PREVALENCE AND TREATMENT OUTCOME OF TUBERCULOSIS PATIENTS ACROSS DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS AND GENDER AT DISTRICT LAHORE: A RETROSPECTIVE APPROACH

Main Article Content

Amna Akhtar
Riffat Mushtaq
Asma Shahzadi
Jabeen Ijaz
Munazza Rashid
Nadeem Masih

Keywords

.

Abstract

Pakistan is one of the nations most plagued by tuberculosis (TB), and the incidence of TB is declining too slowly to fulfill the goal set by the End TB Strategy. Both pulmonary and extra-pulmonary forms of tuberculosis can present with symptoms like fever, chills, coughing, and weight loss. The purpose of the study was to determine the treatment outcomes and prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis among patients diagnosed in the district Lahore. A retrospective, observational strategy was used in district Lahore, Pakistan, from January to February 2023 to gather data on patients who were diagnosed and treated between 2018 and 2022. In total, 15,567 patients with drug-sensitive tuberculosis (DS-TB) residents of district Lahore were treated. The information was collected from a number of sources, such as TB registrations, treatment cards, test registries, and laboratory request forms. Tables and graphics were used to present the results of the data analysis, which was done with SPSS and Microsoft Excel. There were 15,567 participants in total, of which 98.64% were new cases and 1.36% had received prior treatment. Males were more likely than females to have tuberculosis. 2021 saw a rise in TB cases, with 2018 being the lowest number of cases ever reported. As people aged, the percentage of TB cases fell. According to the diagnostic, 20.98% of the patients had TB that was positive for pulmonary smear, while 39.41% had TB that was negative for pulmonary smear. Moreover, extra-pulmonary TB affected 39.60% of the patients. Between the study period and the end, there was a considerable increase in the annual number of patients with PCD, EP TB, and PBC diagnoses. Depending on the year and type of TB, the overall treatment success rates were 93.9% for PBC patients, 98.76% for PCD cases, and 97.85% for EP cases. Timely culture and drug susceptibility testing are crucial in limiting the establishment of drug-resistant strains of the disease, which emphasizes the significance of early disease detection. Better diagnostic procedures have the potential to increase the effectiveness of therapy and are essential to the global fight against tuberculosis.

Abstract 238 | pdf Downloads 97

References

1. WHO. (2021). Global tuberculosis report 2021.
2. Narasimhan, P., Wood, J., MacIntyre, C. R., & Mathai, D. (2013). Review Article Risk Factors for Tuberculosis. Risk Factors for Tuberculosis, 2013.
3. WHO. (2019). GLOBAL TUBERCULOSIS REPORT 2019. World Health Organization. https://doi.org/10.16309/j.cnki.issn.1007- 1776.2003.03.004.
4. NTP. (2019). NATIONAL TB CONTROL PROGRAM PAKISTAN ANNUAL REPORT 2019. 76. https://ntp.gov.pk/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Annual Report TB Pakistan 2019.pdf
5. Sepkowitz, K. A. (1996). How contagious is tuberculosis? Clinical Infectious Diseases, 23(5), 954– 962.
6. Bennett, J. E., Dolin, R., & Blaser, M. J. (2014). Mandell, douglas, and bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases: 2-volume set (Vol. 2). Elsevier Health Sciences.
7. Xie, X., Li, F., Chen, J.-W., & Wang, J. (2014). Risk of tuberculosis infection in anti-TNF-α biological therapy: From bench to bedside. Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection, 47(4), 268–274.
8. Sultana, R., Jacobson, K. R., Victor, T. C., Warren, R. M., Streicher, E. M., Calver, A., Sloutsky, A., Kaur, D., Posey, J. E., Plikaytis, B., Oggioni, M. R., Gardy, J. L., Johnston, J. C., Rodrigues, M., Tang, P. K. C., Kato-Maeda, M., … Murray, M. (2013). Genomic analysis identifies targets of convergent positive selection in drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In Nature Genetics (Vol. 45, Issue 10, pp. 1183–1189). https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.2747
9. Patel, S., Parsyan, A. E., Gunn, J., Barry, M. A., Reed, C., Sharnprapai, S., & Horsburgh Jr, C. R. (2007). Risk of progression to active tuberculosis among foreign- born persons with latent tuberculosis. Chest, 131(6), 1811–1816.
10. Cailhol, J., Decludt, B., & Che, D. (2005). Sociodemographic factors that contribute to the development of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis were identified. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 58(10), 1066–1071.
11. Lawn, S. D., & Zumla, A. I. (2011). Tuberculosis. Lancet (London, England), 378(9785), 57–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3
12. Möller, M., & Hoal, E. G. (2010). Current findings, challenges and novel approaches in human genetic susceptibility to tuberculosis. Tuberculosis, 90(2), 71– 83.
13. Steingart, K. R., Henry, M., Ng, V., Hopewell, P. C., Ramsay, A., Cunningham, J., Urbanczik, R., Perkins, M., Aziz, M. A., & Pai, M. (2006). Fluorescence versus conventional sputum smear microscopy for tuberculosis: a systematic review. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 6(9), 570–581.
14. WHO. (2013). Systematic screening for active tuberculosis: principles and recommendations. World Health Organization.
15. Nachiappan, A. C., Rahbar, K., Shi, X., Guy, E. S., Mortani Barbosa Jr, E. J., Shroff, G. S., Ocazionez, D., Schlesinger, A. E., Katz, S. I., & Hammer, M. M. (2017). Pulmonary tuberculosis: role of radiology in diagnosis and management. Radiographics, 37(1), 52–72.
16. Kuhn, J. E. (2013). Current Concepts. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 12(5), 311–315. https://doi.org/10.1249/jsr.0000000000000000
17. Alem, Y., & Gebre-Selassie, S. (2017). Treatment Outcome of Tuberculosis Patients in Selected Health Centres in Addis Ababa: a Five-Year Retrospective Study. Journal of Lung Health and Diseases, 1(1).
18. Shargie, E. B., & Lindtjørn, B. (2005). DOTS improves treatment outcomes and service coverage for tuberculosis in South Ethiopia: a retrospective trend analysis. BMC Public Health, 5(1), 1–11.
19. Tessema, B., Muche, A., Bekele, A., Reissig, D., Emmrich, F., & Sack, U. (2009). Treatment outcome of tuberculosis patients at Gondar University Teaching Hospital, North-west Ethiopia. A five-year retrospective study. BMC Public Health, 9(1), 1–8.
20. WHO. (2016). Global tuberculosis report. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1–214.
21. Pérez-Guzmán, C., Hernández-Cobos, S., Vargas, M. H., del Rosario Arellano-Macías, M., García-Ituarte, A. Z., & Serna-Vela, F. J. (2014). Clinical and epidemiological features of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis in a high incidence region. Salud Pública de México, 56(2), 189–196.
22. Berg, S., Schelling, E., Hailu, E., Firdessa, R., Gumi, B., Erenso, G., Gadisa, E., Mengistu, A., Habtamu, M., & Hussein, J. (2015). Investigation of the high rates of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis in Ethiopia reveals no single driving factor and minimal evidence for zoonotic transmission of Mycobacterium bovis infection. BMC Infectious Diseases, 15(1), 1–10.
23. Ehlers, V. J., & Aragaw, G. S. (2014). An audit of diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis in Ethiopia. African Journal of Primary Health Care & Family Medicine, 6(1), 1–6.
24. Fatima, R., Yaqoob, A., Qadeer, E., Hinderaker, S. G., Ikram, A., & Sismanidis, C. (2019). Measuring and addressing the childhood tuberculosis reporting gaps in Pakistan: The first ever national inventory study among children. PloS One, 14(12), e0227186.
25. Endris, M., Moges, F., Belyhun, Y., Woldehana, E., Esmael, A., & Unakal, C. (2014). Treatment Outcome of Tuberculosis Patients at Enfraz Health Center, North- west Ethiopia: A Five-Year Retrospective Study. Tuberculosis Research and Treatment, 2014, 726193. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/726193
26. Tola, A., Minshore, K. M., Ayele, Y., & Mekuria, A. N. (2019). Tuberculosis Treatment Outcomes and Associated Factors among TB Patients Attending Public Hospitals in Harar Town, Eastern Ethiopia: A Five-Year Retrospective Study. Tuberculosis Research and Treatment, 2019, 1503219. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/1503219
27. Wen, Y., Zhang, Z., Li, X., Xia, D., Ma, J., Dong, Y., & Zhang, X. (2018). Treatment outcomes and factors affecting unsuccessful outcome among new pulmonary smear positive and negative tuberculosis patients in Anqing, China: a retrospective study. BMC Infectious Diseases, 18(1), 104. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879- 018-3019-7
28. Gebrezgabiher, G., Romha, G., Ejeta, E., Asebe, G., Zemene, E., & Ameni, G. (2016). Treatment outcome of tuberculosis patients under directly observed treatment short course and factors affecting outcome in southern Ethiopia: a five-year retrospective study. PloS One, 11(2), e0150560.