CARDIOVASCULAR RISK MANAGEMENT IN DIABETES MELLITUS INSIGHTS INTO PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
Main Article Content
Keywords
SGLT2 inhibitors, GLP1 analogues, coronary revascularization, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, cardiovascular risk
Abstract
Background: Coronary artery disease (CAD) stands as the predominant cause of morbidity and mortality among individuals with diabetes mellitus. Concurrent risk factors in these patients accentuate cardiovascular risks, necessitating a comprehensive approach to their management.
Objectives:
- To explore primary preventive measures, emphasizing lifestyle modifications and risk factor control, aimed at averting the onset of CAD in diabetic individuals.
- To review recent clinical research elucidating indications for contemporary anti-diabetic therapies and distinctive considerations in coronary revascularization for diabetic patients.
Methods: The study encompasses a literature review focusing on preventive strategies and recent advancements in anti-diabetic treatments. Emphasis is placed on collaborative care involving cardiologists, endocrinologists, general practitioners, and nephrologists for comprehensive patient management.
Results: The findings highlight the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in addressing CAD risks in diabetic patients. Lifestyle interventions and stringent risk factor management emerge as pivotal in primary prevention. Furthermore, the study presents contemporary insights into anti-diabetic treatments and nuances in coronary revascularization tailored for this patient population.
Conclusion: The evolving role of cardiologists in the care of diabetic patients underscores the imperative for collaborative, holistic management strategies. Integrating the latest research findings with interdisciplinary expertise is crucial in optimizing outcomes for diabetic individuals at risk for CAD.
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34. Gürbak, İ., et al., CHA2DS2-VASc score as a predictor of no-reflow phenomenon after saphenous vein graft percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with non–ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes. Kardiologia Polska (Polish Heart Journal), 2020. 78(11): p. 1129-1136.
35. Baro, R., et al., High‐sensitivity cardiac troponin T as a predictor of acute Total occlusion in patients with non‐ST‐segment elevation acute coronary syndrome. Clinical Cardiology, 2019. 42(2): p. 222-226.
36. Dyrbuś, M. et al., Serum uric acid is an independent risk factor of worse mid- and long-term outcomes in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes. Cardiology Journal, 2021.
2. Cosentino, F. et al., 2019 E.S.C. Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases developed in collaboration with the E.A.S.D.: The Task Force for diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (E.S.C.) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (E.A.S.D.). European Heart Journal, 2020. 41(2): p. 255-323.
3. Hernandez, A.F., et al., Albiglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (Harmony Outcomes): a double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial. The Lancet, 2018. 392(10157): p. 1519-1529.
4. Goran, MI, G.D. Ball, and M.L. Cruz, Obesity and risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in children and adolescents. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 2003. 88(4): p. 1417-1427.
5. Al-Salameh, A., et al. Cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes: a review of sex-related differences in predisposition and prevention. In Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2019. Elsevier.
6. Liu, H., et al., The mediating Effect of self-efficacy on the relationship between medication literacy and medication adherence among patients with type 2 diabetes. Patient preference and adherence, 2023: p. 1657-1670.
7. Organization, W.H., The atlas of heart disease and stroke. 2004.
8. Khunti, K. and S. Ganguli, Who looks after people with diabetes: primary or secondary care? Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 2000. 93(4): p. 183-186.
9. Meigs, J.B., et al., A controlled trial of web-based diabetes disease management: the M.G.H. diabetes primary care improvement project. Diabetes care, 2003. 26(3): p. 750-757.
10. Lean, ME, et al., Primary care-led weight management for remission of type 2 diabetes (DiRECT): an open-label, cluster-randomized trial. The Lancet, 2018. 391(10120): p. 541-551.
11. Corser, W., et al., A shared decision-making primary care intervention for type 2 diabetes. The Diabetes Educator, 2007. 33(4): pp. 700-708.
12. Seidu, S., et al., A disease state approach to the pharmacological management of Type 2 diabetes in primary care: a position statement by Primary Care Diabetes Europe. Prior Care Diabetes, 2021. 15(1): p. 31-51.
13. Bastien, M., et al., Overview of epidemiology and contribution of obesity to cardiovascular disease. Progress in cardiovascular diseases, 2014. 56(4): p. 369-381.
14. Preston, S.H. and A. Stokes, Contribution of obesity to international differences in life expectancy. American Journal of Public Health, 2011. 101(11): p. 2137-2143.
15. Baliga, V. and R. Sapsford, Diabetes mellitus and heart failure—an overview of epidemiology and management. Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research, 2009. 6(3): p. 164-171.
16. Evans, C.H., J. Lee, and M.K. Ruhlman, Optimal glucose management in the perioperative period. Surgical Clinics, 2015. 95(2): p. 337-354.
17. Krinsley, J.S. Effect of an intensive glucose management protocol on the mortality of critically ill adult patients. in Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2004. Elsevier.
18. Solis, M.Y., G.G. Artioli, and B. Gualano, Potential of creatine in glucose management and diabetes. Nutrients, 2021. 13(2): p. 570.
19. Yanai, H., et al., Molecular biological and clinical understanding of the pathophysiology and treatments of hyperuricemia and its Association with metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases and chronic kidney disease. International journal of molecular sciences, 2021. 22(17): p. 9221.
20. Cook, C., et al. Association of renal transplantation with reduced risk of myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke in ANCA-associated vasculitis: An observational cohort study. In Seminars on Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2021. Elsevier.
21. Xu, J., et al., Association between plasma trimethyllysine and prognosis of patients with ischemic stroke. Journal of the American Heart Association, 2021. 10(23): p. e020979.
22. Chen, D.Y., et al., Cardiovascular outcomes of vildagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus after acute coronary syndrome or ischemic stroke. Journal of Diabetes Investigation, 2020. 11(1): p. 110-124.
23. Steen, D.L., et al., Event rates and risk factors for recurrent cardiovascular events and mortality in a contemporary post-acute coronary syndrome population representing 239 234 patients from 2005 to 2018 in the United States. Journal of the American Heart Association, 2022. 11(9): p. e022198.
24. Kwon, O., et al., Sodium‐Glucose Cotransporter‐2 Inhibitors After Acute Myocardial Infarction in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Population‐Based Investigation. Journal of the American Heart Association, 2023. 12(14): p. e027824.
25. Moussa, O., et al., Effect of bariatric surgery on long-term cardiovascular outcomes: a nationwide nested cohort study. European Heart Journal, 2020. 41(28): p. 2660-2667.
26. Huang, N.K., et al., Associations of serum nonesterified fatty acids with coronary heart disease mortality and non-fatal myocardial infarction: the C.H.S. (cardiovascular health study) cohort. Journal of the American Heart Association, 2021. 10(6): p. e019135.
27. Baber, U., et al., Ticagrelor alone vs. ticagrelor plus aspirin following percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes: TWILIGHT-ACS. European Heart Journal, 2020. 41(37): p. 3533-3545.
28. Zhao, Q., et al., Triglyceride-glucose index as a surrogate marker of insulin resistance for predicting cardiovascular outcomes in non-diabetic patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Journal of atherosclerosis and thrombosis, 2021. 28(11): p. 1175-1194.
29. Zhang, Q., M. Hu, and S. Ma, Association of soluble suppression of tumorigenicity with no-reflow phenomenon and long-term prognosis in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome after percutaneous coronary intervention. Journal of atherosclerosis and thrombosis, 2021. 28(12): pp. 1289-1297.
30. Butt, J.H., et al., Importance of Risk Assessment in Timing of Invasive Coronary Evaluation and Treatment of Patients With Non–ST‐Segment–Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome: Insights From the VERDICT Trial. Journal of the American Heart Association, 2021. 10(19): p. e022333.
31. Kanaji, Y. et al., Pre‐percutaneous coronary intervention per coronary adipose tissue attenuation evaluated by computed tomography predicts global coronary flow reserve after urgent revascularization in patients with st‐segment–elevation acute coronary syndrome. Journal of the American Heart Association, 2020. 9(17): p. e016504.
32. Yang, N., et al., Performance on Management Strategies with Class I Recommendation and A Level of Evidence among Hospitalized Patients with non–ST-segment elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome in China: Findings from the Improving Care for Cardiovascular Disease in China–Acute Coronary Syndrome (CCC-ACS) project. American Heart Journal, 2019. 212: p. 80-90.
33. Piątek, Ł., et al., Gender-related disparities in the treatment and outcomes in patients with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: results from the Polish Registry of Acute Coronary Syndromes (PL-ACS) in the years 2012–2014. Archives of Medical Science, 2020. 14(1).
34. Gürbak, İ., et al., CHA2DS2-VASc score as a predictor of no-reflow phenomenon after saphenous vein graft percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with non–ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes. Kardiologia Polska (Polish Heart Journal), 2020. 78(11): p. 1129-1136.
35. Baro, R., et al., High‐sensitivity cardiac troponin T as a predictor of acute Total occlusion in patients with non‐ST‐segment elevation acute coronary syndrome. Clinical Cardiology, 2019. 42(2): p. 222-226.
36. Dyrbuś, M. et al., Serum uric acid is an independent risk factor of worse mid- and long-term outcomes in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes. Cardiology Journal, 2021.
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Published
Jan 12, 2024
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How to Cite
Abdulwahhab Alabid, Ernst Louis, Anderson Mesidor, Hamdy Mohamed Kassem, Aviskar Chapagain, Krishna Kandel, Dr. Umar Riaz, & Muhammad Usama Bin Shabbir. (2024). CARDIOVASCULAR RISK MANAGEMENT IN DIABETES MELLITUS INSIGHTS INTO PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(1), 429–438. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v31i1.4022
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
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Author Biographies
Abdulwahhab Alabid
Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Tripoli Medical Center, University of Tripoli, Libya,
Ernst Louis
Medical Doctor, Internal Medicine/Cardiovascular Disease, State University of Haiti, Institute of Surgery and Cardiovascular Diseases, Cuba.
Anderson Mesidor
University’ d’Etat d’, Haiti.
Hamdy Mohamed Kassem
ICU Registrar, Cairo University Egypt
Aviskar Chapagain
Medical Officers, Herchacha Healthcare Pvt LTD, Nepal.
Krishna Kandel
Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Institute of Medicine, Nepal.
Dr. Umar Riaz
Sofia University, Bulgaria.
Muhammad Usama Bin Shabbir
House Officer, Department of General Surgery, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS), Islamabad, Pakistan.