ASSESSMENT OF CARDIAC AND ELECTROLYTE PROFILE IN CHILDREN INFESTED WITH ASCARIASIS
Main Article Content
Keywords
Ascariasis, serum electrolytes, HDL-C, LDL-C, VLDL-C
Abstract
Background: Assessment of cardiac and electrolyte profile is of huge medical concerns in children infested with Ascaris lumbricoides. As prolonged deviations in these serum constituents can result in serious health hazards. Methods: For this random case control investigation, 196 children infected with ascariasis were recruited from Lahore (n=58; urban) and Narowal (n=138; rural) districts of Punjab province. Whereas, 200 healthy control (Lahore, n=92; Narowal, n=108) children were also engaged from both districts. Serum electrolytes and lipid profile of both healthy control and ascariasis infected children were assessed.
Methods: Biochemical assessment of lipid profile and serum electrolytes was performed using photochemistry analyzer. Independent student “t” test was applied for statistical interpretation using graph Pad prism version 6.0 software. Results: There was a significant (P < 0.001) decrease in the levels of sodium, chloride and calcium in ascariasis positive children. However, magnesium presented a marked (P < 0.001) increase in infected children as compared to control group. While, no significant difference was observed in levels of Potassium. Cholesterol, HDL-C and LDL-C presented a prominent decline in positive children as compared to control. While, Triglycerides and VLDL-C presented prominent elevation in ascariasis positive children as compared to control. Conclusion: Due to deranged bio chemical profile overall performance of the children infested with ascariasis is compromised.
References
2. Hotez PJ, Kamath A. Neglected tropical diseases in sub-Saharan Africa: review of their prevalence, distribution, and disease burden. PLoS neglected tropical diseases. 2009 Aug 25;3(8):e412.
3. Das CJ, Kumar J, Debnath J, Chaudhry A. Imaging of ascariasis. Australasian radiology. 2007 Dec;51(6):500-6.
4. Hall A, Hewitt G, Tuffrey V, De Silva N. A review and meta‐analysis of the impact of intestinal worms on child growth and nutrition. Maternal & child nutrition. 2008 Apr;4:118-236.
5. Taylor‐Robinson DC, Jones AP, Garner P. Deworming drugs for treating soil‐transmitted intestinal worms in children: effects on growth and school performance. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2007(4).
6. Schüle SA, Clowes P, Kroidl I, Kowuor DO, Nsojo A, Mangu C, Riess H, Geldmacher C, Laubender RP, Mhina S, Maboko L. Ascaris lumbricoides infection and its relation to environmental factors in the Mbeya region of Tanzania, a cross-sectional, population-based study. PloS one. 2014 Mar 18;9(3):e92032.
7. Anumudu CI, Okafor CM, Afolabi KA, Ngwumohaike V, Nwuba RI, Nwagwu M. Epidemiological factors that promote the development of severe malaria anaemia in children in Ibadan. African Health Sciences. 2007 Nov 9;7(2).
8. Tripathy K, González F, Lotero H, Bolaños O. Effects of Ascaris infection on human nutrition. American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene. 1971;20(2):212-8.
9. Asima RA, Akhtar S, Nawaz SK, Irfan S, Sadia AZ, Arshad M. Electrolyte disturbance and the type of malarial infection. Iranian Journal of Public Health. 2015 Nov;44(11):1492.
10. Fox, M. (2013). Importance of Sodium. Living Strong Foundation.
11. Burtis C, Ashwood E, Border B. Liver functions. Tietz Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry, 5th (ed.), Saunders Company, Philadelphia. 2001:748-70.
12. Pravina P, Sayaji D, Avinash M. Calcium and its role in human body. International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences. 2013;4(2):659-68.
13. Golvan YJ. Elements of medical parasitology. Elements of medical parasitology.. 1978(Ed. 3).
14. Shils ME, Olson JA, Shike M. Modern nutrition in health and disease.
15. Pawlina W, Ross MH. Histology: a text and atlas: with correlated cell and molecular biology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2018 Dec 7.
16. Lewington S, Whitlock G, Clarke R, Sherliker P, Emberson J, Halsey J, Qizilbash N, Peto R, Collins R. Prospective Studies Collaboration Blood cholesterol and vascular mortality by age, sex, and blood pressure: a meta-analysis of individual data from 61 prospective studies with 55,000 vascular deaths. Lancet. 2007;370(9602):1829-39.
