IMPACT OF CHARACTER STRENGTHS ON PSYCHOLOGICAL WELLBEING IN ADOLESCENTS WITH PHYSICAL DISABILITIES: EXAMINING THE MEDIATING EFFECT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTRESS
Main Article Content
Keywords
Character Strengths, Psychological Wellbeing, Psychological Distress, Adolescents with Physical Disabilities
Abstract
Research suggests that character strengths can significantly impact the psychological wellbeing of adolescents with physical disabilities. Therefore, this study has led to an investigation into the influence of character strengths on psychological wellbeing, including psychological distress as mediator. A total of 84 adolescents with physical disabilities (51 boys, 60.7%; 33 girls, 39.3%) participated in a cross-sectional survey with the age range from 12 to 17 years (M = 15.73, SD = 1.94). The data was collected from special education schools by using measures i.e., Value in Action Inventory for Youth, Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale, Patient Health Questionnaire, and Generalised Anxiety Disorder. Findings revealed a significant predictive relationship between character strengths (bravery, perspective, and zest) and psychological wellbeing and mediated by psychological distress (β = .21). This study is a significant addition in positive psychology interventions for adolescents with physical disabilities, improving their wellbeing involves addressing character strengths and psychological distress.
References
1. An, H. Y., Chen, W., Wang, C. W., Yang, H. F., Huang, W. T., & Fan, S. Y. (2020). The relationships between physical activity and life satisfaction and happiness among young, middle-aged, and older adults. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(13), 4817. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134817
2. Arslan, G., & Yıldırım, M. (2021). Coronavirus stress, meaningful living, optimism, and depressive symptoms: A study of moderated mediation model. Australian Journal of Psychology, 73(2), 113-124. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049530.2021.1882273
3. Aruta, J. J. B. R., Callueng, C., Antazo, B. G., & Ballada, C. J. A. (2022). The mediating role of psychological distress on the link between socio‐ecological factors and quality of life of Filipino adults during COVID‐19 crisis. Journal of Community Psychology, 50(2), 712-726. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.22668
4. Azañedo, C. M., Sastre, S., Artola, T., Alvarado, J. M., & Jiménez-Blanco, A. (2020). Social intelligence and psychological distress: subjective and psychological well-being as mediators. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(21), 7785.
5. Bartholomaeus, J. D., Iasiello, M. P., Jarden, A., Burke, K. J., & van Agteren, J. (2020). Evaluating the Psychometric Properties of the PERMA profiler. Journal of Well-Being Assessment, 4, 163-180.
6. Bezyak, J. L., Sabella, S., Hammel, J., McDonald, K., Jones, R, A., Barton, D. (2020). Community participation and public transportation barriers experienced by people with disabilities. Disability Rehabilitation. 42, 3275–83. doi: 10.1080/09638288.2019.1590469
7. Chakhssi, F., Kraiss, J. T., Sommers-Spijkerman, M., & Bohlmeijer, E. T. (2018). The effect of positive psychology interventions on well-being and distress in clinical samples with psychiatric or somatic disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC psychiatry, 18, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-018-1739-2
8. Chou, C. C., Chan, F., Phillips, B., & Chan, J. Y. C. (2013). Introduction to positive psychology in rehabilitation. Rehabilitation Research, Policy, and Education, 27(3), 126-130. doi: 10.1891/2168-6653.27.3.126
9. Dahlsgaard, K., Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. (2005). Shared virtue: The convergence of valued human strengths across culture and history. Review of general psychology, 9(3), 203-213. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.9.3.203
10. de Carvalho, T. F., de Aquino, S. D., & Natividade, J. C. (2023). Flourishing in the Brazilian context: Evidence of the validity of the PERMA-profiler scale: PERMA-profiler Brazil. Current Psychology, 42(3), 1828-1840.
11. Edwards, K. A., Alschuler, K. A., Ehde, D. M., Battalio, S. L., & Jensen, M. P. (2017). Changes in resilience predict function in adults with physical disabilities: a longitudinal study. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 98(2), 329-336. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2016.09.123
12. Emmons, R. A., & McCullough, M. E. (2003). Counting blessings versus burdens: An experimental investigation of gratitude and subjective well-being in daily life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(2), 377–389. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.2.377
13. Gander, F., Proyer, R. T., Ruch, W., & Wyss, T. (2013). Strength-based positive interventions: Further evidence for their potential in enhancing well-being and alleviating depression. Journal of happiness studies, 14, 1241-1259. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-012-9380- 0
14. García-Castro, F. J., Alba, A., & Blanca, M. J. (2020). Association between character strengths and caregiver burden: Hope as a mediator. Journal of Happiness Studies, 21, 1445-1462.
