A COMPLETE REVIEW ON LAVENDER AND THYME ANTIFUNGAL AGENT
Main Article Content
Keywords
Anti-Fungal agent, Thymonin, Linalool, Lavandula
Abstract
Thyme is a Mediterranean-native perennial wild shrub belonging to the Lamiaceae family. It has been studied for centuries because of its special significance in the food, medicine, and beauty industries. Thyme is rich in vitamins, minerals, and phytonutrients. Although it has a strong flavour, it is high in moisture, proteins, crude fiber, vitamins, and minerals. Its chemical makeup varies depending on the region, but flavonoids and antioxidants make up the majority of it. Prior research has demonstrated the medicinal benefits of thyme and its essential oils, particularly carvacrol and thymol, against a range of illnesses. Plants that bloom throughout Europe and the Mediterranean region include the lavandula species. Humans can benefit from lavender’s many health benefits. It is extensively utilized in the fields of foods, cosmetics, fragrances, and aromatherapy in addition to herbal medicine. Lavender has been used as a wound cleaner, to relieve biliousness, to cure colic and chest illnesses, and to worry about headaches. Among its many benefits include antifungal, antibacterial, neurologic, antimicrobial, anti-parasitic, anti-diabetic, and analgesic. There are potential biological uses for the lavender species, particularly in the field of dermatology.
References
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4. Catherine J. Chu, Lavender (Lavandula spp.), MD, MPH Lavender Page Longwood Herbal Task Force,
5. Cavanagh HMA, Wilkinson JM. (2002) Biological activities of lavender essential oil. Phytotherapy Research, 16, 301–308.
6. S. AN@LOVAR et al.: Thyme Essential Oil as Antimicrobial Additive, Food Technol. Biotechnol. 52 (2) 263–268 (2014).
7. Stahl-Biskup, E.; Venskutonis, R.P. Thyme. In Handbook of Herbs and Spices; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2012; pp. 499–525. ISBN 978-0-85709-039-3.
8. Jalas, J. Notes on Thymus L. (Labiatae) in Europe. I. Supraspecific Classification and Nomenclature. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 1971, 64, 199–215.
9. Morales. The History, Botany and Taxonomy of the Genus Thymus. In Thyme: The Genus Thymus; Stahl-Biskup, E., Sáez, F., Eds.; Taylor and Francis, Inc.: London, UK, 2002; pp. 1–43. Available online: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.1201/ 9780203216859-5/history-botany-taxonomy-genus-thymus-ram%C3%B3n-morales (accessed on 17 September 2023).
10. Talhouk, S.N.; Fabian, M.; Dagher, R. Landscape Plant Database. Department of Landscape Design & Ecosystem Management, American University of Beirut. Availableonline:https://landscapeplants.aub.edu.lb/Plants/PlantProfile/%20%20%27ccb1 11d-624a-44e4-8fe0-5c2df080bbb1 (accessed on 23 September 2023).
11. Dauqan, E.M.A.; Abdullah, A. Medicinal and Functional Values of Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) Herb. J. App. Biol. Biotechnol. 2017, 5, 017–022.
12. Almanea, A.; El-Aziz, G.S.A.; Ahmed, M.M.M. The Potential Gastrointestinal Health Benefits of Thymus vulgaris Essential Oil: A Review. Biomed. Pharmacol. J. 2019, 12, 1793–1799.
13. Jaafari, A.; Mouse, H.A.; Rakib, E.M.; M’barek, L.A.; Tilaoui, M.; Benbakhta, C.; Boulli, A.; Abbad, A.; Zyad, A. Chemical Composition and Antitumor Activity of Different Wild Varieties of Moroccan Thyme. Rev. Bras. Farm. 2007, 17, 477–491.
14. Arras, G.; Usai, M. Fungitoxic Activity of 12 Essential Oils against Four Postharvest Citrus Pathogens: Chemical Analysis of Thymus capitatus Oil and Its Effect in Subatmospheric Pressure Conditions. J. Food Prot. 2001, 64, 1025–1029.
15. Sakkas, H.; Papadopoulou, C. Antimicrobial Activity of Basil, Oregano, and Thyme Essential Oils. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2017, 27, 429–438.
