Management of Tempro-Mandibular Joint Internal Derangement: A review Article
Main Article Content
Keywords
Tempro Mandibular Joint ; Internal Derangement ; Arthrocentesis
Abstract
Tempro-Mandibular Joint disorders (TMD) considered the third stomatological disease in regard to inhabitant illness owing to its chronicity and widespread prevalence. The management of patients with TMD is a challenge, although the clinical examination is the most important step in the diagnosis of TMD, special imaging techniques are needed due to the complex anatomy and pathology. Managements for various TMJ disorders range from physical therapy and nonsurgical treatments to various surgical procedures. Usually, the treatment begins with nonsurgical therapies first, with surgery left as the last option. The aim of the present study was to review the pathophysiology and different modalities in the management of TMD.
References
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11. Barkhordarian A, Demerjian G, Chiappelli M. Translational research of temporomandibular joint pathology: a preliminary biomarker and fMRI study. Journal of Translational Medicine 2020;18(1):1-19.
12. Quon JAJTJotCCA. Temporomandibular disorders: Classification, diagnosis, management. The Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association 1987;31(3):164.
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14. Hellkimo MJSdJ. Studies on functional and dysfunction of the masticatory system II. Index for anamnestic and clinical dysfunction and occlusal state. Swed dent J 1974;67:101-21.
15. Bitiniene D, Zamaliauskiene R, Kubilius R, Leketas M, Gailius T, Smirnovaite KJS. Quality of life in patients with temporomandibular disorders. A systematic review. Stomatologija 2018;20(1):3-9.
16. Zhang C, Wu J-Y, Deng D-L, He B-Y, Tao Y, Niu Y-M, et al. Efficacy of splint therapy for the management of temporomandibular disorders: a meta-analysis. Oncotarget 2016;7(51):84043.
17. Brochado FT, de Jesus LH, Chaves KD, Martins MDJC, Research B. Non-invasive therapies for management of temporomandibular disorders: A systematic review. Clinical Biomedical Research 2019;39(3).
18. Rodrigues JH, Marques MM, Biasotto-Gonzalez DA, Moreira MSNA, Bussadori SK, Mesquita-Ferrari RA, et al. Evaluation of pain, jaw movements, and psychosocial factors in elderly individuals with temporomandibular disorder under laser phototherapy. Lasers in medical science 2015;30(3):953-9.
19. List T, Jensen RHJC. Temporomandibular disorders: Old ideas and new concepts. Cephalalgia. 2017;37(7):692-704.
20. Miller DL, Smith NB, Bailey MR, Czarnota GJ, Hynynen K, Makin IRS, et al. Overview of therapeutic ultrasound applications and safety considerations. Journal of ultrasound in medicine 2012;31(4):623-34.
21. Rai S, Ranjan V, Misra D, Panjwani S. Management of myofascial pain by therapeutic ultrasound and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation: A comparative study. European journal of dentistry 2016;10(1):46.
22. Monaco A, Sgolastra F, Ciarrocchi I, Cattaneo RJJoE, Kinesiology. Effects of transcutaneous electrical nervous stimulation on electromyographic and kinesiographic activity of patients with temporomandibular disorders: a placebo-controlled study. Journal of Electromyography Kinesiology 2012;22(3):463-8.
23. El Hage Y, Politti F, de Sousa DFM, Herpich CM, dos Santos Gloria IP, de Paula Gomes CAF, et al. Effect of mandibular mobilization on electromyographic signals in muscles of mastication and static balance in individuals with temporomandibular disorder: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2013;14(1):316.
24. Moraes AdR, Sanches ML, Ribeiro EC, Guimarães ASJDpjoo. Therapeutic exercises for the control of temporomandibular disorders. Dental press journal of orthodontics 2013;18(5):134-9.
25. Cascos-Romero J, Vázquez Delgado E, Vázquez Rodríguez E, Gay Escoda CJMO, Patología Oral y Cirugia Bucal, , vol. 14, num. 1, p. 3-7. The use of tricyclic antidepressants in the treatment of temporomandibular joint disorders: systematic review of the literature of the last 20 years. Medicina Oral, Patología Oral y Cirugia Bucal, 2009;14(1): 3-7.
26. Bal Kucuk B, Tolunay Kaya S, Karagoz Motro P, Oral KJOd. Pharmacotherapeutic agents used in temporomandibular disorders. Oral diseases 2014;20(8):740-3.
