EXPLORING THE THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF PROBIOTICS IN FIGHTING RESPIRATORY VIRAL INFECTIONS
Main Article Content
Keywords
Probiotics, Viral Infections, Respiratory Tract, Immunomodulatory
Abstract
Viruses continue to be the primary microorganisms responsible for commencing respiratory tract infections in both community and health-care settings. They continue to be prevalent causes of morbidity in skilled hosts, and are particularly associated with significant transience in acknowledged entities. As a result of changes in the human ecology brought on by global warming and increased geographical movement of people and things, the risk of viral contagion has increased substantially. Virus-caused infections of the respiratory tract are the most prevalent disease in humans. Multiple etiologic surrogates impede the development of effective treatments. According to research, probiotics may reduce the risk or severity of respiratory infection symptoms. Probiotics can protect the host from a variety of health issues, such as infectious diseases. Until 1995, scholars speculated that probiotics had only one effect: they restored the intestinal flora, hence preventing harmful bacteria from provoking gastroenteritis. Recent changes suggest that the immunomodulatory effect of probiotics is the most important mechanism of action. Numerous studies have established that particular probiotics may possess antiviral action as a consequence of their immunomodulatory effect. This review aims to inform readers about the effect of probiotics on respiratory virus infections and shed light on the possible antiviral mechanisms of probiotics.
References
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2. Tapparel C, Siegrist F, Petty TJ, Kaiser L (2013) Picornavirus and enterovirus diversity with associated human diseases. Infect Genet Evol 14:282–293
3. ZambonMC (1999) Epidemiology and pathogenesis of influenza. J. Antimicrob Chemother 44:3–9
4. Nichols WG, Peck Campbell AJ, Boeckh M (2008) Respiratory viruses other than influenza virus: impact and therapeutic advances. Clin Microbiol Rev 21:274–290.
5. Greenberg, S., Allen, M., Wilson, J. & Atmar, R. (2000). Respiratory viral infections in adults with and without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 162, 167–73.
6. Glezen W., Greenberg S., Atmar R., Piedra P. & Couch, R. (2000). Impact of respiratory virus infections on persons with chronic underlying conditions. Journal of the American Medical Association 283, 499–505.
7. Samson SYWong, Kwok-Yung Yuen. Antiviral therapy for respiratory tract infections. Respirology (2008) 13, 950–971.
8. Jartti T, Jartti L, Ruuskanen O, Söderlund-Venermo M (2012) New respiratory viral infections. Curr Opin Pulm Med 18:271–278.
9. Hakim FA, Tleyjeh IM. Severe adenovirus pneumonia in immunocompetent adults: a case report and review of the literature. Eur. J. Clin.Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 2008; 27: 153–8.
10. Golkar Z, Bagasra O, Pace DG. Bacteriophage therapy: a potential solution for the antibiotic resistance crisis. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2014;8:129–36.
11. Al Kassaa I, Hober D, Hamze M, Chihib NE, Drider D. Antiviral potential of lactic acid bacteria and their bacteriocins. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins. 2014; 6: 177–85.
12. Gordon YJ, Romanowski EG, McDermott AM. A review of antimicrobial peptides and their therapeutic potential as anti-infective drugs. Curr Eye Res. 2005; 30: 505–15.
13. Rappuoli R, Pizza M, Del Giudice G, De Gregorio E. Vaccines, new opportunities for a new society. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014; 111: 12288–93.
14. M. B. Roberfroid, “Prebiotics and synbiotics: concepts and nutritional properties. Universit´e Catholique de Louvain, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brussels, Belgium,” British Journal of Nutrition, vol. 80, supplement 4, pp. S197–S202, 1998.
15. Hardy H, Harris J, Lyon E, Beal J, Foey AD. Probiotics, prebiotics and immunomodulation of gut mucosal defences: homeostasis and immunopathology. Nutrients. 2013; 5: 1869–912.
16. T. A. Oelschlaeger, “Mechanisms of probiotic actions—areview,” International Journal of Medical Microbiology, vol. 300, no. 1, pp. 57–62, 2010.
17. Wolvers D, Antoine JM, Myllyluoma E, Schrezenmeir J, Szajewska H, Rijkers GT (2010) Guidance for substantiating the evidence for beneficial effects of probiotics: prevention and management of infections by probiotics. J Nutr 140:698S–712S
18. Aureli P, Capurso L, Castellazzi AM, Clerici M, Giovannini M, Morelli L. (2011) Probiotics and health: an evidence-based review. Pharmacol Res 63:366–376.
19. Park MK, Ngo V, Kwon YM, Lee YT, Yoo S, Cho YH et al (2013) Lactobacillus plantarum DK119 as a probiotic confers protection against influenza virus by modulating innate immunity. PLoS One. 8:e75368.
20. Bodera P, Chcialowski A (2009) Immunomodulatory effect of probiotic bacteria. Recent Pat Inflamm Allergy Drug Discov 3:58–64.
21. Guarino A, Lo Vecchio A, Canani RB (2009) Probiotics as prevention and treatment for diarrhea. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 25:18–23.
22. Hao Q, Lu Z, Dong BR, Huang CQ, Wu T (2011) Probiotics for preventing acute upper respiratory tract infections. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (9):CD006895.
23. Miettinen M, Veckman V, Latvala S, Sareneva T, Matikainen S, Julkunen I (2008) Live Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Streptococcus pyogenes differentially regulate Toll-like receptor (TLR) gene expression in human primary macrophages. J Leukoc Biol 84:1092–1100
24. Gibson GR, Hutkins R, Sanders ME, Prescott SL, Reimer RA, Salminen SJ, et al. Expert consensus document: The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of prebiotics. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017;14:491-502.
25. Gleeson M, Bishop NC, Struszczak L. Effects of Lactobacillus casei Shirota ingestion on common cold infection and herpes virus antibodies in endurance athletes: a placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Eur J Appl Physiol 2016; 116: 1555-63.
26. Nagata S, Asahara T, Ohta T, et al. Effect of the continuous intake of probiotic-fermented milk containing Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota on fever in a mass outbreak of norovirus gastroenteritis and the faecal microflora in a health service facility for the aged. Br J Nutr 2011; 106: 549-56.
27. Puyenbroeck VK, Hens N, Coenen S, et al. Efficacy of daily intake of Lactobacillus casei Shirota on respiratory symptoms and influenza vaccination immune response: a randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial in healthy elderly nursing home residents. Am J Clin Nutr 2012; 95: 1165-71.
28. Kumpu M, Kekkonen RA, Korpela R, et al. Effect of live and inactivated Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG on experimentally induced rhinovirus colds: randomised, double blind, placebo controlled pilot trial. Benef Microbes 2015; 6: 631-9.
29. Sindhu KN, Sowmyanarayanan TV, Paul A, et al. Immune response and intestinal permeability in children with acute gastroenteritis treated with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis 2014; 58: 1107-15.
30. Makino S, Ikegami S, Kume A, et al. Reducing the risk of infection in the elderly by dietary intake of yoghurt fermented with Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus OLL1073R-1. Br J Nutr 2010; 104: 998-1006.
31. Nagai T, Makino S, Ikegami S, Itoh H, Yamada H. Effects of oral administration of yogurt fermented with Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus OLL1073R-1 and its exopolysaccharides against influenza virus infection in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11: 2246-50.
32. Jespersen L, Tarnow I, Eskesen D, et al. Effect of Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei, L. casei 431 on immune response to influenza vaccination and upper respiratory tract infections in healthy adult volunteers: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study. Am J Clin Nutr 2015; 101: 1188-96.
33. Rizzardini G, Eskesen D, Calder PC, et al. Evaluation of the immune benefits of two probiotic strains Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis, BB-12(R) and Lactobacillus paracasei ssp. paracasei, L. casei 431(R) in an influenza vaccination model: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Br J Nutr 2012; 107: 876-84.
34. Maruyama M, Abe R, Shimono T, et al. The effects of non-viable Lactobacillus on immune function in the elderly: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2016; 67: 67-73.
35. Pedone CA, Arnaud CC, Postaire ER, Bouley CF, Reinert P. Multicentric study of the effect of milk fermented by Lactobacillus casei on the incidence of diarrhoea. Int J Clin Pract 2000; 54: 568-71.
36. Merenstein D, Murphy M, Fokar A, et al. Use of a fermented dairy probiotic drink containing Lactobacillus casei (DN-114 001) to decrease the rate of illness in kids: the DRINK study. A patientoriented, double-blind, cluster-randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial. Eur J Clin Nutr 2010; 64: 669-77.
37. Hirose Y, Murosaki S, Yamamoto Y, Yoshikai Y, Tsuru T. Daily intake of heat-killed Lactobacillus plantarum L-137 augments acquired immunity in healthy adults. J Nutr 2006; 136: 3069-73.
38. Hirose Y, Yamamoto Y, Yoshikai Y, Murosaki S. Oral intake of heat-killed Lactobacillus plantarum L-137 decreases the incidence of upper respiratory tract infection in healthy subjects with high levels of psychological stress. J Nutr Sci 2013; 2: e39.
39. Oo KM, Lwin AA, Kyaw YY, et al. Safety and long-term effect of the probiotic FK-23 in patients with hepatitis C virus infection. Biosci Microbiota Food Health 2016; 35: 123-8.
40. Grandy G, Medina M, Soria R, Teran CG, Araya M. Probiotics in the treatment of acute rotavirus diarrhoea. A randomized, doubleblind, controlled trial using two different probiotic preparations in Bolivian children. BMC Infect Dis 2010; 10: 253.
41. Holscher HD, Czerkies LA, Cekola P, et al. Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 enhances intestinal antibody response in formula-fed infants: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2012; 36: 106S-17S.
42. Erdogan O, Tanyeri B, Torun E, et al. The comparition of the efficacy of two different probiotics in rotavirus gastroenteritis in children. J Trop Med 2012; 2012: 787240.
43. Sugimura T, Jounai K, Ohshio K, et al. Immunomodulatory effect of Lactococcus lactis JCM5805 on human plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Clin Immunol 2013; 149: 509-18.
44. Pimentel-Nunes P, Soares JB, Roncon-Albuquerque R, Jr., Dinis-Ribeiro M, Leite-Moreira AF. Toll-like receptors as therapeutic targets in gastrointestinal diseases. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2010; 14: 347-68.
45. Sugimura T, Takahashi H, Jounai K, et al. Effects of oral intake of plasmacytoid dendritic cells-stimulative lactic acid bacterial strain on pathogenesis of influenza-like illness and immunological response to influenza virus. Br J Nutr 2015; 114: 727-33.
46. Shibata T, Kanayama M, Haida M, et al. Lactococcus lactis JCM5805 activates anti-viral immunity and reduces symptoms of common cold and influenza in healthy adults in a randomized controlled trial. J Funct Foods 2016; 24: 492-500.
47. Suzuki H, Kanayama M, Fujii T, Fujiwara D, Sugimura H. Effects of the beverage containing Lactococcus lactis subsp. Lactis JCM5805 on anti-viral immune responses and maintenance of physical conditions Jpn Pharmacol Ther 2015; 43: 106-11.
48. Sakata K, Sasaki Y, Jounai K, Fujii T, Fujiwara D. Preventive Effect of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis JCM 5805 Yogurt Intake on Influenza Infection among Schoolchildren. Health 2017; 9: 756-762.
49. Fujii T, Jounai K, Horie A, et al. Effects of heat-killed Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis JCM 5805 on mucosal and systemic immune parameters, and antiviral reactions to influenza virus in healthy adults; a randomized controlled double-blind study. J Functional Foods 2017; 35: 513-21.
50. Yeo J-M, Lee H-J, Kim J-W, Lee J-B, Park S-Y, Choi I-S, et al. Lactobacillus fermentum CJL-112 protects mice against influenza virus infection by activating T-helper 1 and eliciting a protective immune response. Int Immunopharmacol. 2014; 18: 50–54.
51. Ljungh A, Wadström T. Lactic acid bacteria as probiotics. Curr Issues Intest Microbiol. 2006; 7: 73–89.
52. Goto H, Sagitani A, Ashida N, Kato S, Hirota T, Shinoda T, et al. Anti-infl uenza virus effects of both live and non-live Lactobacillus acidophilus L-92 accompanied by the activation of innate immunity. Br J Nutr. 2013;110:1810–8.
53. Koizumi S, Wakita D, Sato T, Mitamura R, Izumo T, Shibata H, Kiso Y, Chamoto K, Togashi Y, Kitamura H, et al. Essential role of Toll-like receptors for dendritic cell and NK1.1(1) cell-dependent activation of type 1 immunity by Lactobacillus pentosus strain S-PT84. Immunol Lett 2008;120:14–19.
54. M. L. Cross, A. Ganner, D. Teilab, and L. M. Fray, “Patterns of cytokine induction by gram-positive and gram-negative probiotic bacteria,” FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 173–180, 2004.
55. A. Hosono, T. Kashina, and T. Kada, “Antimutagenic properties of lactic acid-cultured milk on chemical and fecal mutagens,” Journal of Dairy Science, vol. 69, no. 9, pp. 2237–2242, 1986.
56. G. Harata, F. He, M. Kawase, A. Hosono, K. Takahashi, and S. Kaminogawa, “Differentiated implication of Lactobacillus GG and L. gasseri TMC0356 to immune responses ofmurine Peyer’s patch,” Microbiology and Immunology, vol. 53, no. 8, pp. 475–480, 2009.
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Dec 10, 2022
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Ramaiah Maddi, Balaji Maddiboyina, Ramya Krishna Nakkala, Harekrishna Roy, M Akiful Haque, Azmath Farhana, & Swapna S. (2022). EXPLORING THE THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF PROBIOTICS IN FIGHTING RESPIRATORY VIRAL INFECTIONS. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 29(04), 886–900. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v29i04.3442
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Author Biographies
Ramaiah Maddi
Department of Pharmacognosy, Hindu College of Pharmacy, Guntur, A.P., India
Balaji Maddiboyina
SARC Research Labs, Hyderabad, India
Ramya Krishna Nakkala
Chebrolu Hanumaiah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chowdavaram, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh-522019, India.
Harekrishna Roy
Department of Pharmaceutics, Nirmala College of Pharmacy, Mangalagiri, Guntur-522503, Andhra Pradesh, India.
M Akiful Haque
Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Anurag University, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500088, India
Azmath Farhana
Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Anurag University, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500088, India
Swapna S
Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Anurag University, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500088, India