16. Pristov, K.E.; Ghannoum, M.A. Resistance of Candida to Azoles and Echinocandins Worldwide. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 2019, 25, 792–798.
17. Alshaikh, N.A.; Perveen, K. Susceptibility of Fluconazole-Resistant Candida Albicans to Thyme Essential Oil. Microorganisms 2021, 9, 2454.
18. Pereira, R.; Dos Santos Fontenelle, R.O.; de Brito, E.H.S.; de Morais, S.M. Biofilm of Candida Albicans: Formation, Regulation and Resistance. J. Appl. Microbiol. 2021, 131, 11–22.
19. Jafri, H.; Ahmad, I. Thymus vulgaris Essential Oil and Thymol Inhibit Biofilms and Interact Synergistically with Antifungal Drugs against Drug Resistant Strains of Candida Albicans and Candida Tropicalis. J. Mycol. Med. 2020, 30, 100911.
20. Rajkowska, K.; Nowicka-Krawczyk, P.; Kunicka-Styczy ´nska, A. Effect of Clove and Thyme Essential Oils on Candida Biofilm Formation and the Oil Distribution in Yeast Cells. Molecules 2019, 24, 1954.
21. Karpi ´nski, T.M.; Ozarowski, M.; Seremak-Mrozikiewicz, A.; Wolski, H.; Adamczak, A. Plant Preparations and Compounds with ˙ Activities against Biofilms Formed by Candida spp. J. Fungi 2021, 7, 360.
22. Rajkowska, K.; Kunicka-Styczy ´nska, A.; Maroszy ´nska, M.; D ˛abrowska, M. The Effect of Thyme and Tea Tree Oils on Morphology and Metabolism of Candida Albicans. Acta Biochim. Pol. 2014, 61, 305–310.
23. Mandras, N.; Roana, J.; Scalas, D.; Del Re, S.; Cavallo, L.; Ghisetti, V.; Tullio, V. The Inhibition of Non-Albicans Candida Species and Uncommon Yeast Pathogens by Selected Essential Oils and Their Major Compounds. Molecules 2021, 26, 4937.
24. Schubert, M.; Spiegel, H.; Schillberg, S.; Nölke, G. Aspergillus-Specific Antibodies—Targets and Applications. Biotechnol. Adv. 2018, 36, 1167–1184.
25. Oliveira, R.C.; Carvajal-Moreno, M.; Correa, B.; Rojo-Callejas, F. Cellular, Physiological and Molecular Approaches to Investigate the Antifungal and Anti-Aflatoxigenic Effects of Thyme Essential Oil on Aspergillus Flavus. Food Chem. 2020, 315, 126096.
26. Hlebová, M.; Hleba, L.; Medo, J.; Kováˇcik, A.; Cubo ˇn, J.; Ivana, C.; Uzs ˇ áková, V.; Božik, M.; Klouˇcek, P. Antifungal and Synergistic Activities of Some Selected Essential Oils on the Growth of Significant Indoor Fungi of the Genus Aspergillus. J. Environ. Sci. Health Part A 2021, 56, 1335–1346.
27. Segvi´c Klari´c, M.; Kosalec, I.; Masteli´c, J.; Piecková, E.; Pepeljnak, S. Antifungal Activity of Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) Essential Oil and Thymol against Moulds from Damp Dwellings. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 2007, 44, 36–42.
28. Scalas, D.; Mandras, N.; Roana, J.; Tardugno, R.; Cuffini, A.M.; Ghisetti, V.; Benvenuti, S.; Tullio, V. Use of Pinus sylvestris L. (Pinaceae), Origanum vulgare L. (Lamiaceae), and Thymus vulgaris L. (Lamiaceae) Essential Oils and Their Main Components to Enhance Itraconazole Activity against Azole Susceptible/Not-Susceptible Cryptococcus Neoformans Strains. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 2018, 18, 143.
29. Jung, K.-W.; Chung, M.-S.; Bai, H.-W.; Chung, B.-Y.; Lee, S. Investigation of Antifungal Mechanisms of Thymol in the Human Fungal Pathogen, Cryptococcus Neoformans. Molecules 2021, 26, 3476.