17. Ali KM, Wonnerth A, Huber K, Wojta J. Cardiovascular disease risk reduction by raising HDL cholesterol–current therapies and future opportunities. British journal of pharmacology. 2012 Nov;167(6):1177-94.
18. Cox RA, García-Palmieri MR. Cholesterol, Triglycerides, and Associated Lipoproteins In: Walker, HK; Hall, WD; Hurst, JW (ed) Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations.
19. Ling Y, Jiang J, Wu B, Gao X. Serum triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, and coronary heart disease in a Chinese population undergoing coronary angiography. Journal of clinical lipidology. 2017 May 1;11(3):646-56.
20. Lee JS, Chang PY, Zhang Y, Kizer JR, Best LG, Howard BV. Triglyceride and HDL-C dyslipidemia and risks of coronary heart disease and ischemic stroke by glycemic dysregulation status: the strong heart study. Diabetes care. 2017 Apr 1;40(4):529-37.
21. Scott ME. Ascaris lumbricoides: a review of its epidemiology and relationship to other infections. Annales Nestlé (English ed.). 2008;66(1):7-22.
22. Mbanga CM, Ombaku KS, Fai KN, Agbor VN. Small bowel obstruction complicating an Ascaris lumbricoides infestation in a 4-year-old male: a case report. Journal of Medical Case Reports. 2019 Dec;13(1):1-5.
23. Hall A, Hewitt G, Tuffrey V, De Silva N. A review and meta‐analysis of the impact of intestinal worms on child growth and nutrition. Maternal & child nutrition. 2008 Apr;4:118-236.
24. Jardim‐Botelho A, Brooker S, Geiger SM, Fleming F, Souza Lopes AC, Diemert DJ, Corrêa‐Oliveira R, Bethony JM. Age patterns in undernutrition and helminth infection in a rural area of Brazil: associations with ascariasis and hookworm. Tropical medicine & international health. 2008 Apr;13(4):458-67.
25. Jardim‐Botelho A, Brooker S, Geiger SM, Fleming F, Souza Lopes AC, Diemert DJ, Corrêa‐Oliveira R, Bethony JM. Age patterns in undernutrition and helminth infection in a rural area of Brazil: associations with ascariasis and hookworm. Tropical medicine & international health. 2008 Apr;13(4):458-67.
26. Stephenson LS, Latham MC, Ottesen EA. Malnutrition and parasitic helminth infections. Parasitology. 2000 Oct;121(S1):S23-38.
27. Muehlenbein MP, Hirschtick JL, Bonner JZ, Swartz AM. Toward quantifying the usage costs of human immunity: altered metabolic rates and hormone levels during acute immune activation in men. American Journal of Human Biology: The Official Journal of the Human Biology Association. 2010 Jul;22(4):546-56.
28. Doenhoff MJ, Stanley RG, Griffiths K, Jackson CL. An anti-atherogenic effect of Schistosoma mansoni infections in mice associated with a parasite-induced lowering of blood total cholesterol. Parasitology. 2002 May;125(5):415-21.
29. Harinderpal B, Devendra B, Rakesh S. Role of cholesterol in parasitic infections. Lipids in Health and Disease. 2005.
30. Cabral GA. Lipids as bioeffectors in the immune system. Life sciences. 2005 Aug 19;77(14):1699-710.
31. Blackwell AD, Martin M, Kaplan H, Gurven M. Antagonism between two intestinal parasites in humans: the importance of co-infection for infection risk and recovery dynamics. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2013 Oct 22;280(1769):20131671.
32. Rub A, Arish M, Husain SA, Ahmed N, Akhter Y. Host-lipidome as a potential target of protozoan parasites. Microbes and infection. 2013 Sep 1;15(10-11):649-60.
33. Bansal D, Bhatti HS, Sehgal R. Role of cholesterol in parasitic infections. Lipids in health and disease. 2005 Dec;4:1-7
Article Sidebar
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
All articles published in JPTCP are licensed under Copyright Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Ghanwa Ahmad
Physiology/Laboratory, Institute of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
Shaaf Ahmad
King Edward Medical University/Mayo Hospital, Lahore, Punjab 54000, Pakistan
Muhammad Amir Iqbal
Physiology/Laboratory, Institute of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
Nabila Roohi
Physiology/Laboratory, Institute of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan