PREVALENCE AND ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS OF DEPRESSION AMONG HOUSEWIVES IN RURAL BAHRAICH, UTTAR PRADESH, INDIA
Main Article Content
Keywords
Housewives, depression, rural, Bahraich
Abstract
Introduction: Depression is the most common mental disorder. Women and elderly have shown greater vulnerability to depression. Additional responsibilities due to modernization in rural areas have lead to increased stress and tension among housewives. Limited data is available on depression among housewives in rural India especially Uttar Pradesh. So the present study was planned to assess the prevalence of depression and its associated risk factors among housewives aged 18-59 years in rural area of district Bahraich, Uttar Pradesh.
Objective: To assess the prevalence and risk factors of depression among housewives in rural area.
Methods: The study was done in five villages of Bahraich, Uttar Pradesh from April 2022 to March 2023. A total of 500 housewives were selected by systematic random sampling. Interviews were conducted by house to house visits. Depression was evaluated using self reported instrument Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). The analysis was done using MS Excel software and SPSS software version 22.
Results: Prevalence of depression was found to be 18%. There was increasing trend of prevalence of depression in middle age group. Increasing level of education, marriage, better socio economy, economic independence and absence of co-morbid conditions had lower prevalence of depression. None of the depressed subjects had taken professional help.
Conclusion: Housewives should be educated about warning signs and symptoms of depression and motivated to seek professional help.
References
2. Math S, Chandrashekar CR, Bhugra D. Psychiatric epidemiology in India. Indian J Med Res2007 Sep;126(3):183-92. PMID:18037711
3. Ganguli HC. Epidemiological findings on prevalence of mental disorders in India. Indian J Psychiatr 2000 Jan;42(1):14–20.
4. World Health Organisation. Mental health atlas 2011. Geneva: WHO[Internet] 2011[cited 2019 Dec 20] Available from:
https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/44697/9799241564359_eng.pdf;jsessionid=3F40A5ABDA6D4164E0BC20101A99B7C4?sequence=1
5. Kessler RC. Epidemiology of women and depression. J Affect Dis. 2003 Mar;74(1):5-13. DOI:10.1016/s0165-0327(02)00426-3. PMID:12646294
6. Reddy VM, Chandrashekar CR. Prevalence of mental and behavioural disorders in India : a meta-analysis. Indian J Psychiatry 1998 Apr;40(2):149-57. PMID:21494462. PMCID: PMC 2965838
7. Lemeshow S, Hosmer DW, Klar J, Lwanga SK. Adequacy of Sample Size in Health Studies. England: John Wiley & Sons[Internet] 1990[cited 2019 Dec 20] Available from:
https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/41607/0471925179_eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
8. Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med 2001 Sep;16(9):606-13. DOI:10.1046/j.1525-1497. 2001. 016009606.x. PMID:11556941 PMCID:PMC1495268
9. Poongothai S, Pradeepa R, Ganesan A, Mohan V. Reliability and validity of a modified PHQ-9 item inventory (PHQ-12) as a screening instrument for assessing depression in Asian Indians (CURES-65). J Assoc Physicians India 2009 Feb;57(2):147-52. PMID:19582982
10. Kochhar PH, Rajadhyaksha SS, Suvarna VR. Translation and validation of brief patient health questionnaire against DSM IV as a tool to diagnose major depressive disorder in Indian patients. J Postgrad Med 2007 Apr-Jun;53(2):102-7. DOI:10.4103/0022-3859.32209. PMID:17495375
11. Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med 2001 Sep;16(9):606-13. DOI:10.1046/j.1525-1497. 2001. 016009606.x. PMID:11556941 PMCID:PMC1495268
12. Poongothai S, Pradeepa R, Ganesan A, Mohan V. Prevalence of depression in a large urban South Indian population--the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (CURES-70). PLoS ONE 2009 Sep 28;4(9):e7185. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0007185. PMID:19784380 PMCID: PMC2748692
13. Urvashi, Girdhar S, Chaudhary A. Socio-demographic co-relates of depression among housewives in rural area of district Ludhiana. Int J Community Med Public Health 2019;6(5): 2147-51. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20191835.
14. Mathias K, Goicolea I, Kermode M, Singh L, Shidhaye R, Sebastian MS. Cross-sectional study of depression and help-seeking in Uttarakhand, North India. BMJ Open 2015 Nov 20;5 (11):e008992. DOI:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008992. PMID:26589428 PMCID: PMC4663438
15. Deswal BS, Pawar A. An epidemiological study of mental disorders at pune, maharashtra. Indian J Community Med 2012 Apr;37(2):116-21. DOI:10.4103/0970-0218.96097. PMID:22654285 PMCID:PMC3361794
16. Obadeji A, Oluwole LO, Dada MU, Ajiboye AS, Kumolalo BJ, Solomon OA. Assessment of Depression in a Primary Care Setting in Nigeria using the PHQ 9. J Family Med Prim Care. 2015;4(1): 30-4.DOI: 10.4103/2249-4863.152246
17. Nisar N, Billoo N, Gadit AA. Prevalence of depression and the associated risks factors among adult women in a fishing community. J Pak Med Assoc 2004 Oct;54(10):519-25. PMID:15552287
18. Mumford DB, Saeed K, Ahmad I, Latif S, Mubbashar MH. Stress and psychiatric disorder in rural Punjab. A community survey. Br J Psychiatry 1997 May;170(5):473-8.
DOI:10.1192/bjp.170.5.473. PMID:9307700
19. Husain N, Creed F, Tomenson B. Depression and social stress in Pakistan. Psychol Med 2000 Mar;30(2):395-402. DOI:10.1017/s0033291700001707. PMID:10824659
20. Ali TS, Mogren I, Krantz G. Intimate partner violence and mental health effects: a population-based study among married women in Karachi, Pakistan. Int J Behav Med 2013 Mar;20(1):131-9. DOI:10.1007/s12529-011-9201-6. PMID:22037921
21. Chauhan P, Kokiwar PR, Shridevi K, Katkuri S. A study on prevalence and correlates of depression among elderly population of rural South India. Int J Community Med Public Health. 2016;3(1):236-9.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20151569
22. Patel V, Kirkwood BR, Pednekar S, Weiss H, Mabey D. Risk factors for common mental disorders in women. Population-based longitudinal study. Br J Psychiatry 2006 Dec;189(6):547-55. DOI:10.1192/bjp.bp.106.022558. PMID:17139040
23. Luni FK, Ansari B, Jawad A, Dawson A, Baig SM. Prevalence of depression and anxiety in a village in Sindh. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 2009 Apr-Jun;21(2):68-72. PMID:20524473
Article Sidebar
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
All articles published in JPTCP are licensed under Copyright Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Dr Nripendra Singh
Associate Professor, Department of Community Medicine, MSDASMC & MBH, Bahraich
Dr Madhu Rendra Kumar
Assistant Professor, Department of Community Medicine, RDJM Medical College and Hospital, Muzaffarpur, Bihar
Dr Bibhava Vikramaditya
Assistant Professor, Department of Community Medicine, Venkateshwara Institute of Medical Sciences, Gajraula, Uttar Pradesh
Dr Geeta Singh
Assistant Professor, Department of Community Medicine, MSDASMC & MBH, Bahraich