30. Parrish, N.; Fisher, S.L.; Gartling, A.; Craig, D.; Boire, N.; Khuvis, J.; Riedel, S.; Zhang, S. Activity of Various Essential Oils Against Clinical Dermatophytes of Microsporum and Trichophyton. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol. 2020, 10, 545913.
31. Miastkowska, M.; Michalczyk, A.; Figacz, K.; Sikora, E. Nano formulations as a Modern Form of Biofungicide. J. Environ. Health Sci. Eng. 2020, 18, 119–128.
32. M.M. Al-Ansari, A.M.I. Andeejani, E. Alnahmi, R.H. AlMalki, A. Masood, P. Vijayaraghavan, A.A. Rahman, K.C. Choi. Insecticidal, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of essential oil from Lavandula latifolia L. and its deterrent effects on Euphoria leucographa. Ind. Crops Prod. 170, 113740 (2021).
33. L.S. Wagner, C.J. Sequin, N. Foti, M.P. Campos-Soldini. Insecticidal, fungicidal, phytotoxic activity and chemical composition of Lavandula dentata essential oil. Biocatal. Agric. Biotachnol.35, 102092 (2021).
34. A. Gismondi, G. Di Marco, E.L. Redi, L. Ferrucci, M. Cantonetti, A. Canini. The antimicrobial activity of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. Essential oil against Staphylococcus species in a hospital environment. J. Herb. Med. 26, 100426 (2021).
35. Z.H. Sharafabad, M. Abdipour, M. Hosseinifarahi, A. Kelidari, L. Rashidi. Integrated humic acid and vermicomposting changes essential oil quantity, and quality in field-grown Lavandula angustifolia L. intercropped with Brassica nigraL. Ind. Crops Prod. 178, 114635 (2022).
36. B. Soulaimani, A. Nafis, A. Kasrati, A. Rochdi, N.E. Mezrioui, A. Abbad, L. Hassani. Chemical composition, antimicrobial activity, and synergistic potential of essential oil from endemic Lavandula maroccana (Mill.). S. Afr. J. Bot. 125, 202-206 (2019).
37. K.D. Giannoulisa, V. Evangelopoulos, N. Gougoulias, E. Wogiatzi. Could bio-stimulators affect flower, essential oil yield, and its composition in organic lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) cultivation? Ind. Crops Prod. 154, 112611 (2020).
38. V.K. Rai, P. Sinha, K.S. Yadav, A. Shukla, A. Saxena, D.U. Bawankule, S. Tandon, F. Khan, C.S. Chanotiya, N.P. Yadav. Anti-psoriatic effect of Lavandula angustifolia essential oil and its major components linalool and linalyl acetate. J. Ethnopharmacol. 261, 113127 (2020).
39. A. Bouyahya, A. Et-Touys, J. Abrini, A. Talbaoui, H. Fellah, Y/ Bakri, N. Dakka. Lavandula stoechas essential oil from Morocco as novel source of antileishmanial, antibacterial and antioxidant activities. Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol. 12, 179-184, (2017).
40. Salehi, B.; Mnayer, D.; Özçelik, B.; Altin, G.; Kasapo ˘glu, K.N.; Daskaya-Dikmen, C.; Sharifi-Rad, M.; Selamoglu, Z.; Acharya, K.Sen, S.; et al. Plants of the Genus Lavandula: From Farm to Pharmacy. Nat. Prod. Commun. 2018, 13, 1385–1402.
41. Aprotosoaie, A.C.; Gille, E.; Trifan, A.; Luca, V.S.; Miron, A. Oils of Lavandula genus: A systematic review of their chemistry. Phytochem. Rev. 2017, 16, 761–799.
42. Wi ´nska, K.; M ˛aczka, W.; Łyczko, J.; Grabarczyk, M.; Czubaszek, A.; Szumny, A. Essential Oils as Antimicrobial Agents—Myth or Real Alternative? Molecules 2019, 24, 2130.
