THE EFFECTIVENESS OF AN E-COUNSELING PROGRAM BASED ON LAZARUS' THEORY USING SOME ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE APPLICATIONS IN REDUCING PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS AMONG NURSES IN RIYADH.
Main Article Content
Keywords
Electronic counseling, artificial intelligence applications, psychological stress, nurses, Lazarus theory
Abstract
The current study aimed to determine the effect of an electronic counseling program based on Lazarus theory (cognitive assessment) using artificial intelligence applications in reducing psychological stress levels among nurses in the city of Riyadh. The study sample consisted of 20 male and female nurses working at King Khalid University Hospital, and their ages ranged from 25 to 40 years. A quasi-experimental design was used with two groups: control and experimental. An electronic consultation program was developed and a mobile application was designed to be installed on smart phones. The psychological stress scale developed by Toft and Anderson (1981), translated by Al-Shuwaiki (2019), was used, which consists of three dimensions: professional and emotional interaction with patients, workload, and professional communication with nurses and doctors. The study reached the following results: There were differences in the average scores of members of the experimental and control groups in the post-measurement of the psychological pressure scale in favor of the experimental group. There are differences between the average scores of the experimental group members in the pre- and post-measurements in favor of the post-measurement. There are also differences between the average scores of the experimental group members in the follow-up measurement in favor of the follow-up measurement, which indicates the effectiveness of the electronic consultation program.
References
First: Arabic References
1. Abu Assad, Abdel Latif, and Arabiyat, Abdel Halim. (2012). Theories of psychological and educational counseling. 2nd Edition, Dar Al-Masara, Amman.
2. Abu Hamad, Hussein. (2013). Psychological stress and its relationship to marital compatibility among a sample of wives working in international institutions in the Gaza Strip. Unpublished Master's Thesis. Islamic University. Gaza.
3. Barham, Bilal. (1996). Sources of job stress and strategies to combat them: a field study of the opinions of employees working in the customs department in Jordan. Unpublished Master's Thesis. Yarmouk University.
4. Hassan, Asmaa. (2020). Proposed scenarios for the role of artificial intelligence in supporting research and information fields in Egyptian universities, Arab Center for Education and Development, vol. (27), p. (125), 203-264.
5. Khawald, Abu Bakr. (2017). Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Arab Banks. Journal of Banking and Financial Studies, vol. 25(2), 57-60.
6. Dardeer, Nashwa. (2010). The effectiveness of a rational and emotional counseling program in developing methods of coping with the pressures resulting from life events among university students. Unpublished PhD thesis. Cairo University.
7. Zaatar, Noureddine, Jadidi, Ben Souad, and Darmash, Asia. (2021). Online Psychological Service. Journal of Legal and Social Sciences, vol. (6) (2), 459-474.
8. Soleimani, Sabrina, Wadeh, Fathi. (2020, February). Psychological burnout among a sample of nurses on night shift at the Medical and Surgical Uses Department in the valley. Proceedings of the International Forum: Suffering at Work among Nursing Workers - Diagnosis and Therapeutic Approaches, University of Batna, Algeria, February 11-12, 2020.
9. Al-Sharqawi, Muhammad. (1998). Artificial Intelligence and Neural Networks, Book One in the Future Computer Science and Technology Series, Artificial Intelligence Center for Computers, Modern Egyptian Center Press.
10. Shaalan, Latifa. (2013). The effectiveness of online psychological counseling in reducing symptoms of social fear among students of Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University. Journal of Educational Sciences, vol. 25, (2), 327-356.
11. Shahrani, Saqr. (2023). Stress Coping Efficiency among Nursing Workers in Jazan Region. Journal of the Faculty of Arts in Qena, vol. (32), p. (59), 68-92.
12. Sabirah, Fouad, and Ismail, Razan. (2015). Sources of Occupational Psychological Stress among a Sample of Nurses: A Field Study at Al-Assad University Hospital in Latakia Governorate. Tishreen University Journal for Research and Scientific Studies, Vol. (37), p. (1), 147-160.
13. Abdul Majeed, Hudhaifa, Alani, Mezher. (2015). Interactive e-learning. Amman: Academic Book Center.
14. Abdali, Khaled. (2012). Psychological hardness and its relationship to methods of coping with psychological stress among a sample of outstanding and ordinary secondary school students in the city of Makkah. Unpublished Master's Thesis, um Al-Qura University.
15. Al-Atoum, Adnan. (2012). Cognitive Psychology Theory and Practice. Amman, Jordan: Dar Al-Masirah for Publishing and Distribution.
16. Azzam, Nora. (2021). The role of artificial intelligence in raising the efficiency of administrative systems for human resource management at the University of Tabuk. Educational Journal, Sohag University, p. (84), vol. 1, 468-494.
17. Al-Anzi, Awad, and Al-Mashaan, Owaid. (2006). Work characteristics and its relationship to job burnout and job performance among employees in the government sector in the State of Kuwait. Journal of Psychological Studies of the Egyptian Association of Psychologists, 16(4), 117-137.
18. Al-Qahtani, Abdullah. (2015). The effectiveness of a reality counseling-based program in reducing psychological stress among nursing workers in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Islamic University Journal of Educational and Psychological Studies, 23, (4), 113-133.
19. Cory, Gerald. (2013). Theory and Practice in Counseling and Psychotherapy (Dr. Sameh Wadih Al-Khuffash – Translator). Dar Al-Fikr.
20. Muhammad, Ali. (2021). The Impact of Organizational Health in Reducing Job Stress: An Analytical Study of the Opinions of a Sample of Workers in the Permanent Healthcare Sector. Anbar University Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences, Volume 13, Volume 4, 65-80.
21. Almasery, Amani. (2019). Foreseeing the educational future in the light of artificial intelligence systems. Arab Journal for Scientific Publishing, (9), p. 19.
22. Yazigi, Faten. (2019). The use of artificial intelligence applications in supporting university education in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Arab Studies in Education and Psychology, p. (113), 282-257.
Second: Foreign References
1. Abu Arub, R. (2004). The relationships between job stress, job performance, and social support among hospital nurses. Journal of nursing Scholarship, 36 (1),73-78.
2. Amani, N. (2007). Investigating the nature, the prevalence, and effectiveness of online counseling. ProQuest.
3. Barak, A., Klein, B., & Proudfoot, J. G. (2009). Defining internet-supported therapeutic interventions. Annals of behavioral medicine, 38(1), 4-17.
4. Brown, C. (2012). Online counseling: Attitudes and potential utilization by college students (master's thesis, Humboldt State University).
5. Beverly, E., Hommema, L., Coates, K., Duncan, G., Gable, B., Gutman, T., ... & Stevens, N. (2022). A tranquil virtual reality experience to reduce subjective stress among COVID-19 frontline healthcare workers. Plos one, 17(2), e0262703.
6. Carrig, J. M. (2019). Limiting Emergency Nurse Practitioner Compassion Fatigue Using Mobile Self-Care Reminders (Doctoral dissertation, The University of Arizona).
7. Chang, I. C., Cheng, W. C., & Kung, W. C. (2019). A stress relief app intervention for newly employed nursing staff: quasi-experimental design. JMIR mHealth and uHealth, 7(12), e15785.
8. Fiol-Deroque, M. A., Serrano-Ripoll, M. J., Jiménez, R., Zamanillo-Campos, R., Yáñez-Juan, A. M., Bennasar-Veny, M., ... & Ricci-Cabello, I. (2021). A Mobile Phone–Based Intervention to Reduce Mental Health Problems in Health Care Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic (PsyCovidApp): Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR mHealth and uHealth, 9(5), e27039.
9. Gbeddy, G. A. (2021). Using Mindfulness-Based Practice to Reduce Work-Related Stress and Burnout Among Psychiatric Nurses. Doctoral dissertation, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. North Carolina.
10. Hanafin, S., Cosgrove, J., Hanafin, P., Brady, A. M., & Lynch, C. (2020). Burnout and its prevalence among public health nurses in Ireland. British journal of community nursing, 25(8), 370-375.
11. Henshall, C., Davey, Z., Srikesavan, C., Hart, L., Butcher, D., & Cipriani, A. (2023). Implementation of a Web-Based Resilience Enhancement Training for Nurses: Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 25, e43771.
12. Johnson, S. (2017). E- Counseling: A review of practice and ethical considerations. Antistasis, 7(1), 38-47.
13. Kabbalah, Y, Zhang, J, Lv, M, Li, J. Yang, S, Swai, J, & Li, H. (2020). Burnout and associated occupational stresses among Chinese nurses: A cross-sectional study in three hospitals. PloS one, 15(9), e0238699.
