17(6), 8859-8862 (2019).
22. Akram, U. Irvine, K. Allen, S. F. Stevenson, J. C. Ellis, J. G. and Drabble, J. “Internet memes related to the COVID-19 pandemic as a potential coping mechanism for anxiety” Scientific Reports, 11(1), 22-30 (2019).
23. Siddiqui, N. Parida, D. and Sutar, R. “Prevalence of stress, stressors, and coping strategies among medical undergraduate students in a medical college of Mumbai” Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 10(2), 1-10 (2019).
24. Reddy, K. J. Menon, K. R. and Thattil, A. “Academic stress and its sources among university students” Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal, 11(1), 531-537 (2018).
25. Prabu, P. S. “A study on academic stress among higher secondary students” International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention, 4(10), 63-68 (2018).
26. Wu, D. Yu, L. Yang, T. Cottrell, R. Peng, S. Guo, W. and Jiang, S. “The impacts of uncertainty stress on mental disorders of Chinese college students: Evidence from a nationwide study” Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 233-243 (2018).
27. Premalatha, D. S. “An Empirical Relationship between Stress and Time Management of School Students” Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development, 11(2), 608-611 (2018).
28. Lemon, J. C. and Watson, J. C. “Early Identification of Potential High School Dropouts: An Investigation of the Relationship Among At-Risk Status, Wellness, Perceived Stress, and Mattering” Journal of at- Risk Issues, 16(2), 17-23 (2018).
29. Seedhom, A. E. Kamel, E. G. Mohammed, E. S. and Raouf, N. R. “Predictors of perceived stress among medical and nonmedical college students, Minia, Egypt” International journal of preventive medicine, 10-17 (2018).
30. Ongori, H. and Agolla, J. E. “Occupational stress in organizations and its effects on organizational performance” Journal of Management Research, 8(3), 123-135 (2018).
31. Radcliffe, C. and Lester, H. “Perceived stress during undergraduate medical training: a qualitative study” Medical Education, 37(1), 32–38 (2018).
32. Lee, J. Jeong, H. J. and Kim, S. “Stress, anxiety, and depression among undergraduate students during the COVID-19 pandemic and their use of mental health services” Innovative Higher Education, 46(5), 519-538 (2018).
33. Satpathy, K. L. Sharma, D. K. “Prevalence of stress and its management among college studentents” J Med Stud Res, 1(1), 1-5 (2018).
34. Khatib, S. A. “Exploring the relationship among loneliness, self-esteem, self-efficacy and gender in United Arab Emirates college students” Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 8(1), 159-181. (2018).
35. Kaplan, H. I. and Sadock, B. J. “Learning theory, in: Synopsis of Psychiatry: Behavioral Sciences/Clinical Psychiatry” 8th Education, 4(2) 148–154 (2018).
36. Kumar, B. Shah, M. A. A. Kumari, R. Kumar, A. Kumar, J. Tahir, A. and Siddiqui, A. “Depression, anxiety, and stress among final-year medical students”. Cureus, 11(3), 13-23 (2018).
37. Abro, S. U. Saleem, Q. Begum, A. Ara, J. Khan, N. & Hameed, T. “Factors associated with perceived stress in students appearing for medical university entrance test: A cross-sectional study” Journal of Rawalpindi Medical College, 26(3), 426-430 (2018).
38. Saleem, Q. Begum, A. Ara, J. Khan, N. & Hameed, T. “Factors associated with perceived stress in students appearing for medical university entrance test: A cross-sectional study” Journal of Rawalpindi Medical College, 26(3), 426-430 (2018).
39. Kabito, G. G. Wami, S. D. Chercos, D. H. and Mekonnen, T. H. “Work-related stress and associated factors among academic staffs at the University of Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia: An institution based cross-sectional study” Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences, 30(2), 54-64 (2018).
40. Erkutlu, H. V. and Chafra, J. “Relationship between leadership power bases and job stress of subordinates: example from boutique hotels” Management Research News, 29(5), 285-297 (2016).
41. Nelder, R. W. M. and Wedderburn R. N. “Generalized linear models” Journal of Research Statistics. 135(1), 370-384 (2014).
42. Hosmer, D. W. and Lemeshow, S. “Applied Logistic Regression” John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York. 2013.
43. Liu, X. and Koirala, H. “Fitting Proportional Odds Models to Educational Data with Complex Sampling Designs in Ordinal Logistic Regression” Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods. 12(1), 235-248 (2013).
44. Skinner, C. J. Probability proportional to size (PPS) sampling. Journal of Statistics, 1-5 (2013).
45. Cullagh, P. and Nelder, J. A. “Generalized Linear Models” (Chapman and Hall), 2nd edition, London, 2012.
46. Tarling, R. “Statistical modelling for social researchers: Principles and practice” Routledge, 2008.
47. David, K. and Mitchel, K. “Logistic regression: A self-learning text” 2011.
48. Agresti, A. and Kateri, M. “Categorical data analysis” Springer Berlin Heidelberg, (2011).
49. Khan, S. Abbas, M. Habib, F. Khattak, I. A. and Iqbal, N. “Prevalence of diabetes mellitus in mirpur and kotli districts of Azad Jammu & Kashmir (AJ&K)” Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, 23(4), 1141 (2007).
50. Schwarz, G. “Estimating the dimension of a model” The Annals of Statistics. 6, 461-464 (2007).
51. Nagelkerke, N. J. D. “A note on a general definition of the coefficient of determination” Biometrika. 78, 691-692 (2007).
52. Abbas, J. Alturki, U. Habib, M. Aldraiweesh, A. and Al-Rahmi, W. M. “Factors affecting students in the selection of country for higher education: a comparative analysis of international students in Germany and the UK” Sustainability, 131(2), 1–17 (2006).
53. Mofatteh, M. “Risk factors associated with stress, anxiety, and depression among university undergraduate students. AIMS Public Health, 8(1), 36-43 (2006).
54. Joo, S. H. Durband, D. B. and Grable, J. “The academic impact of financial stress on college students” Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory and Practice, 10(3), 287-305 (2006).
55. Trombitas, K. S. Fox, J. J. and Bartholomae, S. Evaluating financial education programs. In Student financial literacy: Campus-based program development, Boston, MA: Springer US (2005).
56. Wharton, T. Chakales, P. A. and Locklear “The Effects of equine-assisted activities and therapies on stress and depression in medical students” Journal of Medicine and Horsemanship, 12(2), 1-12 (2005).
57. Zaid, Z. A. Chan, S. C. and Ho, J. J. “Emotional disorders among medical students in a Malaysian private medical school” Singapore Medical Journal, 48(10), 895-902 (2005).
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Jan 20, 2024
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Mr. Bashir Ul Haq, Zahid Khan, Sulaiman Khan, Usman Ullah, & Haroon Ur Rashid. (2024). PREVALENCE AND ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS OF STRESS AMONG THE UNDERGRADUATE UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA PROVINCE PAKISTAN. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(1), 2271–2782. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v31i1.5001
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Author Biographies
Mr. Bashir Ul Haq
M.Phil. Scholar, Department of Statistics, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir Lower, Pakistan Email-
Zahid Khan
Lecturer, Department of Statistics, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir Lower, Pakistan
Sulaiman Khan
Department of Statistics, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir Lower, Pakistan
Usman Ullah
M.Phil. Scholar, Nanjing University of Science and Technology School of Mathematics and Statistics, China
Haroon Ur Rashid
M.S. Scholar, Central South University, School of Mathematics and Statistics, Changsha , China