43. Messaoud, C.; Chograni, H.; Boussaid, M. Nat. Prod. Res., 2012, 26 (21), 1976-1984.
44. T Aburjai, M Hudiab, V Cavrini, Journal of Essential Oil Research, 2005, 12(1), 49-51.
45. Basch E, Foppa I, Liebowitz R, Nelson J, Smith M, Sollars D, Ulbricht C . Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Miller). J Herb Pharmacother(2004) 4:63–78.
46. Guillemain J, Rousseau A, Delaveau P (1989) Neurodepressive effects of the essential oil of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. In Proceedings of Ann Pharm Fr; pp. 337–343.
47. Adams R. (2001) Essential oil components by Quadrupole GC/MS. Allured Publishing Corp., Carol Stream, IL, USA.
48. TankerM, Tanker N, Şarer E, Atasü E, Şener B,Kurucu S, Meriçli F. (1993) Results of certain investigations on the volatile oil containing plants of Turkey. Essental oils Perfumery and Flavours, Başer KHC, Güler N.(eds), 16-32,İstanbul.
49. Albar AH, Youssef MH. (2002) Chemical constituents on essential oil in three species of Lavandula. 2nd Conference on Medicinal & Aromatic Plants of Southeast European Countries, 29 September-30 October, Chalkidiki-Greece: 94.
50. Stević T, Berić T, Šavikin K, Soković M, Gođevac D, Dimkić I, Stanković S. (2014) Antifungal activity of selected essential oils against fungi Isolated from medicinal plant. Industrial Crops and Products, 55, 116-122;
51. Soković MD, Van Griensven LJLD. (2006) Antimicrobial activity of essential oils and their components against the three major pathogens of the cultivated button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus. The European Journal Of Plant Pathology, 116, 211-224.
52. Behnam S, Farzaneh M, Ahmadzadeh M, Tehrani AS. (2006) Composition and antifungal activity of essential oils of Mentha piperita and
53. Lavandula angustifolia on post-harvest phytopathogens. Communications in Agricultural and Applied Biological Sciences, 71, 1321-1326.
54. Elad Y. (2007) Responses of plants to infection by Botrytis cinerea and novel means involved in reducing their susceptibility to infection. Biological Reviews, 72, 381-422.
2. F. D. D’ Aurea et al; Antifungal activity of Lavandula angustifolia essential oil against Candida albicans yeast and mycelial form, Medical Mycology, Volume 43, 391-396.
3. Lauren AE Erland et al; Antifungal Screening of Lavender Essential oils and Essential Oil Constituents on three Post-harvest Fungal Pathogens, Natural Product Communications 2016 Vol. 11 No. 4 523 – 527.
4. Catherine J. Chu, Lavender (Lavandula spp.), MD, MPH Lavender Page Longwood Herbal Task Force,
5. Cavanagh HMA, Wilkinson JM. (2002) Biological activities of lavender essential oil. Phytotherapy Research, 16, 301–308.
6. S. AN@LOVAR et al.: Thyme Essential Oil as Antimicrobial Additive, Food Technol. Biotechnol. 52 (2) 263–268 (2014).
7. Stahl-Biskup, E.; Venskutonis, R.P. Thyme. In Handbook of Herbs and Spices; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2012; pp. 499–525. ISBN 978-0-85709-039-3.
8. Jalas, J. Notes on Thymus L. (Labiatae) in Europe. I. Supraspecific Classification and Nomenclature. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 1971, 64, 199–215.
9. Morales. The History, Botany and Taxonomy of the Genus Thymus. In Thyme: The Genus Thymus; Stahl-Biskup, E., Sáez, F., Eds.; Taylor and Francis, Inc.: London, UK, 2002; pp. 1–43. Available online: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.1201/ 9780203216859-5/history-botany-taxonomy-genus-thymus-ram%C3%B3n-morales (accessed on 17 September 2023).
10. Talhouk, S.N.; Fabian, M.; Dagher, R. Landscape Plant Database. Department of Landscape Design & Ecosystem Management, American University of Beirut. Availableonline:https://landscapeplants.aub.edu.lb/Plants/PlantProfile/%20%20%27ccb1 11d-624a-44e4-8fe0-5c2df080bbb1 (accessed on 23 September 2023).