15. Gillham, J., Adams-Deutsch, Z., Werner, J., Reivich, K., Coulter-Heindl, V., Linkins, M., ... & Seligman, M. E. (2011). Character strengths predict subjective well-being during adolescence. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 6(1), 31-44.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2010.536773
16. Hausler, M., Strecker, C., Huber, A., Brenner, M., Höge, T., & Höfer, S. (2017). Distinguishing relational aspects of character strengths with subjective and psychological well-being. Frontiers in psychology, 8, 1159.
17. Haider, N. ., Rauf, M. ., Sulman Butt, M. ., Shahbaz, F. ., Bilal Afzal, M. ., Ullah, S. ., & Saleem, J. . (2022). Incidence of Complications of Colostomy in Children with Hirschsprung Disease and Anorectal Malformation: Complications of Colostomy in Children. Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences, 3(07), 156–160. https://doi.org/10.54393/pjhs.v3i07.431
18. Huffman, J. C., DuBois, C. M., Healy, B. C., Boehm, J. K., Kashdan, T. B., Celano, C. M., ... & Lyubomirsky, S. (2014). Feasibility and utility of positive psychology exercises for suicidal inpatients. General hospital psychiatry, 36(1), 88-94.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2013.10.006
19. Huta, V., & Hawley, L. (2010). Psychological strengths and cognitive vulnerabilities: Are they two ends of the same continuum or do they have independent relationships with well-being and ill-being? Journal of Happiness Studies, 11, 71-93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-008-9123-4
20. Lee, B. (2022). A serial mediation model of gratitude on life satisfaction in people with multiple sclerosis: The intermediary role of perceived stress and mental health symptoms. Multiple sclerosis and related disorders, 58, 103421. doi: 10.1016/j.msard.2021.103421
21. Lee, B., Rumrill, P., & Tansey, T. N. (2022). Examining the role of resilience and hope in grit in multiple sclerosis. Frontiers in Neurology, 13, 875133. doi: 10.1177/00343552211025534
22. Lee, B., Tansey, T. N., Chan, F., Bishop, M., Hoyt, W. T., & Hancock, L. M. (2022). Exploration of the effects of protective person–environment factors between functional impairments and stress in individuals with multiple sclerosis: mediation and moderation analyses. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 65(2), 95-107. doi: 10.1177/00343552211025534
23. Littman-Ovadia, H., & Lavy, S. (2011). Character strengths in Israel. European Journal of Psychological Assessment. 28, 41–50. doi: 10.1027/1015-5759/a000089
24. Madan, S., & Pakenham, K. I. (2014). The stress-buffering effects of hope on adjustment to multiple sclerosis. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 21, 877-890. doi: 10.1007/s12529-013-9384-0
25. Martz, E., & Livneh, H. (Eds.). (2016). Coping with chronic illness and disability: Theoretical, empirical, and clinical aspects. Springer Science + Business Media. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-48670-3
26. Niemiec, R. M. (2019). Finding the golden mean: the overuse, underuse, and optimal use of character strengths. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 32(3-4), 453-471.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09515070.2019.1617674
27. Padilla-Walker, L. M., Millett, M. A., & Memmott-Elison, M. K. (2020). Can helping others strengthen teens? Character strengths as mediators between prosocial behavior and adolescents’ internalizing symptoms. Journal of Adolescence, 79, 70-80.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2020.01.001
28. Park, N. (2004). Character strengths and positive youth development. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 591(1), 40-54. doi 10.1177/0002716203260079
29. Park, N., & Peterson, C. (2006). Moral competence and character strengths among adolescents: The development and validation of the Values in Action Inventory of Strengths for Youth. Journal of Adolescence, 29, 891–909.
30. Park, N., & Peterson, C. (2008). Positive Psychology and Character Strengths: Application to Strengths-Based School Counselling. Professional School Couseling, 12 (2), 85–92.
31. Park, N., Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. (2004). Strengths of character and well-being. Journal of social and Clinical Psychology, 23(5), 603-619. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.23.5.603.50748
32. Peterson, C. (2006). A primer in positive psychology. New York: Oxford University Press.
33. Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. (2004). Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification (Vol. 1). Oxford University Press.
34. Peterson, C., Park, N., & Seligman, M. E. (2006). Greater strengths of character and recovery from illness. The journal of positive psychology, 1(1), 17-26.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760500372739
35. Proctor, C., Maltby, J., & Linley, P. A. (2011). Strengths use as a predictor of well-being and health-related quality of life. Journal of Happiness Studies, 12, 153-169. doi: 10.1007/s10902-009-9181-2
36. Proyer, R. T., Gander, F., Wellenzohn, S., & Ruch, W. (2013). What good are character strengths beyond subjective well-being? The contribution of the good character on self-reported health-oriented behavior, physical fitness, and the subjective health status. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 8(3), 222-232. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2013.777767
37. Proyer, R. T., Gander, F., Wellenzohn, S., & Ruch, W. (2015). Strengths-based positive psychology interventions: A randomized placebo-controlled online trial on long-term effects for a signature strengths-vs. a lesser strengths-intervention. Frontiers in psychology, 6, 456. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00456
38. Ryan, G., (2016, July 2). Adolescence is an important time of change. University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics. Retrieved January 27, 2023, from https://uihc.org/health-topics/adolescence-important-time-change
39. Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55(1), 5–14. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.5
40. Seligman, M. E., Steen, T. A., Park, N., & Peterson, C. (2005). Positive psychology progress: empirical validation of interventions. American psychologist, 60(5), 410. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.60.5.410
41. Seligman, M.E.P., Ernst, R., Gillham, J., Reivich, K., & Linkins, M. (2009). Positive education: Positive psychology and classroom interventions. Oxford Review of Education, 35, 293–311.
42. Tansey, T. N., Smedema, S., Umucu, E., Iwanaga, K., Wu, J. R., Cardoso, E. D. S., & Strauser, D. (2018). Assessing College Life Adjustment of Students With Disabilities: Application of the PERMA Framework. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 61(3), 131-142.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0034355217702136
43. Thapar, A., Collishaw, S., Pine, D. S., & Thapar, A. K. (2012). Depression in adolescence. The Lancet, 379(9820), 1056–1067. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11) 60871-4.
44. Thomas, H. J., Chan, G. C., Scott, J. G., Connor, J. P., Kelly, A. B., & Williams, J. (2016). Association of different forms of bullying victimisation with adolescents’ psychological distress and reduced emotional wellbeing. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 50(4), 371-379. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867415600076
45. Umucu, E. (2021). Functional limitations and worrying to lose employment among individuals with chronic conditions and disabilities during COVID-19: A hierarchical logistic regression model. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 54(1), 25-32. doi: 10.3233/JVR-201114
46. Umucu, E., & Lee, B. (2020). Examining the impact of COVID-19 on stress and coping strategies in individuals with disabilities and chronic conditions. Rehabilitation psychology, 65(3), 193–198. https://doi.org/10.1037/rep0000328
47. Umucu, E., Lee, B., Genova, H. M., Chopik, W. J., Sung, C., Yasuoka, M., & Niemiec, R. M. (2022). Character Strengths Across Disabilities: An International Exploratory Study and Implications for Positive Psychiatry and Psychology. Frontiers in psychiatry, 13, 863977. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.863977
48. Umucu, E., Tansey, T. N., Brooks, J., & Lee, B. (2021). The protective role of character strengths in COVID-19 stress and well-being in individuals with chronic conditions and disabilities: An exploratory study. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 64(2), 67-74.
doi: 10.1177/0034355220967093
49. Van der Heijden, B. I., Mulder, R. H., König, C., & Anselmann, V. (2017). Toward a mediation model for nurses’ well-being and psychological distress effects of quality of leadership and social support at work. Medicine, 96(15). doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000006505
50. Vogel, D. L., & Wei, M. (2005). Adult Attachment and Help-Seeking Intent: The Mediating Roles of Psychological Distress and Perceived Social Support. Journal of Counseling psychology, 52(3), 347. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.52.3.347
51. Wehmeyer, M. L. (2021). The future of positive psychology and disability. Frontiers in psychology, 12, 790506. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.790506
52. World Health Organization [WHO]. Disability and Health. (2020). Available online at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/disability-and-health.