27. Vidor LP, Torres IL, de Souza ICC, Fregni F, Caumo WJJop, management s. Analgesic and sedative effects of melatonin in temporomandibular disorders: a double-blind, randomized, parallel-group, placebo-controlled study. Journal of pain symptom management. 2013;46(3):422-32.
28. Haviv Y, Rettman A, Aframian D, Sharav Y, Benoliel RJJOFPH. Myofascial pain: an open study on the pharmacotherapeutic response to stepped treatment with tricyclic antidepressants and gabapentin. Oral Facial Pain Headache 2015;29(2):144-51.
29. Rezazadeh F, Hajian K, Shahidi S, Piroozi SJJoD. Comparison of the effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and low-level laser therapy on drug-resistant temporomandibular disorders. Journal of Dentistry 2017;18(3):187.
30. Millón-Cruz, Alejandrina, and Rafael Martín-Granizo López. "Long-term clinical outcomes of arthroscopic discopexy with resorbable pins." Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery 48.11 (2020): 1074-1079.
31. Miloro M, Henriksen BJJoo, surgery m. Discectomy as the primary surgical option for internal derangement of the temporomandibular joint. Journal of oral maxillofacial surgery 2010;68(4):782-9.
32. Gerbino G, Zavattero E, Bosco G, Berrone S, Ramieri GJJoC-MS. Temporomandibular joint reconstruction with stock and custom-made devices: Indications and results of a 14-year experience. Journal of Cranio- Maxillofacial Surgery 2017;45(10):1710-5.
33. Aceves-Avila F, Delgadillo‐Ruano M, Ramos‐Remus C, Gómez‐Vargas A, Gutiérrez‐Ureña SJR. The first descriptions of therapeutic arthrocentesis: a historical note. Rheumatology 2003;42(1):180-3.
34. Ross JD. The intracapsular therapeutic modalities in conjunction with arthrography. Journal of Craniomandibular Disorders 1989;3(1).
35. Tozoglu S, Al-Belasy FA, Dolwick MFJBJoO, Surgery M. A review of techniques of lysis and lavage of the TMJ. British Journal of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery 2011;49(4):302-9.
36. Nitzan D, Dolwick M, Martinez GJP, Surgery R. Temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis: A simplified treatment for severe limited mouth opening. Plastic Reconstructive Surgery 1992;90(6):1132.
37. Rajapakse S, Ahmed N, Sidebottom AJBJoO, Surgery M. Current thinking about the management of dysfunction of the temporomandibular joint: a review. British Journal of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery 2017;55(4):351-6.
38. Sakalys D, Dvylys D, Simuntis R, Leketas MJJoCS. Comparison of Different Intraarticular Injection Substances Followed by Temporomandibular Joint Arthroscopy. Journal of Craniofacial Surgery 2020;31(3):637-41.
39. Sanders BJOs, oral medicine, oral pathology. Arthroscopic surgery of the temporomandibular joint: treatment of internal derangement with persistent closed lock. Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology 1986;62(4):361-72.
40. Laskin DM, Greene CS, Hylander WL. Temporomandibular disorders: an evidence-based approach to diagnosis and treatment: Quintessence Publishing Company; 2006.
41. Machoň V, Šedý J, Klima K, Hirjak D, Foltan RJIjoo, surgery m. Arthroscopic lysis and lavage in patients with temporomandibular anterior disc displacement without reduction. International journal of oral maxillofacial surgery 2012;41(1):109-13.
42. McCain JP, Hossameldin RH, Srouji S, Maher AJJoO, Surgery M. Arthroscopic discopexy is effective in managing temporomandibular joint internal derangement in patients with Wilkes stage II and III. Journal of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery 2015;73(3):391-401.
43. Nitzan DW, Dolwick MF, Martinez GAJJoO, Surgery M. Temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis: a simplified treatment for severe, limited mouth opening. Journal of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery 1991;49(11):1163-7.
44. Shah JP, Gilliams EAJJob, therapies m. Uncovering the biochemical milieu of myofascial trigger points using in vivo microdialysis: an application of muscle pain concepts to myofascial pain syndrome. Journal of bodywork movement therapies 2008;12(4):371-84.
45. Monje-Gil F, Nitzan D, González-Garcia RJMo, patologia oral y cirugia bucal. Temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis. Review of the literature. Medicina oral, patologia oral y cirugia bucal. 2012;17(4):e575.
46. Peck CC, Goulet JP, Lobbezoo F, Schiffman EL, Alstergren P, Anderson GC, et al. Expanding the taxonomy of the diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders. Journal of oral rehabilitation 2014;41(1):2-23.
47. Okeson JP, de Leeuw RC. Differential diagnosis of temporomandibular disorders and other orofacial pain disorders. Dental Clinics 2011;55(1):105-20.
48. Emes Y, Arpınar I, Öncü B, Aybar B, Aktaş I, Al Badri N, et al. The next step in the treatment of persistent temporomandibular joint pain following arthrocentesis: a retrospective study of 18 cases. Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery 2014;42(5):e65-e9.
49. Colbert ST, Curran E, O’Hanlon DM, Moran R, McCarroll MJCJoA. Intra-articular tenoxicam improves postoperative analgesia in knee arthroscopy. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 1999;46(7):653-7.
50. Christoph T, Kögel B, Strassburger W, Schug SAJDiR. Tramadol has a better potency ratio relative to morphine in neuropathic than in nociceptive pain models. Drugs in R 2007;8(1):51-7.
51. Gupta S, Sharma AK, Purohit J, Goyal R, Malviya Y, Jain SJNJoMS. Comparison between intra-articular platelet-rich plasma injection versus hydrocortisone with local anesthetic injections in temporomandibular disorders: A double-blind study. National Journal of Maxillofacial Surgery 2018;9(2):205.
52. Çebi ATJAMA. Batı Karadeniz Bölgesi Karabük İli ve Çevresinde Temporomandibular Eklem Disfonksiyon Prevalansının Değerlendirilmesi. Acta Medica Alanya 3(1):12-6.
53. Radin E, Paul I, Swann D, Schottstaedt EJAotRD. Lubrication of synovial membrane. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 1971;30(3):322.
54. Gotoh S, Miyazaki K, Onaya J, Sakamoto T, Tokuyasu K, Namiki OJNyzFpJ. Experimental knee pain model in rats and analgesic effect of sodium hyaluronate (SPH). Nihon yakurigaku zasshi Folia pharmacologica Japonica 1988;92(1):17-27.
55. Gotoh S, Onaya J, Sakamoto T, Tokuyasu KJP. Protective effect of sodium hyaluronate (SPH) against adhesion formation in flexor tendon of rats. Pharmacometrics 1988;35:359-64.
56. Nguyen RT, Borg-Stein J, McInnis KJP. Applications of platelet-rich plasma in musculoskeletal and sports medicine: an evidence-based approach. PM 2011;3(3):226-50.
57. Ra’ed M, Alnuamy SH, Hamid FT, Azzamily TJ, Ismaeel SA, Sammir R. The Efficacy of Platelets Rich Plasma Injection in the Superior Joint Space of the Tempromandibular Joint Guided by Ultra Sound in Patients with Non-reducing Disk Displacement. Journal of maxillofacial oral surgery 2017;16(1):43-7.
58. Nogales CG, Ferrari PH, Kantorovich EO, Lage-Marques JLJJCDP. Ozone therapy in medicine and dentistry. J Contemp Dent Pract 2008;9(4):75-84.
59. Gupta G, Mansi BJ. Ozone therapy in periodontics. Journal of medicine life 2012;5(1):59.
60. Chen H, Yu B, Lu C, Lin Q. The effect of intra-articular injection of different concentrations of ozone on the level of TNF-α, TNF-R1, and TNF-R2 in rats with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology international 2013;33(5):1223-7
2. Cuccia AM, Caradonna C, Caradonna D, Anastasi G, Milardi D, Favaloro A. The arterial blood supply of the temporomandibular joint: an anatomical study and clinical implications. Imaging science in dentistry 2013;43(1):37-44.
3. Asaki S, Sekikawa M, Kim YJJoOS. Sensory innervation of temporomandibular joint disk. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery 2006;14(1):3- 8.
4. Davidson JA, Metzinger SE, Tufaro AP, Dellon ALJJoCS. Clinical implications of the innervation of the temporomandibular joint. Journal of Craniofacial Surgery 2003;14(2):235-9.
5. Hylander WLJAJoPA. An experimental analysis of temporomandibular joint reaction force in macaques. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 1979;51(3):433-56.