11. Dauqan, E.M.A.; Abdullah, A. Medicinal and Functional Values of Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) Herb. J. App. Biol. Biotechnol. 2017, 5, 017–022.
12. Almanea, A.; El-Aziz, G.S.A.; Ahmed, M.M.M. The Potential Gastrointestinal Health Benefits of Thymus vulgaris Essential Oil: A Review. Biomed. Pharmacol. J. 2019, 12, 1793–1799.
13. Jaafari, A.; Mouse, H.A.; Rakib, E.M.; M’barek, L.A.; Tilaoui, M.; Benbakhta, C.; Boulli, A.; Abbad, A.; Zyad, A. Chemical Composition and Antitumor Activity of Different Wild Varieties of Moroccan Thyme. Rev. Bras. Farm. 2007, 17, 477–491.
14. Arras, G.; Usai, M. Fungitoxic Activity of 12 Essential Oils against Four Postharvest Citrus Pathogens: Chemical Analysis of Thymus capitatus Oil and Its Effect in Subatmospheric Pressure Conditions. J. Food Prot. 2001, 64, 1025–1029.
15. Sakkas, H.; Papadopoulou, C. Antimicrobial Activity of Basil, Oregano, and Thyme Essential Oils. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2017, 27, 429–438.
16. Pristov, K.E.; Ghannoum, M.A. Resistance of Candida to Azoles and Echinocandins Worldwide. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 2019, 25, 792–798.
17. Alshaikh, N.A.; Perveen, K. Susceptibility of Fluconazole-Resistant Candida Albicans to Thyme Essential Oil. Microorganisms 2021, 9, 2454.
18. Pereira, R.; Dos Santos Fontenelle, R.O.; de Brito, E.H.S.; de Morais, S.M. Biofilm of Candida Albicans: Formation, Regulation and Resistance. J. Appl. Microbiol. 2021, 131, 11–22.
19. Jafri, H.; Ahmad, I. Thymus vulgaris Essential Oil and Thymol Inhibit Biofilms and Interact Synergistically with Antifungal Drugs against Drug Resistant Strains of Candida Albicans and Candida Tropicalis. J. Mycol. Med. 2020, 30, 100911.
20. Rajkowska, K.; Nowicka-Krawczyk, P.; Kunicka-Styczy ´nska, A. Effect of Clove and Thyme Essential Oils on Candida Biofilm Formation and the Oil Distribution in Yeast Cells. Molecules 2019, 24, 1954.
21. Karpi ´nski, T.M.; Ozarowski, M.; Seremak-Mrozikiewicz, A.; Wolski, H.; Adamczak, A. Plant Preparations and Compounds with ˙ Activities against Biofilms Formed by Candida spp. J. Fungi 2021, 7, 360.
22. Rajkowska, K.; Kunicka-Styczy ´nska, A.; Maroszy ´nska, M.; D ˛abrowska, M. The Effect of Thyme and Tea Tree Oils on Morphology and Metabolism of Candida Albicans. Acta Biochim. Pol. 2014, 61, 305–310.
23. Mandras, N.; Roana, J.; Scalas, D.; Del Re, S.; Cavallo, L.; Ghisetti, V.; Tullio, V. The Inhibition of Non-Albicans Candida Species and Uncommon Yeast Pathogens by Selected Essential Oils and Their Major Compounds. Molecules 2021, 26, 4937.
24. Schubert, M.; Spiegel, H.; Schillberg, S.; Nölke, G. Aspergillus-Specific Antibodies—Targets and Applications. Biotechnol. Adv. 2018, 36, 1167–1184.
25. Oliveira, R.C.; Carvajal-Moreno, M.; Correa, B.; Rojo-Callejas, F. Cellular, Physiological and Molecular Approaches to Investigate the Antifungal and Anti-Aflatoxigenic Effects of Thyme Essential Oil on Aspergillus Flavus. Food Chem. 2020, 315, 126096.