53. Wright, B. (1983). Physical Disability: A Psychosocial Approach (2nd ed., p. 25). New York: Harper & Row. https://doi.org/10.1037/10589-000
54. Yurayat, P., & Seechaliao, T. (2021). Effectiveness of online positive psychology intervention on psychological well-being among undergraduate students. Journal of Education and Learning, 10(4), 143-155.
2. Arslan, G., & Yıldırım, M. (2021). Coronavirus stress, meaningful living, optimism, and depressive symptoms: A study of moderated mediation model. Australian Journal of Psychology, 73(2), 113-124. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049530.2021.1882273
3. Aruta, J. J. B. R., Callueng, C., Antazo, B. G., & Ballada, C. J. A. (2022). The mediating role of psychological distress on the link between socio‐ecological factors and quality of life of Filipino adults during COVID‐19 crisis. Journal of Community Psychology, 50(2), 712-726. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.22668
4. Azañedo, C. M., Sastre, S., Artola, T., Alvarado, J. M., & Jiménez-Blanco, A. (2020). Social intelligence and psychological distress: subjective and psychological well-being as mediators. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(21), 7785.
5. Bartholomaeus, J. D., Iasiello, M. P., Jarden, A., Burke, K. J., & van Agteren, J. (2020). Evaluating the Psychometric Properties of the PERMA profiler. Journal of Well-Being Assessment, 4, 163-180.
6. Bezyak, J. L., Sabella, S., Hammel, J., McDonald, K., Jones, R, A., Barton, D. (2020). Community participation and public transportation barriers experienced by people with disabilities. Disability Rehabilitation. 42, 3275–83. doi: 10.1080/09638288.2019.1590469
7. Chakhssi, F., Kraiss, J. T., Sommers-Spijkerman, M., & Bohlmeijer, E. T. (2018). The effect of positive psychology interventions on well-being and distress in clinical samples with psychiatric or somatic disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC psychiatry, 18, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-018-1739-2
8. Chou, C. C., Chan, F., Phillips, B., & Chan, J. Y. C. (2013). Introduction to positive psychology in rehabilitation. Rehabilitation Research, Policy, and Education, 27(3), 126-130. doi: 10.1891/2168-6653.27.3.126
9. Dahlsgaard, K., Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. (2005). Shared virtue: The convergence of valued human strengths across culture and history. Review of general psychology, 9(3), 203-213. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.9.3.203
10. de Carvalho, T. F., de Aquino, S. D., & Natividade, J. C. (2023). Flourishing in the Brazilian context: Evidence of the validity of the PERMA-profiler scale: PERMA-profiler Brazil. Current Psychology, 42(3), 1828-1840.
11. Edwards, K. A., Alschuler, K. A., Ehde, D. M., Battalio, S. L., & Jensen, M. P. (2017). Changes in resilience predict function in adults with physical disabilities: a longitudinal study. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 98(2), 329-336. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2016.09.123
12. Emmons, R. A., & McCullough, M. E. (2003). Counting blessings versus burdens: An experimental investigation of gratitude and subjective well-being in daily life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(2), 377–389. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.2.377
13. Gander, F., Proyer, R. T., Ruch, W., & Wyss, T. (2013). Strength-based positive interventions: Further evidence for their potential in enhancing well-being and alleviating depression. Journal of happiness studies, 14, 1241-1259. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-012-9380- 0
14. García-Castro, F. J., Alba, A., & Blanca, M. J. (2020). Association between character strengths and caregiver burden: Hope as a mediator. Journal of Happiness Studies, 21, 1445-1462.
15. Gillham, J., Adams-Deutsch, Z., Werner, J., Reivich, K., Coulter-Heindl, V., Linkins, M., ... & Seligman, M. E. (2011). Character strengths predict subjective well-being during adolescence. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 6(1), 31-44.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2010.536773
16. Hausler, M., Strecker, C., Huber, A., Brenner, M., Höge, T., & Höfer, S. (2017). Distinguishing relational aspects of character strengths with subjective and psychological well-being. Frontiers in psychology, 8, 1159.
17. Haider, N. ., Rauf, M. ., Sulman Butt, M. ., Shahbaz, F. ., Bilal Afzal, M. ., Ullah, S. ., & Saleem, J. . (2022). Incidence of Complications of Colostomy in Children with Hirschsprung Disease and Anorectal Malformation: Complications of Colostomy in Children. Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences, 3(07), 156–160. https://doi.org/10.54393/pjhs.v3i07.431
18. Huffman, J. C., DuBois, C. M., Healy, B. C., Boehm, J. K., Kashdan, T. B., Celano, C. M., ... & Lyubomirsky, S. (2014). Feasibility and utility of positive psychology exercises for suicidal inpatients. General hospital psychiatry, 36(1), 88-94.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2013.10.006
19. Huta, V., & Hawley, L. (2010). Psychological strengths and cognitive vulnerabilities: Are they two ends of the same continuum or do they have independent relationships with well-being and ill-being? Journal of Happiness Studies, 11, 71-93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-008-9123-4
20. Lee, B. (2022). A serial mediation model of gratitude on life satisfaction in people with multiple sclerosis: The intermediary role of perceived stress and mental health symptoms. Multiple sclerosis and related disorders, 58, 103421. doi: 10.1016/j.msard.2021.103421
21. Lee, B., Rumrill, P., & Tansey, T. N. (2022). Examining the role of resilience and hope in grit in multiple sclerosis. Frontiers in Neurology, 13, 875133. doi: 10.1177/00343552211025534
22. Lee, B., Tansey, T. N., Chan, F., Bishop, M., Hoyt, W. T., & Hancock, L. M. (2022). Exploration of the effects of protective person–environment factors between functional impairments and stress in individuals with multiple sclerosis: mediation and moderation analyses. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 65(2), 95-107. doi: 10.1177/00343552211025534
23. Littman-Ovadia, H., & Lavy, S. (2011). Character strengths in Israel. European Journal of Psychological Assessment. 28, 41–50. doi: 10.1027/1015-5759/a000089
24. Madan, S., & Pakenham, K. I. (2014). The stress-buffering effects of hope on adjustment to multiple sclerosis. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 21, 877-890. doi: 10.1007/s12529-013-9384-0
25. Martz, E., & Livneh, H. (Eds.). (2016). Coping with chronic illness and disability: Theoretical, empirical, and clinical aspects. Springer Science + Business Media. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-48670-3
26. Niemiec, R. M. (2019). Finding the golden mean: the overuse, underuse, and optimal use of character strengths. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 32(3-4), 453-471.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09515070.2019.1617674
27. Padilla-Walker, L. M., Millett, M. A., & Memmott-Elison, M. K. (2020). Can helping others strengthen teens? Character strengths as mediators between prosocial behavior and adolescents’ internalizing symptoms. Journal of Adolescence, 79, 70-80.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2020.01.001
28. Park, N. (2004). Character strengths and positive youth development. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 591(1), 40-54. doi 10.1177/0002716203260079
29. Park, N., & Peterson, C. (2006). Moral competence and character strengths among adolescents: The development and validation of the Values in Action Inventory of Strengths for Youth. Journal of Adolescence, 29, 891–909.
30. Park, N., & Peterson, C. (2008). Positive Psychology and Character Strengths: Application to Strengths-Based School Counselling. Professional School Couseling, 12 (2), 85–92.
31. Park, N., Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. (2004). Strengths of character and well-being. Journal of social and Clinical Psychology, 23(5), 603-619. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.23.5.603.50748
32. Peterson, C. (2006). A primer in positive psychology. New York: Oxford University Press.
33. Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. (2004). Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification (Vol. 1). Oxford University Press.
34. Peterson, C., Park, N., & Seligman, M. E. (2006). Greater strengths of character and recovery from illness. The journal of positive psychology, 1(1), 17-26.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760500372739
35. Proctor, C., Maltby, J., & Linley, P. A. (2011). Strengths use as a predictor of well-being and health-related quality of life. Journal of Happiness Studies, 12, 153-169. doi: 10.1007/s10902-009-9181-2
36. Proyer, R. T., Gander, F., Wellenzohn, S., & Ruch, W. (2013). What good are character strengths beyond subjective well-being? The contribution of the good character on self-reported health-oriented behavior, physical fitness, and the subjective health status. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 8(3), 222-232. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2013.777767
37. Proyer, R. T., Gander, F., Wellenzohn, S., & Ruch, W. (2015). Strengths-based positive psychology interventions: A randomized placebo-controlled online trial on long-term effects for a signature strengths-vs. a lesser strengths-intervention. Frontiers in psychology, 6, 456. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00456
38. Ryan, G., (2016, July 2). Adolescence is an important time of change. University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics. Retrieved January 27, 2023, from https://uihc.org/health-topics/adolescence-important-time-change
39. Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55(1), 5–14. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.5
40. Seligman, M. E., Steen, T. A., Park, N., & Peterson, C. (2005). Positive psychology progress: empirical validation of interventions. American psychologist, 60(5), 410. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.60.5.410
41. Seligman, M.E.P., Ernst, R., Gillham, J., Reivich, K., & Linkins, M. (2009). Positive education: Positive psychology and classroom interventions. Oxford Review of Education, 35, 293–311.
42. Tansey, T. N., Smedema, S., Umucu, E., Iwanaga, K., Wu, J. R., Cardoso, E. D. S., & Strauser, D. (2018). Assessing College Life Adjustment of Students With Disabilities: Application of the PERMA Framework. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 61(3), 131-142.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0034355217702136
43. Thapar, A., Collishaw, S., Pine, D. S., & Thapar, A. K. (2012). Depression in adolescence. The Lancet, 379(9820), 1056–1067. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11) 60871-4.
44. Thomas, H. J., Chan, G. C., Scott, J. G., Connor, J. P., Kelly, A. B., & Williams, J. (2016). Association of different forms of bullying victimisation with adolescents’ psychological distress and reduced emotional wellbeing. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 50(4), 371-379. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867415600076
45. Umucu, E. (2021). Functional limitations and worrying to lose employment among individuals with chronic conditions and disabilities during COVID-19: A hierarchical logistic regression model. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 54(1), 25-32. doi: 10.3233/JVR-201114
46. Umucu, E., & Lee, B. (2020). Examining the impact of COVID-19 on stress and coping strategies in individuals with disabilities and chronic conditions. Rehabilitation psychology, 65(3), 193–198. https://doi.org/10.1037/rep0000328
47. Umucu, E., Lee, B., Genova, H. M., Chopik, W. J., Sung, C., Yasuoka, M., & Niemiec, R. M. (2022). Character Strengths Across Disabilities: An International Exploratory Study and Implications for Positive Psychiatry and Psychology. Frontiers in psychiatry, 13, 863977. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.863977
48. Umucu, E., Tansey, T. N., Brooks, J., & Lee, B. (2021). The protective role of character strengths in COVID-19 stress and well-being in individuals with chronic conditions and disabilities: An exploratory study. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 64(2), 67-74.
doi: 10.1177/0034355220967093
49. Van der Heijden, B. I., Mulder, R. H., König, C., & Anselmann, V. (2017). Toward a mediation model for nurses’ well-being and psychological distress effects of quality of leadership and social support at work. Medicine, 96(15). doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000006505
50. Vogel, D. L., & Wei, M. (2005). Adult Attachment and Help-Seeking Intent: The Mediating Roles of Psychological Distress and Perceived Social Support. Journal of Counseling psychology, 52(3), 347. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.52.3.347
51. Wehmeyer, M. L. (2021). The future of positive psychology and disability. Frontiers in psychology, 12, 790506. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.790506
52. World Health Organization [WHO]. Disability and Health. (2020). Available online at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/disability-and-health.
53. Wright, B. (1983). Physical Disability: A Psychosocial Approach (2nd ed., p. 25). New York: Harper & Row. https://doi.org/10.1037/10589-000
54. Yurayat, P., & Seechaliao, T. (2021). Effectiveness of online positive psychology intervention on psychological well-being among undergraduate students. Journal of Education and Learning, 10(4), 143-155.
Article Sidebar
Published
Dec 28, 2023
Article Details
How to Cite
Asma Rashid, & Dr. Sajida Naz. (2023). IMPACT OF CHARACTER STRENGTHS ON PSYCHOLOGICAL WELLBEING IN ADOLESCENTS WITH PHYSICAL DISABILITIES: EXAMINING THE MEDIATING EFFECT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTRESS. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 30(19), 1388–1400. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v30i19.3843
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
All articles published in JPTCP are licensed under Copyright Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Author Biographies
Asma Rashid
PhD Scholar, Department of Behavioral Sciences, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan,
Dr. Sajida Naz
Associate Professor, Department of Behavioral Sciences, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan