A PROSPECTIVE STUDY ON CHARACTERIZATION OF IRON DEFICIENCY IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEART FAILURE
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Keywords
Chronic heart failure, Iron deficiency, Characterization
Abstract
Background and Aim: Heart failure (HF) is a prevalent medical issue affecting 1-2% population and significantly contributes to morbidity and mortality. Similarly, anemia is another condition that leads to frequent hospitalizations promoting morbidity and mortality. The present study aimed to assess different characterization of iron deficiency in chronic heart failure patients.
Patients and Methods: A prospective study was conducted on 146 heart failure patients in National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Karachi from November 2022 to June 2023. The study enrolled hospitalized patients who received a clinical diagnosis of cardiac failure established using accepted medical criteria. Iron deficiency (ID) was determined by serum ferritin. Anemia was defined for men (<13 g/dL) and women (<12 g/dL) as per World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. Absolute iron deficiency was indicated by serum ferritin (<100 mg/L) and iron deficiency serum ferritin levels (100–300 mg/L) in combination with low TSAT (<20%). Descriptive statistic was done using SPSS version 27.
Results: The overall mean age was 58.7 ± 12.6 years. There were 96 (65.8%) male and 50 (34.2%) female. Age-wise distribution of patients was as follows: 40 (27.4%) in 30-40 years, 68 (46.6%) in 41-50 years, and 38 (26%) in >51 years. The prevalence of iron deficiency was 78.1% (n=114) with 46.6% (n=68) having absolute ID and 31.5% (n=46) having functional ID. Male patients were less prone to ID than female. Different comorbidities such as diabetes, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, atrial fibrillation, primary valvular heart diseases, and secondary mitral regurgitation was found in 26 (17.8%), 68 (46.6%), 78 (53.4%), 34 (23.3%), 22 (15.1%), and 54 (37%) respectively.
Conclusion: The incidence of iron deficiency was 78.1% among the studied population. The prevalence of iron deficiency was significantly higher in females compared to males. In an actual patient population with congestive heart failure (CHF) and increasing prevalence of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, iron deficiency (ID) did not serve as a predictive factor for mortality or hospitalizations.
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Kamran Riaz
Trainee Medical Officer, Department of Cardiology, Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar – Pakistan
Asmara Ali
Specialist Registrar Cardiology, Eastbourne District General Hospital, Eastbourne - Sussex
Muhammad Ammar
MBBS FCPS Cardiac Surgery, Assistant Professor of Cardiac Surgery, Azra Naheed Medical College, Lahore - Pakistan
Naveed Yaqoob
Associate Professor of Cardiology, FG Polyclinic Hospital, NUST School of Health Sciences, Islamabad – Pakistan
Taqqadus Azad
Basic Health Unit, Pachiot - AJK
Sultan Abdulaziz B Alofi
Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland
Dhineswaran Raj Nagarajan
University of Buckingham, Buckinghamshire - UK
Nilani Sivapillai
University of Bath - UK
Hurerah Nawaz
Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland - Bahrain
Zainab Taher Hassan Abdulla Al Darwish
Dubai Academic Health Corporation (Dubai Health), Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences - UAE
Abdulaziz Alshamlan
Russels Hall Hospital - UK
Mohammad A S R AlHajri
Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland - Bahrain
Abdulrazaq Almusallam
Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland - Bahrain