Qualitative analysis and evaluation of secrets present in the majestical Diospyros malabarica fruit extracts
Main Article Content
Keywords
DIOSPYROS MALABARICA, Florescence analysis, FTIR, UV, HPLC, AAS, TLC, Density, refractive index, polarimetery
Abstract
A member of the Ebenaceae family, Diospyros malabarica (Deshi Gab) relieves inflammation, toothaches, infection (bacterial and fungal), hypercholesterolemia, and other diseases. Diospyros malabarica fruit extracts were screened for phytoconstituents using numerous analytical methods including FTIR, UV, HPLC, AAS, density, polarimetry, refractive index, TLC, and qualitative and quantitative phytoconstituent screening. D. malabarica fruit extracts were produced in n-hexane, methanol, and chloroform. The greatest fluorescence of powdered medicinal material was seen in methanolic extract. FTIR detected hydrocarbons, whereas UV and HPLC detected active components having pharmaceutical activity. Atomic absorption revealed Mn, Cu in all three extracts, Cd in methanolic and n-hexane, and Ni exclusively in methanolic. It was found to be 1.334 in water, 1.368 in methanol, 1.361 in n-hexane, and 1.354 in chloroform extracts. Extracts from methanol and chloroform were dextrotatory, whereas n-hexane was levorotatory. There were no alkaloids or triterpenoids found in any of the three Diospyros malabarica extracts either qualitatively or quantitatively. This fruit's methanolic extract has maximum phenolic content of 97.00.91g GAE/mg and flavonoid content of 970.8g QE/mg, respectively. This work will aid in future antibacterial, antifungal, alpha amylase inhibitory, and antioxidant investigations.
References
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Krüger, H. and Schulz, 2007. Analytical techniques for medicinal and aromatic plants. Stewart Postharvest Review, 3 (4), 1–12.
Kumar, S., Singh, B.B., and Kumar, N., 2014. Physico-chemical and phytochemical investigation of plant Sesbania sesban. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences, 5, 110–117.
Kumari, M. and Jain, S., 2012. Tannins: An Antinutrient with Positive Effect to Manage Diabetes. Research Journal of Recent Sciences, 70–73.
Mondal, S.K., Chakraborty, G., Gupta, M., and Mazumder, U.K., 2006. In vitro antioxidant activity of Diospyros malabarica Kostel bark. INDIAN J EXP BIOL, 6.
Monisha, I., Jeyaleela, G.D., Leela, J., Immaculate, A., and Vimala, R., 2017. Comparative studies on yield and the phytochemical appraisal (Quality and Quantity) of Manilkara hexandra (Roxb) Dubarb using leaf, stem, and bark. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 6, 2052–2058.
Murugan, M. and Mohan, V.R., 2014. Phytochemical, FT-IR and antibacterial activity of whole plant extract of Aerva lanata (L.) Juss. Ex. Schult., 2 (3), 7.
Oli, B. and Gautam, D., 2022. Medicinal value of Azadirachta indica: A review. Modern Phytomorphology, 15, 161–167.
Parker, H.C. and Parker, E.W., 1924. THE CALIBRATION OF CELLS FOR CONDUCTANCE MEASUREMENTS. III. ABSOLUTE MEASUREMENTS ON THE SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE OF CERTAIN POTASSIUM CHLORIDE SOLUTIONS. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 46 (2), 312–335.
Pasha, A.Z., Bukhari, S.A., El Enshasy, H.A., El Adawi, H., and Al Obaid, S., 2022. Compositional analysis and physicochemical evaluation of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) mucilage for medicinal purposes. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 29 (2), 774–780.
Petrovska, B., 2012. Historical review of medicinal plants′ usage. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 6 (11), 1.
Raaman, N., 2006. Phytochemical Techniques. New India Publishing.
Ravikumar, A., Vengalrao, P., Shobhana, K., and Kishore, S., 2014. An overview on Diospyros malabarica. International Journal of Novel Trends in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4 (5), 93–96.
Shubhra, R.D., Polash, S.A., Saha, T., Hasan, A., Hossain, S., Islam, Z., and Sarker, S.R., 2019. Investigation of the Phytoconstituents and Antioxidant Activity of <i>Diospyros malabarica</i> Fruit Extracts. Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology, 10 (12), 431–454.
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Tiwari, P., Kaur, M., and Kaur, H., 2011. Phytochemical screening and Extraction: A Review. Internationale Pharmaceutica Sciencia.
Tüzen, M., 2003. Determination of heavy metals in soil, mushroom and plant samples by atomic absorption spectrometry. Microchemical Journal, 74 (3), 289–297.
Verma, N. and Trehan, N., 2013. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 2 (1), 4.
Yassine, K.A., Houari, H., Mokhtar, B., Karim, A., Hadjer, S., and Imane, B., 2020. A topical ointment formulation containing leaves’ powder of Lawsonia inermis accelerate excision wound healing in Wistar rats. Veterinary World, 13 (7), 1280–1287.