26. Hlebová, M.; Hleba, L.; Medo, J.; Kováˇcik, A.; Cubo ˇn, J.; Ivana, C.; Uzs ˇ áková, V.; Božik, M.; Klouˇcek, P. Antifungal and Synergistic Activities of Some Selected Essential Oils on the Growth of Significant Indoor Fungi of the Genus Aspergillus. J. Environ. Sci. Health Part A 2021, 56, 1335–1346.
27. Segvi´c Klari´c, M.; Kosalec, I.; Masteli´c, J.; Piecková, E.; Pepeljnak, S. Antifungal Activity of Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) Essential Oil and Thymol against Moulds from Damp Dwellings. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 2007, 44, 36–42.
28. Scalas, D.; Mandras, N.; Roana, J.; Tardugno, R.; Cuffini, A.M.; Ghisetti, V.; Benvenuti, S.; Tullio, V. Use of Pinus sylvestris L. (Pinaceae), Origanum vulgare L. (Lamiaceae), and Thymus vulgaris L. (Lamiaceae) Essential Oils and Their Main Components to Enhance Itraconazole Activity against Azole Susceptible/Not-Susceptible Cryptococcus Neoformans Strains. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 2018, 18, 143.
29. Jung, K.-W.; Chung, M.-S.; Bai, H.-W.; Chung, B.-Y.; Lee, S. Investigation of Antifungal Mechanisms of Thymol in the Human Fungal Pathogen, Cryptococcus Neoformans. Molecules 2021, 26, 3476.
30. Parrish, N.; Fisher, S.L.; Gartling, A.; Craig, D.; Boire, N.; Khuvis, J.; Riedel, S.; Zhang, S. Activity of Various Essential Oils Against Clinical Dermatophytes of Microsporum and Trichophyton. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol. 2020, 10, 545913.
31. Miastkowska, M.; Michalczyk, A.; Figacz, K.; Sikora, E. Nano formulations as a Modern Form of Biofungicide. J. Environ. Health Sci. Eng. 2020, 18, 119–128.
32. M.M. Al-Ansari, A.M.I. Andeejani, E. Alnahmi, R.H. AlMalki, A. Masood, P. Vijayaraghavan, A.A. Rahman, K.C. Choi. Insecticidal, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of essential oil from Lavandula latifolia L. and its deterrent effects on Euphoria leucographa. Ind. Crops Prod. 170, 113740 (2021).
33. L.S. Wagner, C.J. Sequin, N. Foti, M.P. Campos-Soldini. Insecticidal, fungicidal, phytotoxic activity and chemical composition of Lavandula dentata essential oil. Biocatal. Agric. Biotachnol.35, 102092 (2021).
34. A. Gismondi, G. Di Marco, E.L. Redi, L. Ferrucci, M. Cantonetti, A. Canini. The antimicrobial activity of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. Essential oil against Staphylococcus species in a hospital environment. J. Herb. Med. 26, 100426 (2021).
35. Z.H. Sharafabad, M. Abdipour, M. Hosseinifarahi, A. Kelidari, L. Rashidi. Integrated humic acid and vermicomposting changes essential oil quantity, and quality in field-grown Lavandula angustifolia L. intercropped with Brassica nigraL. Ind. Crops Prod. 178, 114635 (2022).
36. B. Soulaimani, A. Nafis, A. Kasrati, A. Rochdi, N.E. Mezrioui, A. Abbad, L. Hassani. Chemical composition, antimicrobial activity, and synergistic potential of essential oil from endemic Lavandula maroccana (Mill.). S. Afr. J. Bot. 125, 202-206 (2019).
37. K.D. Giannoulisa, V. Evangelopoulos, N. Gougoulias, E. Wogiatzi. Could bio-stimulators affect flower, essential oil yield, and its composition in organic lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) cultivation? Ind. Crops Prod. 154, 112611 (2020).
38. V.K. Rai, P. Sinha, K.S. Yadav, A. Shukla, A. Saxena, D.U. Bawankule, S. Tandon, F. Khan, C.S. Chanotiya, N.P. Yadav. Anti-psoriatic effect of Lavandula angustifolia essential oil and its major components linalool and linalyl acetate. J. Ethnopharmacol. 261, 113127 (2020).
