AN UPDATED PERSPECTIVE OF GHATTI GUM: PRIMARILY RELEASE RETARDANT POLYMER USES IN NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM
Main Article Content
Keywords
Ghatti gum, grafting technique, characterization, recent application, research & patent
Abstract
Background: The Anogeissus latifolia (Combretaceae, Myrtales) bark is used to make Ghatti gum. It is an indigenous tree gum to India. Considering its toxicity, mutagenicity, and teratogenicity, the USA regularity status regarded gum ghatti as a safe ingredient in food additives due to their bioavailability, extended accessibility, non-toxicity, and affordable pricing, plant-based gums and mucilages are the main components in many pharmaceutical formulations.
Objective: The goal of the latest study was to create and describe a new drug delivery polymer that was used to create an innovative drug delivery system. These compete with numerous polymeric materials for use as various medications in the modern days and have made tremendous progress from being an excipient to creative drug carriers.
Method: In this article we have find all the information of ghatti gum in medicines and related fields have been found in literature, research publications, and patents.
Result: This paper includes a thorough examination of the grafting procedure as well as developments in the novel gum ghatti medication delivery system.
Conclusion: In this study article we will provide an overview of the Gum Ghatti and discuss how it may be viewed as a viable polystyrene for creating various novel drug delivery systems
References
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2. Raveendran S, Rochani A, Maekawa T, Kumar D. Smart Carriers and Nanohealers: A Nanomedical Insight on Natural Polymers. Materials. 2017 Aug 10;10(8):929.
3. Song R, Murphy M, Li C, Ting K, Soo C, Zheng Z. Current development of biodegradable polymeric materials for biomedical applications. DDDT. 2018 Sep; Volume 12:3117–45.
4. Ahmed S, editor. Applications of advanced green materials. Duxford, UK Cambridge, MA Kidlington, UK: Woodhead Publishing, an imprint of Elsevier; 2021. 782 p. (Woodhead Publishing series in materials).
5. Wagner AM, Spencer DS, Peppas NA. Advanced architectures in the design of responsive polymers for cancer nanomedicine. J Appl Polym Sci. 2018 Jun 20;135(24):46154.
6. Deshmukh AS, Setty CM, Badiger AM, Muralikrishna KS. Gum ghatti: A promising polysaccharide for pharmaceutical applications. Carbohydrate Polymers. 2012 Jan;87(2):980–6.
7. Kaur L, Singh J, Singh H. Characterization of Gum Ghatti (Anogeissus latifolia): A Structural and Rheological Approach. Journal of Food Science. 2009 Aug;74(6): E328–32.
8. S.N M, T.R P. An Inclusive Review on Ethnobotanical Uses of Anogeissus latifolia (Combretaceae) In India. In 2020. p. 38–51.
9. Phillips GO, editor. Handbook of hydrocolloids. 2. ed. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC; 2009. 924 p. (Woodhead Publishing in food science, technology and nutrition).
10. Rana V, Rai P, Tiwary AK, Singh RS, Kennedy JF, Knill CJ. Modified gums: Approaches and applications in drug delivery. Carbohydrate Polymers. 2011 Jan 30;83(3):1031–47.
11. Gandhi RB, Robinson JR. Oral cavity as a site for bioadhesive drug delivery. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 1994 Jan;13(1–2):43–74.
12. Al-Assaf S, Amar V, Phillips G. Characterisation of gum ghatti and comparison with GUM arabic. Gums and Stabilisers for the Food Industry 14. 2008 Jan; 14:280–90.
13. Madsen F. A rheological examination of the mucoadhesive/mucus interaction: the effect of mucoadhesive type and concentration. Journal of Controlled Release. 1998 Jan 2;50(1–3):167–78.
14. Jay S, Fountain W, Cui Z, Mumper RJ. Transmucosal delivery of testosterone in rabbits using novel bi‐layer mucoadhesive wax‐film composite disks. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2002 Sep;91(9):2016–25.
15. Jiménez-castellanos MR, Zia H, Rhodes CT. Mucoadhesive Drug Delivery Systems. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy. 1993 Jan;19(1–2):143–94.
16. Brannigan RP, Khutoryanskiy VV. Progress and Current Trends in the Synthesis of Novel Polymers with Enhanced Mucoadhesive Properties. Macromol Biosci. 2019 Oct;19(10):1900194.
17. Mudge K, Janick J, Scofield S, Goldschmidt EE. A History of Grafting. In: Janick J, editor. Horticultural Reviews [Internet]. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2009 [cited 2023 Jan 28]. p. 437–93.
18. Warschefsky EJ, Klein LL, Frank MH, Chitwood DH, Londo JP, von Wettberg EJB, et al. Rootstocks: Diversity, Domestication, and Impacts on Shoot Phenotypes. Trends in Plant Science. 2016 May;21(5):418–37.
19. Melnyk CW, Meyerowitz EM. Plant grafting. Current Biology. 2015 Mar;25(5): R183–8.
20. Medeiros Borsagli FGL, Carvalho IC, Mansur HS. Amino acid-grafted and N-acylated chitosan thiomers: Construction of 3D bio-scaffolds for potential cartilage repair applications. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2018 Jul; 114:270–82.
21. Puri V, Sharma A, Kumar P, Singh I, Huanbutta K. Synthesis and Characterization of Thiolated Gum Ghatti as a Novel Excipient: Development of Compression-Coated Mucoadhesive Tablets of Domperidone. ACS Omega. 2021 Jun 22;6(24):15844–54.
22. Alhakamy NA, Naveen NR, Gorityala S, Kurakula M, Hosny KM, Safhi AY, et al. Development of Novel S-Protective Thiolated-Based Mucoadhesive Tablets for Repaglinide: Pharmacokinetic Study. Polymers. 2022 Aug 28;14(17):3529.
23. Brar V, Kaur G. Thiolated okra chitosan nanoparticles: preparation and optimisation as intranasal drug delivery agents. Journal of Microencapsulation. 2020 Nov 16;37(8):624–39.
24. Bhosale RR, Osmani RAM, Abu Lila AS, Khafagy ES, Arab HH, Gowda DV, et al. Ghatti gum-base graft copolymer: a plausible platform for pH-controlled delivery of antidiabetic drugs. RSC Adv. 2021 Apr 15;11(24):14871–82.
25. Seeli DS, Prabaharan M. Guar gum oleate-graft-poly (methacrylic acid) hydrogel as a colon-specific controlled drug delivery carrier. Carbohydrate Polymers. 2017 Feb; 158:51–7.
26. P. More M, S. Bhamare M, J. Bhavsar C, O. Patil P, K. Deshmukh P. Development of novel thiolated carboxymethyl-gellan gum as potential mucoadhesive polymer: Application of DoE. Adv Mater Sci [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2023 Jan 27]; 2(3).
27. Afolabi TA, Adekanmi D. Characterization of Native and Graft Copolymerized Albizia Gums and Their Application as a Flocculant. Journal of Polymers. 2017 Jun; 2017:1–8.
28. Shahid M, Bukhari SA, Gul Y, Munir H, Anjum F, Zuber M, et al. Graft polymerization of guar gum with acryl amide irradiated by microwaves for colonic drug delivery. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2013 Nov; 62:172–9.
29. Maji B, Maiti S. Chemical modification of xanthan gum through graft copolymerization: Tailored properties and potential applications in drug delivery and wastewater treatment. Carbohydrate Polymers. 2021 Jan;251: 117095.
30. Alam MdS, Garg A, Pottoo FH, Saifullah MK, Tareq AI, Manzoor O, et al. Gum ghatti mediated, one pot green synthesis of optimized gold nanoparticles: Investigation of process-variables impact using Box-Behnken based statistical design. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2017 Nov;104: 758–67.
31. Kang J, Cui SW, Chen J, Phillips GO, Wu Y, Wang Q. New studies on gum ghatti (Anogeissus latifolia) part I. Fractionation, chemical and physical characterization of the gum. Food Hydrocolloids. 2011 Dec;25(8):1984–90.
32. Horwitz W, others. Official methods of analysis. Vol. 222. Association of Official Analytical Chemists Washington, DC; 1975.
33. DuBois Michel, Gilles KA, Hamilton JK, Rebers PA, Smith Fred. Colorimetric Method for Determination of Sugars and Related Substances. Anal Chem. 1956 Mar 1;28(3):350–6.
34. Blumenkrantz N, Asboe-Hansen G. New method for quantitative determination of uronic acids. Analytical Biochemistry. 1973 Aug;54(2):484–9.
35. Cui W, Wood PJ, Blackwell B, Nikiforuk J. Physicochemical properties and structural characterization by two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy of wheat β-D-glucan-comparison with other cereal β-D-glucans. Carbohydrate Polymers. 2000;41(3):249–58.
36. Raghavan G, Vijayakumar M, Shirwaikar A, Rawat AKS, Mehrotra S, Pushpangadan P. Activity Guided Isolation of Antioxidant Tannoid Principles from Anogeissus latifolia. 2005. 11(3):174–8.
37. Govindarajan R, Vijayakumar M, Rao CV, Shirwaikar A, Rawat AKS, Mehrotra S, et al. Antioxidant Potential of Anogeissus latifolia. Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2004;27(8):1266–9.
38. Pradeep HA, Khan S, Ravikumar K, Ahmed MF, Rao MS, Kiranmai M, et al. Hepatoprotective evaluation of Anogeissus latifolia: In vitro and in vivo studies. WJG. 2009;15(38):4816.
39. Govindarajan R, Vijayakumar M, Singh M, Rao ChV, Shirwaikar A, Rawat AKS, et al. Antiulcer and antimicrobial activity of Anogeissus latifolia. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2006 Jun; 106(1):57–61.
40. Govindarajan R, Vijayakumar M, Rao CV, Shirwaikar A, Mehrotra S, Pushpangadan P. Healing potential of Anogeissus latifolia for dermal wounds in rats. Acta Pharm. 2004 Dec;54(4):331–8.
41. K.M.M P, K R,. V K, Mahadevappa P. Antiheliminitic activity of Anogeissus latifolia bark and leaf extracts. Asian Journal of Experimental Sciences. 2009 Jan; 23:491–5.
42. Ido T, Ogasawara T, Katayama T, Sasaki Y, Al-Assaf S, Phillips G. Emulsification properties of GATIFOLIA (Gum ghatti) used for emulsions in food products. Foods and Food Ingredients Journal of Japan. 2008;213(4):365.
43. Giri TK, Badwaik H. Understanding the application of gum ghatti based biodegradable hydrogel for wastewater treatment. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management. 2022 May; 17:100668.
44. Joshi M, Setty C, Deshmukh A, Bhatt YA. Gum Ghatti: A New Release Modifier for Zero-order Release in 3-Layered Tablets of Diltiazem hydrochloride. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research. 2010 Jan; 44:78–85.
45. Salyers AA, Vercellotti JR, West SE, Wilkins TD. Fermentation of mucin and plant polysaccharides by strains of Bacteroides from the human colon. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1977 Feb;33(2):319–22.
46. Mushinski EB, Potter M. Idiotypes on galactan binding myeloma proteins and anti-galactan antibodies in mice. J Immunol. 1977 Dec;119(6):1888–93.
47. Amar V, Al-Assaf S, Phillips G. An Introduction to Gum Ghatti: Another Proteinaceous Gum. Foods & Food Ingredients Journal of Japan. 2006 Jan; 211:275–9.
48. Sharma K, Kumar V, Chaudhary B, Kaith BS, Kalia S, Swart HC. Application of biodegradable superabsorbent hydrogel composite based on Gum ghatti-co-poly (acrylic acid-aniline) for controlled drug delivery. Polymer Degradation and Stability. 2016 Feb; 124:10111.
49. Verma A, Kumar P, Rastogi V, Mittal P. Preparation and evaluation of polymeric beads composed of Chitosan–Gellan Gum–Gum Ghatti/-Gum Karaya polyelectrolyte complexes as polymeric carrier for enteric sustained delivery of Diclofenac sodium. Futur J Pharm Sci. 2021 Dec;7(1):196.
50. Moin A, Hussain T, Gowda D. Enteric Delivery of Diclofenac Sodium through Functionally Modified Poly (acrylamide-grafted-Ghatti gum)-based pH-sensitive Hydrogel Beads: Development, Formulation and Evaluation. JYP. 2017 Oct 10;9(4):525–36.
51. Ray S, Roy G, Maiti S, Bhattacharyya UK, Sil A, Mitra R. Development of smart hydrogels of etherified gum ghatti for sustained oral delivery of ropinirole hydrochloride. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2017 Oct; 103:347–54.
52. Gurpreetarora null, Malik K, Rana V, Singh I. Gum Ghatti--a pharmaceutical excipient: development, evaluation and optimization of sustained release mucoadhesive matrix tablets of domperidone. Acta Pol Pharm. 2012;69(4):725–37.
2. Raveendran S, Rochani A, Maekawa T, Kumar D. Smart Carriers and Nanohealers: A Nanomedical Insight on Natural Polymers. Materials. 2017 Aug 10;10(8):929.
3. Song R, Murphy M, Li C, Ting K, Soo C, Zheng Z. Current development of biodegradable polymeric materials for biomedical applications. DDDT. 2018 Sep; Volume 12:3117–45.
4. Ahmed S, editor. Applications of advanced green materials. Duxford, UK Cambridge, MA Kidlington, UK: Woodhead Publishing, an imprint of Elsevier; 2021. 782 p. (Woodhead Publishing series in materials).
5. Wagner AM, Spencer DS, Peppas NA. Advanced architectures in the design of responsive polymers for cancer nanomedicine. J Appl Polym Sci. 2018 Jun 20;135(24):46154.
6. Deshmukh AS, Setty CM, Badiger AM, Muralikrishna KS. Gum ghatti: A promising polysaccharide for pharmaceutical applications. Carbohydrate Polymers. 2012 Jan;87(2):980–6.
7. Kaur L, Singh J, Singh H. Characterization of Gum Ghatti (Anogeissus latifolia): A Structural and Rheological Approach. Journal of Food Science. 2009 Aug;74(6): E328–32.
8. S.N M, T.R P. An Inclusive Review on Ethnobotanical Uses of Anogeissus latifolia (Combretaceae) In India. In 2020. p. 38–51.
9. Phillips GO, editor. Handbook of hydrocolloids. 2. ed. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC; 2009. 924 p. (Woodhead Publishing in food science, technology and nutrition).
10. Rana V, Rai P, Tiwary AK, Singh RS, Kennedy JF, Knill CJ. Modified gums: Approaches and applications in drug delivery. Carbohydrate Polymers. 2011 Jan 30;83(3):1031–47.
11. Gandhi RB, Robinson JR. Oral cavity as a site for bioadhesive drug delivery. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 1994 Jan;13(1–2):43–74.
12. Al-Assaf S, Amar V, Phillips G. Characterisation of gum ghatti and comparison with GUM arabic. Gums and Stabilisers for the Food Industry 14. 2008 Jan; 14:280–90.
13. Madsen F. A rheological examination of the mucoadhesive/mucus interaction: the effect of mucoadhesive type and concentration. Journal of Controlled Release. 1998 Jan 2;50(1–3):167–78.
14. Jay S, Fountain W, Cui Z, Mumper RJ. Transmucosal delivery of testosterone in rabbits using novel bi‐layer mucoadhesive wax‐film composite disks. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2002 Sep;91(9):2016–25.
15. Jiménez-castellanos MR, Zia H, Rhodes CT. Mucoadhesive Drug Delivery Systems. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy. 1993 Jan;19(1–2):143–94.
16. Brannigan RP, Khutoryanskiy VV. Progress and Current Trends in the Synthesis of Novel Polymers with Enhanced Mucoadhesive Properties. Macromol Biosci. 2019 Oct;19(10):1900194.
17. Mudge K, Janick J, Scofield S, Goldschmidt EE. A History of Grafting. In: Janick J, editor. Horticultural Reviews [Internet]. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2009 [cited 2023 Jan 28]. p. 437–93.
18. Warschefsky EJ, Klein LL, Frank MH, Chitwood DH, Londo JP, von Wettberg EJB, et al. Rootstocks: Diversity, Domestication, and Impacts on Shoot Phenotypes. Trends in Plant Science. 2016 May;21(5):418–37.
19. Melnyk CW, Meyerowitz EM. Plant grafting. Current Biology. 2015 Mar;25(5): R183–8.
20. Medeiros Borsagli FGL, Carvalho IC, Mansur HS. Amino acid-grafted and N-acylated chitosan thiomers: Construction of 3D bio-scaffolds for potential cartilage repair applications. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2018 Jul; 114:270–82.