Yoshihira, K., Natori, S., and Panida Kanchanapee, 1967. The structure of diospyrol, the principle from the fruit of. Tetrahedron Letters, 8 (48), 4857–4860.
Zhao, Z., Liang, Z., and Ping, G., 2011. Macroscopic identification of Chinese medicinal materials: traditional experiences and modern understanding. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 134 (3), 556–564.
Angelova, N., Kong, H.-W., van der Heijden, R., Yang, S.-Y., Choi, Y.H., Kim, H.K., Wang, M., Hankemeier, T., van der Greef, J., Xu, G., and Verpoorte, R., 2008. Recent methodology in the phytochemical analysis of ginseng. Phytochemical Analysis, 19 (1), 2–16.
Beghyn, T., Deprez-Poulain, R., Willand, N., Folleas, B., and Deprez, B., 2008. Natural Compounds: Leads or Ideas? Bioinspired Molecules for Drug Discovery. Chemical Biology & Drug Design, 72 (1), 3–15.
Bharadwaj, K.K., Rabha, B., Pati, S., Choudhury, B.K., Sarkar, T., Gogoi, S.K., Kakati, N., Baishya, D., Kari, Z.A., and Edinur, H.A., 2021. Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Diospyros malabarica Fruit Extract and Assessments of Their Antimicrobial, Anticancer and Catalytic Reduction of 4-Nitrophenol (4-NP). Nanomaterials, 11 (8), 1999.
Deepa, N., Kaur, C., George, B., Singh, B., and Kapoor, H.C., 2007. Antioxidant Constituents in Some Sweet Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Genotypes during Maturity. LWT Food Science and Technology, 40, 121–129.
Dua, V.K., Verma, G., Singh, B., Rajan, A., Bagai, U., Agarwal, D.D., Gupta, N.C., Kumar, S., and Rastogi, A., 2013. Anti-malarial property of steroidal alkaloid conessine isolated from the bark of Holarrhena antidysenterica. Malaria Journal, 12, 194.
Ezeabara, C.A., Okeke, C.U., Ilodibia, C.V., and Aziagba, B.O., 2014. Determination of Saponin Content in Various Parts of Six Citrus Species. Journal of Scientific Research and Report, 3, 1384–1392.
Fatima, H., Khan, K., Zia, M., Ur-Rehman, T., Mirza, B., and Haq, I., 2015. Extraction optimization of medicinally important metabolites from Datura innoxia Mill.: an in vitro biological and phytochemical investigation. BMC complementary and alternative medicine, 15, 376.
Fernández, I.M., Chagas, E.A., Maldonado, S.A.S., Takahashi, J.A., Alemán, A.T., Filho, A.A. de M., Santos, R.C. dos, Ribeiro, P.R.E., Fentes, A.M.F., Chagas, P.C., and Melo, A.C.G.R. de, 2020. Antimicrobial activity and acetilcolinesterase inhibition of oils and Amazon fruit extracts. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 14 (3), 88–97.
Halliwell, B., 2007. Dietary polyphenols: good, bad, or indifferent for your health? Cardiovascular Research, 73 (2), 341–347.
Hossain, Md.M., Polash, S.A., Takikawa, M., Shubhra, R.D., Saha, T., Islam, Z., Hossain, S., Hasan, Md.A., Takeoka, S., and Sarker, S.R., 2019. Investigation of the Antibacterial Activity and in vivo Cytotoxicity of Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles as Potent Therapeutics. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 7, 239.
Hunter, P., 2008. Harnessing Nature’s wisdom: Turning to Nature for inspiration and avoiding her follies. EMBO reports, 9 (9), 838–840.
Iqbal, A., Salim, K.A., and Lim, L.B., 2015. Phytochemical Screening, Total Phenolics and Antioxidant Activities of Bark and Leaf Extracts of Goniothalamus velutinus (Airy Shaw) from Brunei Darussalam. Journal of King Saud University Science, 27, 224–232.
Jadhav, D., 2008. Medicinal Plants of India: A Guide to Ayurvedic and Ethnomedicinal Uses of Plants. India: Scientific Publishers.
Joseph, B. and Raj, S.J., 2010. PHARMACOGNOSTIC AND PHYTOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ALOE VERA LINN –AN OVERVIEW. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research, 4 (2), 5.
Kaushik, V., Saini, V., Pandurangan, A., Khosa, R.L., and Parcha, V., 2012. A review of Phytochemical and biological studies of Diospyros malabarica. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Letters, 2 (6), 167–169.
Khan, K., Fatima, H., Taqi, M.M., Zia, M., ur-Rehman, T., Mirza, B., and Haq, I.-, 2015. Phytochemical and in vitro biological evaluation of Artemisia scoparia Waldst. & Kit for enhanced extraction of commercially significant bioactive compounds. Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 2 (3), 77–86.
Koehn, F.E. and Carter, G.T., 2005. The evolving role of natural products in drug discovery. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 4 (3), 206–220.