14. Kraus, R., Stricker, G., & Speyer, C. (Eds.). (2010). Online counseling: A handbook for mental health professionals. Academic Press.
15. Lazarus, R. S. (1993). From psychological stress to the emotions: A history of changing outlooks. Annual review of psychology, 44(1), 1-22.
16. Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, assessment , and coping. Springer publishing company.
17. McCay, R. (2019). Burnout and psychological capital in rural critical access hospital nurses. Arizona State University.
18. Oceana-Fernández, Y., Valenzuela-Fernández, L. A., & Garro-Aburto, L. L. (2019). Artificial Intelligence and Its Implications in Higher Education. Journal of Educational Psychology-Propositos y Representations, 7(2), 553-568.
19. Asplund, R., Asplund, S., von Buxhoeveden, H., Delby, H., Eriksson, K., Svenning Gerhardsson, M., ... & Andersson, G. (2023). Work-Focused Versus Generic Internet-Based Interventions for Employees with Stress-Related Disorders: Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 25, e34446.
20. Sanatkar, S., Counson, I., Mackinnon, A., Bartholomew, A., Glozier, N., & Harvey, S. (2022). Preliminary Investigation of Shift, a Novel Smartphone App to Support Junior Doctors’ Mental Health and Well-being: Examination of Symptom Progression, Usability, and Acceptability After 1 Month of Use. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 24(9), e38497.
21. Sasaki, N., Imamura, K., Tran, T. T. T., Nguyen, H. T., Kuribayashi, K., Sakuraya, A., ... & Kawakami, N. (2021). Effects of Smartphone-Based Stress Management on Improving Work Engagement Among Nurses in Vietnam: Secondary Analysis of a Three-Arm Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of medical Internet research, 23(2), e20445.
22. Sussman, R., J. (2004). Counseling over The Internet: Benefits and Challenges in The Use of new Technologies. Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association ERIC/CASS. Retrieved March 27,2001.
23. VandenBos, G. R. (2013). APA dictionary of clinical psychology. American Psychological Association.
24. Vu, A. H. (2018). Randomized Controlled Trial of Pacifica, a CBT and Mindfulness-based App for Stress, Depression, and Anxiety Management with Health Monitoring. Doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota, Minnesota.
25. Yektatalab, S., Honarmandnejad, K., Janghorban, R., & Zarifsanaiey, N. (2020). Effect of Web-Based Life Skills Education on Nurses’ Job Burnout. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 21(2), 37-46.
1. Abu Assad, Abdel Latif, and Arabiyat, Abdel Halim. (2012). Theories of psychological and educational counseling. 2nd Edition, Dar Al-Masara, Amman.
2. Abu Hamad, Hussein. (2013). Psychological stress and its relationship to marital compatibility among a sample of wives working in international institutions in the Gaza Strip. Unpublished Master's Thesis. Islamic University. Gaza.
3. Barham, Bilal. (1996). Sources of job stress and strategies to combat them: a field study of the opinions of employees working in the customs department in Jordan. Unpublished Master's Thesis. Yarmouk University.
4. Hassan, Asmaa. (2020). Proposed scenarios for the role of artificial intelligence in supporting research and information fields in Egyptian universities, Arab Center for Education and Development, vol. (27), p. (125), 203-264.
5. Khawald, Abu Bakr. (2017). Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Arab Banks. Journal of Banking and Financial Studies, vol. 25(2), 57-60.
6. Dardeer, Nashwa. (2010). The effectiveness of a rational and emotional counseling program in developing methods of coping with the pressures resulting from life events among university students. Unpublished PhD thesis. Cairo University.
7. Zaatar, Noureddine, Jadidi, Ben Souad, and Darmash, Asia. (2021). Online Psychological Service. Journal of Legal and Social Sciences, vol. (6) (2), 459-474.
8. Soleimani, Sabrina, Wadeh, Fathi. (2020, February). Psychological burnout among a sample of nurses on night shift at the Medical and Surgical Uses Department in the valley. Proceedings of the International Forum: Suffering at Work among Nursing Workers - Diagnosis and Therapeutic Approaches, University of Batna, Algeria, February 11-12, 2020.
9. Al-Sharqawi, Muhammad. (1998). Artificial Intelligence and Neural Networks, Book One in the Future Computer Science and Technology Series, Artificial Intelligence Center for Computers, Modern Egyptian Center Press.
10. Shaalan, Latifa. (2013). The effectiveness of online psychological counseling in reducing symptoms of social fear among students of Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University. Journal of Educational Sciences, vol. 25, (2), 327-356.
11. Shahrani, Saqr. (2023). Stress Coping Efficiency among Nursing Workers in Jazan Region. Journal of the Faculty of Arts in Qena, vol. (32), p. (59), 68-92.
12. Sabirah, Fouad, and Ismail, Razan. (2015). Sources of Occupational Psychological Stress among a Sample of Nurses: A Field Study at Al-Assad University Hospital in Latakia Governorate. Tishreen University Journal for Research and Scientific Studies, Vol. (37), p. (1), 147-160.
13. Abdul Majeed, Hudhaifa, Alani, Mezher. (2015). Interactive e-learning. Amman: Academic Book Center.
14. Abdali, Khaled. (2012). Psychological hardness and its relationship to methods of coping with psychological stress among a sample of outstanding and ordinary secondary school students in the city of Makkah. Unpublished Master's Thesis, um Al-Qura University.
15. Al-Atoum, Adnan. (2012). Cognitive Psychology Theory and Practice. Amman, Jordan: Dar Al-Masirah for Publishing and Distribution.
16. Azzam, Nora. (2021). The role of artificial intelligence in raising the efficiency of administrative systems for human resource management at the University of Tabuk. Educational Journal, Sohag University, p. (84), vol. 1, 468-494.
17. Al-Anzi, Awad, and Al-Mashaan, Owaid. (2006). Work characteristics and its relationship to job burnout and job performance among employees in the government sector in the State of Kuwait. Journal of Psychological Studies of the Egyptian Association of Psychologists, 16(4), 117-137.
18. Al-Qahtani, Abdullah. (2015). The effectiveness of a reality counseling-based program in reducing psychological stress among nursing workers in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Islamic University Journal of Educational and Psychological Studies, 23, (4), 113-133.
19. Cory, Gerald. (2013). Theory and Practice in Counseling and Psychotherapy (Dr. Sameh Wadih Al-Khuffash – Translator). Dar Al-Fikr.
20. Muhammad, Ali. (2021). The Impact of Organizational Health in Reducing Job Stress: An Analytical Study of the Opinions of a Sample of Workers in the Permanent Healthcare Sector. Anbar University Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences, Volume 13, Volume 4, 65-80.
21. Almasery, Amani. (2019). Foreseeing the educational future in the light of artificial intelligence systems. Arab Journal for Scientific Publishing, (9), p. 19.
22. Yazigi, Faten. (2019). The use of artificial intelligence applications in supporting university education in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Arab Studies in Education and Psychology, p. (113), 282-257.
Second: Foreign References
1. Abu Arub, R. (2004). The relationships between job stress, job performance, and social support among hospital nurses. Journal of nursing Scholarship, 36 (1),73-78.
2. Amani, N. (2007). Investigating the nature, the prevalence, and effectiveness of online counseling. ProQuest.
3. Barak, A., Klein, B., & Proudfoot, J. G. (2009). Defining internet-supported therapeutic interventions. Annals of behavioral medicine, 38(1), 4-17.
4. Brown, C. (2012). Online counseling: Attitudes and potential utilization by college students (master's thesis, Humboldt State University).
5. Beverly, E., Hommema, L., Coates, K., Duncan, G., Gable, B., Gutman, T., ... & Stevens, N. (2022). A tranquil virtual reality experience to reduce subjective stress among COVID-19 frontline healthcare workers. Plos one, 17(2), e0262703.
6. Carrig, J. M. (2019). Limiting Emergency Nurse Practitioner Compassion Fatigue Using Mobile Self-Care Reminders (Doctoral dissertation, The University of Arizona).
7. Chang, I. C., Cheng, W. C., & Kung, W. C. (2019). A stress relief app intervention for newly employed nursing staff: quasi-experimental design. JMIR mHealth and uHealth, 7(12), e15785.
8. Fiol-Deroque, M. A., Serrano-Ripoll, M. J., Jiménez, R., Zamanillo-Campos, R., Yáñez-Juan, A. M., Bennasar-Veny, M., ... & Ricci-Cabello, I. (2021). A Mobile Phone–Based Intervention to Reduce Mental Health Problems in Health Care Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic (PsyCovidApp): Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR mHealth and uHealth, 9(5), e27039.
9. Gbeddy, G. A. (2021). Using Mindfulness-Based Practice to Reduce Work-Related Stress and Burnout Among Psychiatric Nurses. Doctoral dissertation, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. North Carolina.
10. Hanafin, S., Cosgrove, J., Hanafin, P., Brady, A. M., & Lynch, C. (2020). Burnout and its prevalence among public health nurses in Ireland. British journal of community nursing, 25(8), 370-375.
11. Henshall, C., Davey, Z., Srikesavan, C., Hart, L., Butcher, D., & Cipriani, A. (2023). Implementation of a Web-Based Resilience Enhancement Training for Nurses: Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 25, e43771.
12. Johnson, S. (2017). E- Counseling: A review of practice and ethical considerations. Antistasis, 7(1), 38-47.
13. Kabbalah, Y, Zhang, J, Lv, M, Li, J. Yang, S, Swai, J, & Li, H. (2020). Burnout and associated occupational stresses among Chinese nurses: A cross-sectional study in three hospitals. PloS one, 15(9), e0238699.
14. Kraus, R., Stricker, G., & Speyer, C. (Eds.). (2010). Online counseling: A handbook for mental health professionals. Academic Press.
15. Lazarus, R. S. (1993). From psychological stress to the emotions: A history of changing outlooks. Annual review of psychology, 44(1), 1-22.
16. Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, assessment , and coping. Springer publishing company.
17. McCay, R. (2019). Burnout and psychological capital in rural critical access hospital nurses. Arizona State University.
18. Oceana-Fernández, Y., Valenzuela-Fernández, L. A., & Garro-Aburto, L. L. (2019). Artificial Intelligence and Its Implications in Higher Education. Journal of Educational Psychology-Propositos y Representations, 7(2), 553-568.
19. Asplund, R., Asplund, S., von Buxhoeveden, H., Delby, H., Eriksson, K., Svenning Gerhardsson, M., ... & Andersson, G. (2023). Work-Focused Versus Generic Internet-Based Interventions for Employees with Stress-Related Disorders: Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 25, e34446.
20. Sanatkar, S., Counson, I., Mackinnon, A., Bartholomew, A., Glozier, N., & Harvey, S. (2022). Preliminary Investigation of Shift, a Novel Smartphone App to Support Junior Doctors’ Mental Health and Well-being: Examination of Symptom Progression, Usability, and Acceptability After 1 Month of Use. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 24(9), e38497.
21. Sasaki, N., Imamura, K., Tran, T. T. T., Nguyen, H. T., Kuribayashi, K., Sakuraya, A., ... & Kawakami, N. (2021). Effects of Smartphone-Based Stress Management on Improving Work Engagement Among Nurses in Vietnam: Secondary Analysis of a Three-Arm Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of medical Internet research, 23(2), e20445.
22. Sussman, R., J. (2004). Counseling over The Internet: Benefits and Challenges in The Use of new Technologies. Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association ERIC/CASS. Retrieved March 27,2001.
23. VandenBos, G. R. (2013). APA dictionary of clinical psychology. American Psychological Association.
24. Vu, A. H. (2018). Randomized Controlled Trial of Pacifica, a CBT and Mindfulness-based App for Stress, Depression, and Anxiety Management with Health Monitoring. Doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota, Minnesota.
25. Yektatalab, S., Honarmandnejad, K., Janghorban, R., & Zarifsanaiey, N. (2020). Effect of Web-Based Life Skills Education on Nurses’ Job Burnout. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 21(2), 37-46.
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Feb 5, 2024
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suleiman bin Ibrahim al-Shawi. (2024). THE EFFECTIVENESS OF AN E-COUNSELING PROGRAM BASED ON LAZARUS’ THEORY USING SOME ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE APPLICATIONS IN REDUCING PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS AMONG NURSES IN RIYADH. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(2), 144–169. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v31i2.4220
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Author Biography
suleiman bin Ibrahim al-Shawi
Associate Professor of Psychology, College of Social Sciences, Imam Muhammad bin Saud Islamic University PhD Researcher, Saaida Bint Nasser Abdullah Al-Dosari Academic Year: 2023