21. Puri V, Sharma A, Kumar P, Singh I, Huanbutta K. Synthesis and Characterization of Thiolated Gum Ghatti as a Novel Excipient: Development of Compression-Coated Mucoadhesive Tablets of Domperidone. ACS Omega. 2021 Jun 22;6(24):15844–54.
22. Alhakamy NA, Naveen NR, Gorityala S, Kurakula M, Hosny KM, Safhi AY, et al. Development of Novel S-Protective Thiolated-Based Mucoadhesive Tablets for Repaglinide: Pharmacokinetic Study. Polymers. 2022 Aug 28;14(17):3529.
23. Brar V, Kaur G. Thiolated okra chitosan nanoparticles: preparation and optimisation as intranasal drug delivery agents. Journal of Microencapsulation. 2020 Nov 16;37(8):624–39.
24. Bhosale RR, Osmani RAM, Abu Lila AS, Khafagy ES, Arab HH, Gowda DV, et al. Ghatti gum-base graft copolymer: a plausible platform for pH-controlled delivery of antidiabetic drugs. RSC Adv. 2021 Apr 15;11(24):14871–82.
25. Seeli DS, Prabaharan M. Guar gum oleate-graft-poly (methacrylic acid) hydrogel as a colon-specific controlled drug delivery carrier. Carbohydrate Polymers. 2017 Feb; 158:51–7.
26. P. More M, S. Bhamare M, J. Bhavsar C, O. Patil P, K. Deshmukh P. Development of novel thiolated carboxymethyl-gellan gum as potential mucoadhesive polymer: Application of DoE. Adv Mater Sci [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2023 Jan 27]; 2(3).
27. Afolabi TA, Adekanmi D. Characterization of Native and Graft Copolymerized Albizia Gums and Their Application as a Flocculant. Journal of Polymers. 2017 Jun; 2017:1–8.
28. Shahid M, Bukhari SA, Gul Y, Munir H, Anjum F, Zuber M, et al. Graft polymerization of guar gum with acryl amide irradiated by microwaves for colonic drug delivery. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2013 Nov; 62:172–9.
29. Maji B, Maiti S. Chemical modification of xanthan gum through graft copolymerization: Tailored properties and potential applications in drug delivery and wastewater treatment. Carbohydrate Polymers. 2021 Jan;251: 117095.
30. Alam MdS, Garg A, Pottoo FH, Saifullah MK, Tareq AI, Manzoor O, et al. Gum ghatti mediated, one pot green synthesis of optimized gold nanoparticles: Investigation of process-variables impact using Box-Behnken based statistical design. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2017 Nov;104: 758–67.
31. Kang J, Cui SW, Chen J, Phillips GO, Wu Y, Wang Q. New studies on gum ghatti (Anogeissus latifolia) part I. Fractionation, chemical and physical characterization of the gum. Food Hydrocolloids. 2011 Dec;25(8):1984–90.
32. Horwitz W, others. Official methods of analysis. Vol. 222. Association of Official Analytical Chemists Washington, DC; 1975.
33. DuBois Michel, Gilles KA, Hamilton JK, Rebers PA, Smith Fred. Colorimetric Method for Determination of Sugars and Related Substances. Anal Chem. 1956 Mar 1;28(3):350–6.
34. Blumenkrantz N, Asboe-Hansen G. New method for quantitative determination of uronic acids. Analytical Biochemistry. 1973 Aug;54(2):484–9.
35. Cui W, Wood PJ, Blackwell B, Nikiforuk J. Physicochemical properties and structural characterization by two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy of wheat β-D-glucan-comparison with other cereal β-D-glucans. Carbohydrate Polymers. 2000;41(3):249–58.
36. Raghavan G, Vijayakumar M, Shirwaikar A, Rawat AKS, Mehrotra S, Pushpangadan P. Activity Guided Isolation of Antioxidant Tannoid Principles from Anogeissus latifolia. 2005. 11(3):174–8.
37. Govindarajan R, Vijayakumar M, Rao CV, Shirwaikar A, Rawat AKS, Mehrotra S, et al. Antioxidant Potential of Anogeissus latifolia. Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2004;27(8):1266–9.
38. Pradeep HA, Khan S, Ravikumar K, Ahmed MF, Rao MS, Kiranmai M, et al. Hepatoprotective evaluation of Anogeissus latifolia: In vitro and in vivo studies. WJG. 2009;15(38):4816.