Kolodziej, H., Burmeister, A., Trun, W., Radtke, O.A., Kiderlen, A.F., Ito, H., Hatano, T., Yoshida, T., and Foo, L.Y., 2005. Tannins and related compounds induce nitric oxide synthase and cytokines gene expressions in Leishmania major-infected macrophage-like RAW 264.7 cells. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 13 (23), 6470–6476.
Krüger, H. and Schulz, 2007. Analytical techniques for medicinal and aromatic plants. Stewart Postharvest Review, 3 (4), 1–12.
Kumar, S., Singh, B.B., and Kumar, N., 2014. Physico-chemical and phytochemical investigation of plant Sesbania sesban. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences, 5, 110–117.
Kumari, M. and Jain, S., 2012. Tannins: An Antinutrient with Positive Effect to Manage Diabetes. Research Journal of Recent Sciences, 70–73.
Mondal, S.K., Chakraborty, G., Gupta, M., and Mazumder, U.K., 2006. In vitro antioxidant activity of Diospyros malabarica Kostel bark. INDIAN J EXP BIOL, 6.
Monisha, I., Jeyaleela, G.D., Leela, J., Immaculate, A., and Vimala, R., 2017. Comparative studies on yield and the phytochemical appraisal (Quality and Quantity) of Manilkara hexandra (Roxb) Dubarb using leaf, stem, and bark. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 6, 2052–2058.
Murugan, M. and Mohan, V.R., 2014. Phytochemical, FT-IR and antibacterial activity of whole plant extract of Aerva lanata (L.) Juss. Ex. Schult., 2 (3), 7.
Oli, B. and Gautam, D., 2022. Medicinal value of Azadirachta indica: A review. Modern Phytomorphology, 15, 161–167.
Parker, H.C. and Parker, E.W., 1924. THE CALIBRATION OF CELLS FOR CONDUCTANCE MEASUREMENTS. III. ABSOLUTE MEASUREMENTS ON THE SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE OF CERTAIN POTASSIUM CHLORIDE SOLUTIONS. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 46 (2), 312–335.
Pasha, A.Z., Bukhari, S.A., El Enshasy, H.A., El Adawi, H., and Al Obaid, S., 2022. Compositional analysis and physicochemical evaluation of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) mucilage for medicinal purposes. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 29 (2), 774–780.
Petrovska, B., 2012. Historical review of medicinal plants′ usage. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 6 (11), 1.
Raaman, N., 2006. Phytochemical Techniques. New India Publishing.
Ravikumar, A., Vengalrao, P., Shobhana, K., and Kishore, S., 2014. An overview on Diospyros malabarica. International Journal of Novel Trends in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4 (5), 93–96.
Shubhra, R.D., Polash, S.A., Saha, T., Hasan, A., Hossain, S., Islam, Z., and Sarker, S.R., 2019. Investigation of the Phytoconstituents and Antioxidant Activity of <i>Diospyros malabarica</i> Fruit Extracts. Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology, 10 (12), 431–454.
da Silva Martins, L.H., Komesu, A., de Oliveira, J.A.R., Bichara, C.M.G., Gomes, P.W.P., and Rai, M., 2022. Antimicrobial Activity of Extracts and Essential Oils of Medicinal Plants Occurring in Amazonia: Nanotechnology as a Boon to Enhance Bioactivity. In: M. Rai and I. Kosalec, eds. Promising Antimicrobials from Natural Products. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 31–52.
Souto, A.L., Tavares, J.F., da Silva, M.S., Diniz, M. de F.F.M., de Athayde-Filho, P.F., and Barbosa Filho, J.M., 2011. Anti-inflammatory activity of alkaloids: an update from 2000 to 2010. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 16 (10), 8515–8534.
Tiwari, P., Kaur, M., and Kaur, H., 2011. Phytochemical screening and Extraction: A Review. Internationale Pharmaceutica Sciencia.
Tüzen, M., 2003. Determination of heavy metals in soil, mushroom and plant samples by atomic absorption spectrometry. Microchemical Journal, 74 (3), 289–297.
Verma, N. and Trehan, N., 2013. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 2 (1), 4.
Yassine, K.A., Houari, H., Mokhtar, B., Karim, A., Hadjer, S., and Imane, B., 2020. A topical ointment formulation containing leaves’ powder of Lawsonia inermis accelerate excision wound healing in Wistar rats. Veterinary World, 13 (7), 1280–1287.
Yoshihira, K., Natori, S., and Panida Kanchanapee, 1967. The structure of diospyrol, the principle from the fruit of. Tetrahedron Letters, 8 (48), 4857–4860.
Zhao, Z., Liang, Z., and Ping, G., 2011. Macroscopic identification of Chinese medicinal materials: traditional experiences and modern understanding. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 134 (3), 556–564.
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Jun 13, 2023
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Abdul Quddoos, Mudassar Mazher, Mubashara Sharif, Umar Farooq, Anam Saeed, Saba Akbar, Rushda Bedar, Awais Ali Zaidi, Huma Zahra, Ali Zar Pasha. (2023). Qualitative analysis and evaluation of secrets present in the majestical Diospyros malabarica fruit extracts. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 30(6), 574–596. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v30i6.3174
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