BENEFITS OF WHEAT GERM OIL AND CINNAMON OIL IN TREATMENT OF FOOT FISSURES
Main Article Content
Keywords
Foot Fissures, Cracked Heels, Wheat Germ Oil, Cinnamon Oil, Wound Healing, Skin Moisturization, Antimicrobial, Anti-Inflammatory
Abstract
Foot fissures, a prevalent dermatological concern, pose challenges due to their potential for pain, discomfort, and susceptibility to infections. Conventionally, moisturizers and emollients are employed for alleviation. Yet, the upsurge in interest toward natural remedies has illuminated the potential of wheat germ oil and cinnamon oil in facilitating healing. Wheat germ oil, laden with vitamins, minerals, and essential fatty acids, and cinnamon oil, boasting antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory agents, have emerged as promising candidates for addressing foot fissures. This review elucidates the bioactive constituents and mechanisms underpinning their efficacy, substantiated by pertinent research, thus illuminating their promise in the realm of foot fissure treatment.
References
1. Kingsley, H. J. (1963). Treatment of painful and deep fissures of feet. Archives of Dermatology, 88(1), 79.
2. Petkar, S., Waghmare, P., Sankhe, K., & Maheshawari, P. (2021). Study of Fissure Soles: Prevalence and Their Association with Various Dermatoses. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International, 226–230.
3. Jayaganesh, S. (2017). EVALUATION OF FOOT CREAMS FORMULATION ON HUMAN SKIN – A NOVEL APPROACH. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences.
4. Zargar, S., Wani, T. A., & Ahamad, S. R. (2023). An Insight into Wheat Germ Oil Nutrition, Identification of Its Bioactive Constituents and Computer-Aided Multidimensional Data Analysis of Its Potential Anti-Inflammatory Effect via Molecular Connections. Life, 13(2), 526.
5. Zou, Y., Gao, Y., He, H., & Yang, T. (2018). Effect of roasting on physico-chemical properties, antioxidant capacity, and oxidative stability of wheat germ oil. Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft & Technologie, 90, 246–253
6. Kowalska, J., Tyburski, J., Matysiak, K., Jakubowska, M., Łukaszyk, J., & Krzymińska, J. (2021). Cinnamon as a useful preventive substance for the care of human and plant health. Molecules, 26(17), 5299.
7. Rao, P. V., & Gan S. H, Cinnamon: a multifaceted medicinal plant. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2014, 1–12.
8. Kim, J. Y. (2023, May 1). Physiology, integument. StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf.
9. Venus, M., Waterman, J. S., & McNab, I. (2010). Basic physiology of the skin. Surgery (Oxford), 28(10), 469–472.
10. Histology, dermis. (2023, January 1). PubMed.
11. Choi JY, Kim EJ, Jang SI, Kim AR, Lee TJ, Lee HK. A new technique for evaluating heel xerosis grade and the effects of moisturizer on heel skin dryness. Skin Res Technol. 2018;24(4):557-61
12. Harrison-Blount M, Hashmi F, Nester C, Williams AE. The prevalence of foot problems in an Indian population. The Diabetic Foot Journal. 2017;20(2):95-102
13. Majeed M, Vaidyanathan P, Mundkur L, Majeed S, Sable P, Vuppala KK. Efficacy of Centella Asiatica Extract in the Management of Cracked Feet: In Vitro and Clinical Evidence. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2016;5(12):983-94.
14. Pawar, M. (2021). Treatment of painful and deep fissures of the heel with topical timolol. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 85(1), e3–e4.
15. Arali DSA. A Comparative Clinical Study of Grithayavakshara Lepa and Katutaila in Management of Padadari W.S.R Rhagades. International Journal of Advance Research, Ideas and Innovations in Technology. 2017;3(1):928-32
16. Bristow I. Hyperkeratosis of the foot: part 1. Podiatry Review.2015;72(1):16-23
17. DermNet. (n.d.-b). https://dermnetnz.org/topics/cracked-heel (accessed on 12 August 2023) 18. Jakhetia, V. (2010, December 10). CINNAMON: A PHARMACOLOGICAL REVIEW.
19. Unlu M, Erge E, Unlu GV, Zeytinoglu HS, Vural. Composition, antimicrobial activity and in vitro cytotoxicity of essential oil from Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume (Lauraceae). Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 48: 3274-80
20. Jantan IB, Moharam KBA, Santhanam J, & Jamal JA. Correlation between chemical composition and antifungal activity of the essential oils of eight Cinnamomum Species. Pharm Biol 2008; 46(6): 406-412.