6. Greene CSJO, research c. “The Ball on the Hill”: A new perspective on TMJ functional anatomy. Orthodontics craniofacial research 2018;21(4):170-4.
7. Sicher H, Du Brul EL. Sicher's oral anatomy: Mosby Incorporated; 1980.
8. Ricketts RMJAJoO, Orthopedics D. Variations of the temporomandibular joint as revealed by cephalometric laminagraphy. American Journal of Orthodontics Dentofacial Orthopedics 1950;36(12):877-98.
9. Kapos, Flavia Penteado. "Temporomandibular disorders: a review of current concepts in aetiology, diagnosis and management." Oral surgery 13.4 (2020): 321-334.
10. Sharma S, Ohrbach R, Fillingim R, Greenspan J, Slade GJJoDR. Pain Sensitivity Modifies Risk of Injury-Related Temporomandibular Disorder. Journal of Dental Research 2020;99 (5):530-6.
11. Barkhordarian A, Demerjian G, Chiappelli M. Translational research of temporomandibular joint pathology: a preliminary biomarker and fMRI study. Journal of Translational Medicine 2020;18(1):1-19.
12. Quon JAJTJotCCA. Temporomandibular disorders: Classification, diagnosis, management. The Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association 1987;31(3):164.
13. Schiffman E, Ohrbach R, Truelove E, Look J, Anderson G, Goulet J- P, et al. Diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders (DC/TMD) for clinical and research applications: recommendations of the International RDC/TMD Consortium Network and Orofacial Pain Special Interest Group. Journal of oral facial pain headache 2014;28(1):6.
14. Hellkimo MJSdJ. Studies on functional and dysfunction of the masticatory system II. Index for anamnestic and clinical dysfunction and occlusal state. Swed dent J 1974;67:101-21.
15. Bitiniene D, Zamaliauskiene R, Kubilius R, Leketas M, Gailius T, Smirnovaite KJS. Quality of life in patients with temporomandibular disorders. A systematic review. Stomatologija 2018;20(1):3-9.
16. Zhang C, Wu J-Y, Deng D-L, He B-Y, Tao Y, Niu Y-M, et al. Efficacy of splint therapy for the management of temporomandibular disorders: a meta-analysis. Oncotarget 2016;7(51):84043.
17. Brochado FT, de Jesus LH, Chaves KD, Martins MDJC, Research B. Non-invasive therapies for management of temporomandibular disorders: A systematic review. Clinical Biomedical Research 2019;39(3).
18. Rodrigues JH, Marques MM, Biasotto-Gonzalez DA, Moreira MSNA, Bussadori SK, Mesquita-Ferrari RA, et al. Evaluation of pain, jaw movements, and psychosocial factors in elderly individuals with temporomandibular disorder under laser phototherapy. Lasers in medical science 2015;30(3):953-9.
19. List T, Jensen RHJC. Temporomandibular disorders: Old ideas and new concepts. Cephalalgia. 2017;37(7):692-704.
20. Miller DL, Smith NB, Bailey MR, Czarnota GJ, Hynynen K, Makin IRS, et al. Overview of therapeutic ultrasound applications and safety considerations. Journal of ultrasound in medicine 2012;31(4):623-34.
21. Rai S, Ranjan V, Misra D, Panjwani S. Management of myofascial pain by therapeutic ultrasound and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation: A comparative study. European journal of dentistry 2016;10(1):46.
22. Monaco A, Sgolastra F, Ciarrocchi I, Cattaneo RJJoE, Kinesiology. Effects of transcutaneous electrical nervous stimulation on electromyographic and kinesiographic activity of patients with temporomandibular disorders: a placebo-controlled study. Journal of Electromyography Kinesiology 2012;22(3):463-8.
23. El Hage Y, Politti F, de Sousa DFM, Herpich CM, dos Santos Gloria IP, de Paula Gomes CAF, et al. Effect of mandibular mobilization on electromyographic signals in muscles of mastication and static balance in individuals with temporomandibular disorder: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2013;14(1):316.
24. Moraes AdR, Sanches ML, Ribeiro EC, Guimarães ASJDpjoo. Therapeutic exercises for the control of temporomandibular disorders. Dental press journal of orthodontics 2013;18(5):134-9.
25. Cascos-Romero J, Vázquez Delgado E, Vázquez Rodríguez E, Gay Escoda CJMO, Patología Oral y Cirugia Bucal, , vol. 14, num. 1, p. 3-7. The use of tricyclic antidepressants in the treatment of temporomandibular joint disorders: systematic review of the literature of the last 20 years. Medicina Oral, Patología Oral y Cirugia Bucal, 2009;14(1): 3-7.
26. Bal Kucuk B, Tolunay Kaya S, Karagoz Motro P, Oral KJOd. Pharmacotherapeutic agents used in temporomandibular disorders. Oral diseases 2014;20(8):740-3.
27. Vidor LP, Torres IL, de Souza ICC, Fregni F, Caumo WJJop, management s. Analgesic and sedative effects of melatonin in temporomandibular disorders: a double-blind, randomized, parallel-group, placebo-controlled study. Journal of pain symptom management. 2013;46(3):422-32.
28. Haviv Y, Rettman A, Aframian D, Sharav Y, Benoliel RJJOFPH. Myofascial pain: an open study on the pharmacotherapeutic response to stepped treatment with tricyclic antidepressants and gabapentin. Oral Facial Pain Headache 2015;29(2):144-51.
29. Rezazadeh F, Hajian K, Shahidi S, Piroozi SJJoD. Comparison of the effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and low-level laser therapy on drug-resistant temporomandibular disorders. Journal of Dentistry 2017;18(3):187.
30. Millón-Cruz, Alejandrina, and Rafael Martín-Granizo López. "Long-term clinical outcomes of arthroscopic discopexy with resorbable pins." Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery 48.11 (2020): 1074-1079.
31. Miloro M, Henriksen BJJoo, surgery m. Discectomy as the primary surgical option for internal derangement of the temporomandibular joint. Journal of oral maxillofacial surgery 2010;68(4):782-9.
32. Gerbino G, Zavattero E, Bosco G, Berrone S, Ramieri GJJoC-MS. Temporomandibular joint reconstruction with stock and custom-made devices: Indications and results of a 14-year experience. Journal of Cranio- Maxillofacial Surgery 2017;45(10):1710-5.
33. Aceves-Avila F, Delgadillo‐Ruano M, Ramos‐Remus C, Gómez‐Vargas A, Gutiérrez‐Ureña SJR. The first descriptions of therapeutic arthrocentesis: a historical note. Rheumatology 2003;42(1):180-3.
34. Ross JD. The intracapsular therapeutic modalities in conjunction with arthrography. Journal of Craniomandibular Disorders 1989;3(1).
35. Tozoglu S, Al-Belasy FA, Dolwick MFJBJoO, Surgery M. A review of techniques of lysis and lavage of the TMJ. British Journal of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery 2011;49(4):302-9.
36. Nitzan D, Dolwick M, Martinez GJP, Surgery R. Temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis: A simplified treatment for severe limited mouth opening. Plastic Reconstructive Surgery 1992;90(6):1132.
37. Rajapakse S, Ahmed N, Sidebottom AJBJoO, Surgery M. Current thinking about the management of dysfunction of the temporomandibular joint: a review. British Journal of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery 2017;55(4):351-6.
38. Sakalys D, Dvylys D, Simuntis R, Leketas MJJoCS. Comparison of Different Intraarticular Injection Substances Followed by Temporomandibular Joint Arthroscopy. Journal of Craniofacial Surgery 2020;31(3):637-41.
39. Sanders BJOs, oral medicine, oral pathology. Arthroscopic surgery of the temporomandibular joint: treatment of internal derangement with persistent closed lock. Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology 1986;62(4):361-72.
40. Laskin DM, Greene CS, Hylander WL. Temporomandibular disorders: an evidence-based approach to diagnosis and treatment: Quintessence Publishing Company; 2006.
41. Machoň V, Šedý J, Klima K, Hirjak D, Foltan RJIjoo, surgery m. Arthroscopic lysis and lavage in patients with temporomandibular anterior disc displacement without reduction. International journal of oral maxillofacial surgery 2012;41(1):109-13.
42. McCain JP, Hossameldin RH, Srouji S, Maher AJJoO, Surgery M. Arthroscopic discopexy is effective in managing temporomandibular joint internal derangement in patients with Wilkes stage II and III. Journal of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery 2015;73(3):391-401.
43. Nitzan DW, Dolwick MF, Martinez GAJJoO, Surgery M. Temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis: a simplified treatment for severe, limited mouth opening. Journal of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery 1991;49(11):1163-7.