39. Govindarajan R, Vijayakumar M, Singh M, Rao ChV, Shirwaikar A, Rawat AKS, et al. Antiulcer and antimicrobial activity of Anogeissus latifolia. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2006 Jun; 106(1):57–61.
40. Govindarajan R, Vijayakumar M, Rao CV, Shirwaikar A, Mehrotra S, Pushpangadan P. Healing potential of Anogeissus latifolia for dermal wounds in rats. Acta Pharm. 2004 Dec;54(4):331–8.
41. K.M.M P, K R,. V K, Mahadevappa P. Antiheliminitic activity of Anogeissus latifolia bark and leaf extracts. Asian Journal of Experimental Sciences. 2009 Jan; 23:491–5.
42. Ido T, Ogasawara T, Katayama T, Sasaki Y, Al-Assaf S, Phillips G. Emulsification properties of GATIFOLIA (Gum ghatti) used for emulsions in food products. Foods and Food Ingredients Journal of Japan. 2008;213(4):365.
43. Giri TK, Badwaik H. Understanding the application of gum ghatti based biodegradable hydrogel for wastewater treatment. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management. 2022 May; 17:100668.
44. Joshi M, Setty C, Deshmukh A, Bhatt YA. Gum Ghatti: A New Release Modifier for Zero-order Release in 3-Layered Tablets of Diltiazem hydrochloride. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research. 2010 Jan; 44:78–85.
45. Salyers AA, Vercellotti JR, West SE, Wilkins TD. Fermentation of mucin and plant polysaccharides by strains of Bacteroides from the human colon. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1977 Feb;33(2):319–22.
46. Mushinski EB, Potter M. Idiotypes on galactan binding myeloma proteins and anti-galactan antibodies in mice. J Immunol. 1977 Dec;119(6):1888–93.
47. Amar V, Al-Assaf S, Phillips G. An Introduction to Gum Ghatti: Another Proteinaceous Gum. Foods & Food Ingredients Journal of Japan. 2006 Jan; 211:275–9.
48. Sharma K, Kumar V, Chaudhary B, Kaith BS, Kalia S, Swart HC. Application of biodegradable superabsorbent hydrogel composite based on Gum ghatti-co-poly (acrylic acid-aniline) for controlled drug delivery. Polymer Degradation and Stability. 2016 Feb; 124:10111.
49. Verma A, Kumar P, Rastogi V, Mittal P. Preparation and evaluation of polymeric beads composed of Chitosan–Gellan Gum–Gum Ghatti/-Gum Karaya polyelectrolyte complexes as polymeric carrier for enteric sustained delivery of Diclofenac sodium. Futur J Pharm Sci. 2021 Dec;7(1):196.
50. Moin A, Hussain T, Gowda D. Enteric Delivery of Diclofenac Sodium through Functionally Modified Poly (acrylamide-grafted-Ghatti gum)-based pH-sensitive Hydrogel Beads: Development, Formulation and Evaluation. JYP. 2017 Oct 10;9(4):525–36.
51. Ray S, Roy G, Maiti S, Bhattacharyya UK, Sil A, Mitra R. Development of smart hydrogels of etherified gum ghatti for sustained oral delivery of ropinirole hydrochloride. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2017 Oct; 103:347–54.
52. Gurpreetarora null, Malik K, Rana V, Singh I. Gum Ghatti--a pharmaceutical excipient: development, evaluation and optimization of sustained release mucoadhesive matrix tablets of domperidone. Acta Pol Pharm. 2012;69(4):725–37.
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Feb 27, 2023
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Suchitra Sharma, Ritesh Kumar Tiwari, & Nita Yadav. (2023). AN UPDATED PERSPECTIVE OF GHATTI GUM: PRIMARILY RELEASE RETARDANT POLYMER USES IN NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 30(3), 845–857. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v30i3.3018
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Author Biographies
Suchitra Sharma
Shri Ram Murti Smarak College of Engineering & Technology (Pharmacy), Bareilly, India.
Ritesh Kumar Tiwari
Shri Ram Murti Smarak College of Engineering & Technology (Pharmacy), Bareilly, India.
Nita Yadav
Shri Ram Murti Smarak College of Engineering & Technology (Pharmacy), Bareilly, India.