39. A. Bouyahya, A. Et-Touys, J. Abrini, A. Talbaoui, H. Fellah, Y/ Bakri, N. Dakka. Lavandula stoechas essential oil from Morocco as novel source of antileishmanial, antibacterial and antioxidant activities. Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol. 12, 179-184, (2017).
40. Salehi, B.; Mnayer, D.; Özçelik, B.; Altin, G.; Kasapo ˘glu, K.N.; Daskaya-Dikmen, C.; Sharifi-Rad, M.; Selamoglu, Z.; Acharya, K.Sen, S.; et al. Plants of the Genus Lavandula: From Farm to Pharmacy. Nat. Prod. Commun. 2018, 13, 1385–1402.
41. Aprotosoaie, A.C.; Gille, E.; Trifan, A.; Luca, V.S.; Miron, A. Oils of Lavandula genus: A systematic review of their chemistry. Phytochem. Rev. 2017, 16, 761–799.
42. Wi ´nska, K.; M ˛aczka, W.; Łyczko, J.; Grabarczyk, M.; Czubaszek, A.; Szumny, A. Essential Oils as Antimicrobial Agents—Myth or Real Alternative? Molecules 2019, 24, 2130.
43. Messaoud, C.; Chograni, H.; Boussaid, M. Nat. Prod. Res., 2012, 26 (21), 1976-1984.
44. T Aburjai, M Hudiab, V Cavrini, Journal of Essential Oil Research, 2005, 12(1), 49-51.
45. Basch E, Foppa I, Liebowitz R, Nelson J, Smith M, Sollars D, Ulbricht C . Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Miller). J Herb Pharmacother(2004) 4:63–78.
46. Guillemain J, Rousseau A, Delaveau P (1989) Neurodepressive effects of the essential oil of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. In Proceedings of Ann Pharm Fr; pp. 337–343.
47. Adams R. (2001) Essential oil components by Quadrupole GC/MS. Allured Publishing Corp., Carol Stream, IL, USA.
48. TankerM, Tanker N, Şarer E, Atasü E, Şener B,Kurucu S, Meriçli F. (1993) Results of certain investigations on the volatile oil containing plants of Turkey. Essental oils Perfumery and Flavours, Başer KHC, Güler N.(eds), 16-32,İstanbul.
49. Albar AH, Youssef MH. (2002) Chemical constituents on essential oil in three species of Lavandula. 2nd Conference on Medicinal & Aromatic Plants of Southeast European Countries, 29 September-30 October, Chalkidiki-Greece: 94.
50. Stević T, Berić T, Šavikin K, Soković M, Gođevac D, Dimkić I, Stanković S. (2014) Antifungal activity of selected essential oils against fungi Isolated from medicinal plant. Industrial Crops and Products, 55, 116-122;
51. Soković MD, Van Griensven LJLD. (2006) Antimicrobial activity of essential oils and their components against the three major pathogens of the cultivated button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus. The European Journal Of Plant Pathology, 116, 211-224.
52. Behnam S, Farzaneh M, Ahmadzadeh M, Tehrani AS. (2006) Composition and antifungal activity of essential oils of Mentha piperita and
53. Lavandula angustifolia on post-harvest phytopathogens. Communications in Agricultural and Applied Biological Sciences, 71, 1321-1326.
54. Elad Y. (2007) Responses of plants to infection by Botrytis cinerea and novel means involved in reducing their susceptibility to infection. Biological Reviews, 72, 381-422.
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Jan 17, 2024
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Keyur Solanki, Ms. Foram Tapan Mehta, & , Dr. Pragnesh Patani. (2024). A COMPLETE REVIEW ON LAVENDER AND THYME ANTIFUNGAL AGENT. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(1), 776–783. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v31i1.4084
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Author Biographies
Keyur Solanki
Student, Khyati College of Pharmacy, Palodia, Ahmedabad
Ms. Foram Tapan Mehta
Assistant Professor, Khyati College of Pharmacy, Palodia, Ahmedabad
, Dr. Pragnesh Patani
Principal, Khyati College of Pharmacy, Palodia, Ahmedabad