44. Shah JP, Gilliams EAJJob, therapies m. Uncovering the biochemical milieu of myofascial trigger points using in vivo microdialysis: an application of muscle pain concepts to myofascial pain syndrome. Journal of bodywork movement therapies 2008;12(4):371-84.
45. Monje-Gil F, Nitzan D, González-Garcia RJMo, patologia oral y cirugia bucal. Temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis. Review of the literature. Medicina oral, patologia oral y cirugia bucal. 2012;17(4):e575.
46. Peck CC, Goulet JP, Lobbezoo F, Schiffman EL, Alstergren P, Anderson GC, et al. Expanding the taxonomy of the diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders. Journal of oral rehabilitation 2014;41(1):2-23.
47. Okeson JP, de Leeuw RC. Differential diagnosis of temporomandibular disorders and other orofacial pain disorders. Dental Clinics 2011;55(1):105-20.
48. Emes Y, Arpınar I, Öncü B, Aybar B, Aktaş I, Al Badri N, et al. The next step in the treatment of persistent temporomandibular joint pain following arthrocentesis: a retrospective study of 18 cases. Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery 2014;42(5):e65-e9.
49. Colbert ST, Curran E, O’Hanlon DM, Moran R, McCarroll MJCJoA. Intra-articular tenoxicam improves postoperative analgesia in knee arthroscopy. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 1999;46(7):653-7.
50. Christoph T, Kögel B, Strassburger W, Schug SAJDiR. Tramadol has a better potency ratio relative to morphine in neuropathic than in nociceptive pain models. Drugs in R 2007;8(1):51-7.
51. Gupta S, Sharma AK, Purohit J, Goyal R, Malviya Y, Jain SJNJoMS. Comparison between intra-articular platelet-rich plasma injection versus hydrocortisone with local anesthetic injections in temporomandibular disorders: A double-blind study. National Journal of Maxillofacial Surgery 2018;9(2):205.
52. Çebi ATJAMA. Batı Karadeniz Bölgesi Karabük İli ve Çevresinde Temporomandibular Eklem Disfonksiyon Prevalansının Değerlendirilmesi. Acta Medica Alanya 3(1):12-6.
53. Radin E, Paul I, Swann D, Schottstaedt EJAotRD. Lubrication of synovial membrane. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 1971;30(3):322.
54. Gotoh S, Miyazaki K, Onaya J, Sakamoto T, Tokuyasu K, Namiki OJNyzFpJ. Experimental knee pain model in rats and analgesic effect of sodium hyaluronate (SPH). Nihon yakurigaku zasshi Folia pharmacologica Japonica 1988;92(1):17-27.
55. Gotoh S, Onaya J, Sakamoto T, Tokuyasu KJP. Protective effect of sodium hyaluronate (SPH) against adhesion formation in flexor tendon of rats. Pharmacometrics 1988;35:359-64.
56. Nguyen RT, Borg-Stein J, McInnis KJP. Applications of platelet-rich plasma in musculoskeletal and sports medicine: an evidence-based approach. PM 2011;3(3):226-50.
57. Ra’ed M, Alnuamy SH, Hamid FT, Azzamily TJ, Ismaeel SA, Sammir R. The Efficacy of Platelets Rich Plasma Injection in the Superior Joint Space of the Tempromandibular Joint Guided by Ultra Sound in Patients with Non-reducing Disk Displacement. Journal of maxillofacial oral surgery 2017;16(1):43-7.
58. Nogales CG, Ferrari PH, Kantorovich EO, Lage-Marques JLJJCDP. Ozone therapy in medicine and dentistry. J Contemp Dent Pract 2008;9(4):75-84.
59. Gupta G, Mansi BJ. Ozone therapy in periodontics. Journal of medicine life 2012;5(1):59.
60. Chen H, Yu B, Lu C, Lin Q. The effect of intra-articular injection of different concentrations of ozone on the level of TNF-α, TNF-R1, and TNF-R2 in rats with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology international 2013;33(5):1223-7
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Dec 15, 2022
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Osama Bahaa Khidr; Amr Aly El-Swify; Mohamed Hassan Eid. (2022). Management of Tempro-Mandibular Joint Internal Derangement: A review Article. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 29(04), 502–512. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v29i04.4258
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