21. Ferhout H, Bohatier J, Guillot J (1999): Antifungal activity of selected essential oils, cinnamaldehyde and carvacrol against Malassezia furfur and Candida albicans. J Essent Oil Res 11: 119–129.
22. Pattnaik S, Subramanyan VR, Bapaji M, Kole CR (1997): antibacterial and antifungal activities of aromatic constituents of essential oils. microbios 89: 39–46
23. Simic A, Sokovic MD, Ristic M, Grujic-Jovanovic S, Vukojevic J, Marin PD (2004): The chemical composition of some Lauraceae essential oils and their antifungal activities. Phytother Res 18: 713–717.
24. Mohd Ali NA, Mohtar M, Shaari K, Rahmani M, Ali AM, Jantan I (2002): Chemical composition and antimicrobial activities of the essential oils of Cinnamomum aureofulvum Gamb. J Essent Oil Res 14: 135–138
25. Moharam, B. a. K., & Santhanam, J. (2008). Correlation Between Chemical Composition and Antifungal Activity of the Essential Oils of EightCinnamomum. Species. Pharmaceutical Biology, 46(6), 406–412.
26. Abidin, Z. Z., Said, S. M., Majid, F. a. A., Mustapha, W. a. W., & Jantan, I. (2013).Anti-Bacterial activity of cinnamon oil on oral pathogens. The Open Conference Proceedings Journal, 4(1), 237.
27. Slavin J. Whole grains and human health. Nutr. Res. Rev. 2004;17:99–110.
28. Vaher M., Matso K., Levandi T., Helmja K., Kaljurand M. Phenolic compounds and the antioxidant activity of the bran, flour and whole grain of different wheat varieties. Procedia Chem. 2010;2:76–82.
29. Zhu K.-X., Lian C.-X., Guo X.-N., Peng W., Zhou H.-M. Antioxidant activities and total phenolic contents of various extracts from defatted wheat germ. Food Chem. 2011;126:1122–1126.
30. Mahmoud A.A., Mohdaly A.A., Elneairy N.A. Wheat germ: An overview on nutritional value, antioxidant potential and antibacterial characteristics. Food Nutr. Sci. 2015;6:265.
31. Weng Z., Chen Y., Liang T., Lin Y., Cao H., Song H., Xiong L., Wang F., Shen X., Xiao J. A review on processing methods and functions of wheat germ-derived bioactive peptides. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 2021:1–17.
32. Meriles S.P., Steffolani M.E., León A.E., Penci M.C., Ribotta P.D. Physico-chemical characterization of protein fraction from stabilized wheat germ. Food Sci. Biotechnol. 2019;28:1327–1335.
33. Shahidi F., Danielski R., Rhein S.O., Meisel L.A., Fuentes J., Speisky H., Schwember A.R., de Camargo A.C. Wheat and Rice beyond Phenolic Acids: Genetics, Identification Database, Antioxidant Properties, and Potential Health Effects. Plants. 2022;11:3283.
34. Jeong H.-Y., Choi Y.-S., Lee J.-K., Lee B.-J., Kim W.-K., Kang H. Anti-inflammatory activity of citric acid-treated wheat germ extract in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages. Nutrients. 2017;9:730.
35. Park E., Kim H.O., Kim G.-N., Song J.-H. Anti-oxidant and anti-adipogenic effects of ethanol extracts from wheat germ and wheat germ fermented with Aspergillus oryzae. Prev. Nutr. Food Sci. 2015;20:29.
36. Alamery S., Zargar S., Yaseen F., Wani T.A., Siyal A. Evaluation of the Effect of Wheat Germ Oil and Olmutinib on the Thioacetamide-Induced Liver and Kidney Toxicity in Mice. Life. 2022;12:900.
37. Fărcaș A.C., Socaci S.A., Nemeș S.A., Pop O.L., Coldea T.E., Fogarasi M., Biriș-Dorhoi E.S. An update regarding the bioactive compound of cereal by-products: Health benefits and potential applications. Nutrients. 2022;14:3470.
38. Ghafoor, K., Özcan, M. M., Juhaimi, F. A., Babiker, E. E., Sarker, Z. I., Ahmed, I. a. M., & Ahmed, M. A. (2017). Nutritional composition, extraction, and utilization of wheat germ oil: A review. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 119(7), 1600160.
39. Siraj, N. (2022). Wheat germ oil: a comprehensive review. Food Science and Technology, 42.
40. Balsinde J. Anti-inflammatory Mechanisms of 7-cis-Hexadecenoic acid; Proceedings of the CIBERDEM Annual Meeting; Cerdanyola del Valles, Spain. 17–19 May 2017.
41. Bassaganya-Riera J., Hontecillas R., Beitz D. Colonic anti-inflammatory mechanisms of conjugated linoleic acid. Clin. Nutr. 2002;21:451–459.
42. Venn-Watson S.K., Butterworth C.N. Broader and safer clinically-relevant activities of pentadecanoic acid compared to omega-3: Evaluation of an emerging essential fatty acid across twelve primary human cell-based disease systems. PLoS ONE. 2022;17:e0268778.
43. Megahad, O. A., & Kinawy, O. S. E. (2002). Studies on the extraction of wheat germ oil by commercial hexane. Grasas Y Aceites, 53(4).
44. Arslan, D., Demir, M. K., Acar, A., & Arslan, F. N. (2020). Investigation of Wheat Germ and Oil Characteristics with Regard to Different Stabilization Techniques. Food Technology and Biotechnology, 58(3), 348–355.
45. Brandolini A, Hidalgo A. Wheatgerm: Not only a by-product. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2012; 63 Suppl. 1:71–4. 10.3109/09637486.2011.633898
46. Zhu, K.X., Zhou, H.M. and Qian, H.F. (2006) Proteins Extracted from Defatted Wheat Germ: Nutritional and Structural Properties. Cereal Chemistry, 83, 69-75.
47. Dunford, N. T. (2009). Wheat germ oil. In Elsevier eBooks (pp. 359–376).
48. Robatjazi, S. M., Goodarzi, N., Ettehadi, H. A., Samadieh, S., & Zeinoddini, M. (2022). Development of a Formulation of Vanishing Cream Containing Wheat Germ Oil with Safe Preservation, and Measurement of Antioxidants in the Cream by a Rapid Method.
49. Saraf, S., Sahu, S., Kaur, C. D., & Saraf, S. (2010). Comparative measurement of hydration effects of herbal moisturizers. Pharmacognosy Research, 2(3), 146.
50. Michalak, M. (2019). The use of carrier oils in aromatherapy massage and their effect on skin. Research Gate
2. Petkar, S., Waghmare, P., Sankhe, K., & Maheshawari, P. (2021). Study of Fissure Soles: Prevalence and Their Association with Various Dermatoses. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International, 226–230.
3. Jayaganesh, S. (2017). EVALUATION OF FOOT CREAMS FORMULATION ON HUMAN SKIN – A NOVEL APPROACH. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences.
4. Zargar, S., Wani, T. A., & Ahamad, S. R. (2023). An Insight into Wheat Germ Oil Nutrition, Identification of Its Bioactive Constituents and Computer-Aided Multidimensional Data Analysis of Its Potential Anti-Inflammatory Effect via Molecular Connections. Life, 13(2), 526.
5. Zou, Y., Gao, Y., He, H., & Yang, T. (2018). Effect of roasting on physico-chemical properties, antioxidant capacity, and oxidative stability of wheat germ oil. Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft & Technologie, 90, 246–253
6. Kowalska, J., Tyburski, J., Matysiak, K., Jakubowska, M., Łukaszyk, J., & Krzymińska, J. (2021). Cinnamon as a useful preventive substance for the care of human and plant health. Molecules, 26(17), 5299.
7. Rao, P. V., & Gan S. H, Cinnamon: a multifaceted medicinal plant. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2014, 1–12.
8. Kim, J. Y. (2023, May 1). Physiology, integument. StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf.
9. Venus, M., Waterman, J. S., & McNab, I. (2010). Basic physiology of the skin. Surgery (Oxford), 28(10), 469–472.
10. Histology, dermis. (2023, January 1). PubMed.
11. Choi JY, Kim EJ, Jang SI, Kim AR, Lee TJ, Lee HK. A new technique for evaluating heel xerosis grade and the effects of moisturizer on heel skin dryness. Skin Res Technol. 2018;24(4):557-61
12. Harrison-Blount M, Hashmi F, Nester C, Williams AE. The prevalence of foot problems in an Indian population. The Diabetic Foot Journal. 2017;20(2):95-102
13. Majeed M, Vaidyanathan P, Mundkur L, Majeed S, Sable P, Vuppala KK. Efficacy of Centella Asiatica Extract in the Management of Cracked Feet: In Vitro and Clinical Evidence. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2016;5(12):983-94.
14. Pawar, M. (2021). Treatment of painful and deep fissures of the heel with topical timolol. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 85(1), e3–e4.
15. Arali DSA. A Comparative Clinical Study of Grithayavakshara Lepa and Katutaila in Management of Padadari W.S.R Rhagades. International Journal of Advance Research, Ideas and Innovations in Technology. 2017;3(1):928-32
16. Bristow I. Hyperkeratosis of the foot: part 1. Podiatry Review.2015;72(1):16-23
17. DermNet. (n.d.-b). https://dermnetnz.org/topics/cracked-heel (accessed on 12 August 2023) 18. Jakhetia, V. (2010, December 10). CINNAMON: A PHARMACOLOGICAL REVIEW.
19. Unlu M, Erge E, Unlu GV, Zeytinoglu HS, Vural. Composition, antimicrobial activity and in vitro cytotoxicity of essential oil from Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume (Lauraceae). Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 48: 3274-80
20. Jantan IB, Moharam KBA, Santhanam J, & Jamal JA. Correlation between chemical composition and antifungal activity of the essential oils of eight Cinnamomum Species. Pharm Biol 2008; 46(6): 406-412.
21. Ferhout H, Bohatier J, Guillot J (1999): Antifungal activity of selected essential oils, cinnamaldehyde and carvacrol against Malassezia furfur and Candida albicans. J Essent Oil Res 11: 119–129.
22. Pattnaik S, Subramanyan VR, Bapaji M, Kole CR (1997): antibacterial and antifungal activities of aromatic constituents of essential oils. microbios 89: 39–46
23. Simic A, Sokovic MD, Ristic M, Grujic-Jovanovic S, Vukojevic J, Marin PD (2004): The chemical composition of some Lauraceae essential oils and their antifungal activities. Phytother Res 18: 713–717.
24. Mohd Ali NA, Mohtar M, Shaari K, Rahmani M, Ali AM, Jantan I (2002): Chemical composition and antimicrobial activities of the essential oils of Cinnamomum aureofulvum Gamb. J Essent Oil Res 14: 135–138
25. Moharam, B. a. K., & Santhanam, J. (2008). Correlation Between Chemical Composition and Antifungal Activity of the Essential Oils of EightCinnamomum. Species. Pharmaceutical Biology, 46(6), 406–412.
26. Abidin, Z. Z., Said, S. M., Majid, F. a. A., Mustapha, W. a. W., & Jantan, I. (2013).Anti-Bacterial activity of cinnamon oil on oral pathogens. The Open Conference Proceedings Journal, 4(1), 237.
27. Slavin J. Whole grains and human health. Nutr. Res. Rev. 2004;17:99–110.
28. Vaher M., Matso K., Levandi T., Helmja K., Kaljurand M. Phenolic compounds and the antioxidant activity of the bran, flour and whole grain of different wheat varieties. Procedia Chem. 2010;2:76–82.
29. Zhu K.-X., Lian C.-X., Guo X.-N., Peng W., Zhou H.-M. Antioxidant activities and total phenolic contents of various extracts from defatted wheat germ. Food Chem. 2011;126:1122–1126.
30. Mahmoud A.A., Mohdaly A.A., Elneairy N.A. Wheat germ: An overview on nutritional value, antioxidant potential and antibacterial characteristics. Food Nutr. Sci. 2015;6:265.
31. Weng Z., Chen Y., Liang T., Lin Y., Cao H., Song H., Xiong L., Wang F., Shen X., Xiao J. A review on processing methods and functions of wheat germ-derived bioactive peptides. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 2021:1–17.
32. Meriles S.P., Steffolani M.E., León A.E., Penci M.C., Ribotta P.D. Physico-chemical characterization of protein fraction from stabilized wheat germ. Food Sci. Biotechnol. 2019;28:1327–1335.
33. Shahidi F., Danielski R., Rhein S.O., Meisel L.A., Fuentes J., Speisky H., Schwember A.R., de Camargo A.C. Wheat and Rice beyond Phenolic Acids: Genetics, Identification Database, Antioxidant Properties, and Potential Health Effects. Plants. 2022;11:3283.
34. Jeong H.-Y., Choi Y.-S., Lee J.-K., Lee B.-J., Kim W.-K., Kang H. Anti-inflammatory activity of citric acid-treated wheat germ extract in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages. Nutrients. 2017;9:730.
35. Park E., Kim H.O., Kim G.-N., Song J.-H. Anti-oxidant and anti-adipogenic effects of ethanol extracts from wheat germ and wheat germ fermented with Aspergillus oryzae. Prev. Nutr. Food Sci. 2015;20:29.
36. Alamery S., Zargar S., Yaseen F., Wani T.A., Siyal A. Evaluation of the Effect of Wheat Germ Oil and Olmutinib on the Thioacetamide-Induced Liver and Kidney Toxicity in Mice. Life. 2022;12:900.
37. Fărcaș A.C., Socaci S.A., Nemeș S.A., Pop O.L., Coldea T.E., Fogarasi M., Biriș-Dorhoi E.S. An update regarding the bioactive compound of cereal by-products: Health benefits and potential applications. Nutrients. 2022;14:3470.
38. Ghafoor, K., Özcan, M. M., Juhaimi, F. A., Babiker, E. E., Sarker, Z. I., Ahmed, I. a. M., & Ahmed, M. A. (2017). Nutritional composition, extraction, and utilization of wheat germ oil: A review. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 119(7), 1600160.
39. Siraj, N. (2022). Wheat germ oil: a comprehensive review. Food Science and Technology, 42.
40. Balsinde J. Anti-inflammatory Mechanisms of 7-cis-Hexadecenoic acid; Proceedings of the CIBERDEM Annual Meeting; Cerdanyola del Valles, Spain. 17–19 May 2017.
41. Bassaganya-Riera J., Hontecillas R., Beitz D. Colonic anti-inflammatory mechanisms of conjugated linoleic acid. Clin. Nutr. 2002;21:451–459.
42. Venn-Watson S.K., Butterworth C.N. Broader and safer clinically-relevant activities of pentadecanoic acid compared to omega-3: Evaluation of an emerging essential fatty acid across twelve primary human cell-based disease systems. PLoS ONE. 2022;17:e0268778.
43. Megahad, O. A., & Kinawy, O. S. E. (2002). Studies on the extraction of wheat germ oil by commercial hexane. Grasas Y Aceites, 53(4).
44. Arslan, D., Demir, M. K., Acar, A., & Arslan, F. N. (2020). Investigation of Wheat Germ and Oil Characteristics with Regard to Different Stabilization Techniques. Food Technology and Biotechnology, 58(3), 348–355.
45. Brandolini A, Hidalgo A. Wheatgerm: Not only a by-product. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2012; 63 Suppl. 1:71–4. 10.3109/09637486.2011.633898
46. Zhu, K.X., Zhou, H.M. and Qian, H.F. (2006) Proteins Extracted from Defatted Wheat Germ: Nutritional and Structural Properties. Cereal Chemistry, 83, 69-75.
47. Dunford, N. T. (2009). Wheat germ oil. In Elsevier eBooks (pp. 359–376).
48. Robatjazi, S. M., Goodarzi, N., Ettehadi, H. A., Samadieh, S., & Zeinoddini, M. (2022). Development of a Formulation of Vanishing Cream Containing Wheat Germ Oil with Safe Preservation, and Measurement of Antioxidants in the Cream by a Rapid Method.
49. Saraf, S., Sahu, S., Kaur, C. D., & Saraf, S. (2010). Comparative measurement of hydration effects of herbal moisturizers. Pharmacognosy Research, 2(3), 146.
50. Michalak, M. (2019). The use of carrier oils in aromatherapy massage and their effect on skin. Research Gate
Article Sidebar
Published
Jan 16, 2024
Article Details
How to Cite
Vishwa Champaneri, Ms. Purvi Ramanuj, & Dr. Pragnesh Patani. (2024). BENEFITS OF WHEAT GERM OIL AND CINNAMON OIL IN TREATMENT OF FOOT FISSURES. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(1), 2140–2146. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v31i1.4438
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
All articles published in JPTCP are licensed under Copyright Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Author Biographies
Vishwa Champaneri
Student, Khyati College of Pharmacy, Palodiya, Ahmedabad
Ms. Purvi Ramanuj
Associate Professor, Khyati College of Pharmacy, Palodia, Ahmedabad
Dr. Pragnesh Patani
Principal, Khyati College of Pharmacy, Palodia, Ahmedabad